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Whither Gender Equality? The Image of Women in News over Time

image of Whither Gender Equality? The Image of Women in News over Time

The representation of women in the news media has been prominent on the policy and research agenda since the 1960's- 1970's. The study maps the evolution in the prevalence of female news actors and sources in male, female or neutral topics in Dutch-speaking Belgian news media between 2003 and 2013. Within the research sample, there was no increase of female actors between 2008 and 2013, however some significant improvements were found between 2003 and 2013. Overall the gender balance was the lowest within male topics (Simpson's Dz of .56) and the highest within female topics (Simpson's Dz of .91). Within neutral topics, no sufficient gender diversity was found (Simpson's Dz of .78). Although VRT (Public Service Media) has an explicit diversity policy strategy, the study did not reveal a significant higher share of women in the newscasts of VRT compared to the commercial counterparts.

Keywords: content analysis ; diversity policy ; gender diversity ; gender representation ; longitudinal research ; news diversity ; newspapers ; public broadcaster ; R³ hypothesis ; Simpson's D ; television news

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Whither Gender Equality? The Image of Women in News over Time
Intellect , 21 (2023); https://doi.org/10.1386/9781789386684_2
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References

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  9. d'Haenens, L. , Ichau, I. , & Verhoest, P. (2016). Een diversiteitsbeleid voor de VRT in het licht van een Europese context. In T. Raats , H. Van Den Bulck , & L. d'Haenens (Eds.), Een VRT voor morgen, of geen VRT meer morgen? Situering van de thematiek (pp. 155–176). Kalmthout: Pelckmans Pro.
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     [Google Scholar]
  22. González, C. , Gordillo, G. , & Bezunartea, O. (2014). Women and the press: Why so few women read newspapers. Estudios Sobre el Mensaje Periodistico, 20(2), 987–1002.
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     [Google Scholar]
  24. Hayes, A. F. , & Krippendorff, K. (2007). Answering the call for a standard reliability measure for coding data. Communication Methods and Measures, 1, 77–89.
     [Google Scholar]
  25. Hester, J. B. , & Dougall, E. (2007). The efficiency of constructed week sampling fo content analysis of online news. Journalism Quarterly, 84(4), 811–824.
     [Google Scholar]
  26. Hoffmann-Riem, W. (1987). National identity and cultural values: Broadcasting safeguards. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 31(1), 57–72.
     [Google Scholar]
  27. Hooghe, M. , Jacobs, L. , & Claes, E. (2015). Enduring gender bias in reporting on political elite positions: Media coverage of female MPs in Belgian news broadcasts (2003–2011). The International Journal of Press/Politics, 20(4), 395–414.
     [Google Scholar]
  28. Jacobs, L. , Meeusen, C. , & d'Haenens, L. (2016). News coverage and attitudes on immigration: Public and commercial television news compared. European Journal of Communication, 31(6), 642–660.
     [Google Scholar]
  29. Kõuts, R. , & Lõhmus, M. (2014). Representation of social actors in Finnish, Estonian, and Russian dailies, 1905–2005. International Communication Gazette, 76(8), 661–681.
     [Google Scholar]
  30. Liebler, C. M. , & Smith, S.J. (1997). Tracking gender differences: A comparative analysis of network correspondents and their sources. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 41(1), 58–68.
     [Google Scholar]
  31. López-Rabadán, P. , & Casero-Ripollés, A. (2012). Evolution of the Spanish media agenda (1980–2010). Longitudinal analysis of the front pages of two of the most important Spanish newspapers. Revista Latina de Comunicación Social, 67(1), 459–480.
     [Google Scholar]
  32. Malik, S. (2014). Diversity, broadcasting and the politics of representation. In K. Horsti , G. Hultén , & G. Titley (Eds.), National conversations: Public service media and cultural diversity in Europe (pp. 20–41). Bristol: Intellect Books.
     [Google Scholar]
  33. Napoli, P. M. (1999). Deconstructing the diversity principle. Journal of Communication, 49(4), 7–34.
     [Google Scholar]
  34. Raad voor de Journalistiek. (2010, 20 September). Journalistieke code. [Jouralistic codes of ethics]. Retrieved from http://www.rvdj.be/journalistieke-code37
  35. Reich, Z. , & Godler, Y. (2015, May). Why is there diversity in the news? On the explanatory power of structure and practice. Paper presented at International Communication Association Conference.
  36. Riffe, D. , Lacy, S. , & Fico, G. F. (1998). Analyzing media messages. Using quantitative content analysis in research. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
     [Google Scholar]
  37. Ross, K. , & Carter, C. (2011). Women and news: A long and winding road. Media, Culture & Society, 33(8), 1148–1165.
     [Google Scholar]
  38. Ross, K. , Boyle, K. , Carter, C. , & Ging, D. (2016). Women, men and news: It's life, Jim, but not as we know it. Journalism Studies. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2016.1222884
    [Google Scholar]
  39. Rush, R. R. , Oukrop, C. E. , Sarikakis, K. , Andsager, J. , Wooten, B. , & Daufin, E. K. (2005). Junior scholars in search of equity for women and minorities. Journalism & Communication Monographs, 6(4), 151–211.
     [Google Scholar]
  40. Scott, D. K. , Chanslor, M. , & Dixon, J. (2010). FAIR and the PBS NewsHour: Assessing diversity and elitism in news sourcing. Communication Quarterly, 58(3), 319–340.
     [Google Scholar]
  41. Silverstone, R. (2008). Media and morality: On the rise of the mediapolis. Cambridge: Polity Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  42. Sippola, A. , & Smale, A. (2007). The global integration of diversity management: A longitudinal case study. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 18(11), 1895–1916.
     [Google Scholar]
  43. Sjøvaag, H. (2016). Media diversity and the global superplayers: Operationalising pluralism for a digital media market. Journal of Media Business Studies, 13(3), 170–186.
     [Google Scholar]
  44. Soderlund, G. (2013). Approaches to gender and sexuality in media history. In A.N. Valdivia (Ed.), The international encyclopedia of media studies. Hoboken, NJ: Blackwell Publishing.
     [Google Scholar]
  45. Stempel, G. H. (1998). Topic and story choice of five network newscasts. Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly, 65(3), 750–752.
     [Google Scholar]
  46. Strömbäck, J. , Negrine, R. , Hopmann, D. N. , Jalali, C. , Berganza, R. , Seeber, G. U. , Seceleanu, A. , Volek, J. , Dobek-Ostrowska, B. , Mykknen, J. , Belluati, M. , & Maier, M. (2013). Sourcing the news: Comparing source use and media framing of the 2009 European parliamentary elections. Journal of Political Marketing, 12(1), 29–52.
     [Google Scholar]
  47. Takens, J. , Ruigrok, N. , van Hoof, A. M. , & Scholten, O. (2010). Old ties from a new (s) perspective: Diversity in the Dutch press coverage of the 2006 general election campaign. Communications, 35(4), 417–438.
     [Google Scholar]
  48. Tuchman, G. (1978) Making news: A study in the construction of reality. New York: Free Press. United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2017), World Population Prospects: The 2017 Revision. Retrieved from https://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Download/Standard/Population/
    [Google Scholar]
  49. Van Cuilenburg, J. (2007). Media diversity, competition and concentration: Concepts and theories. In E. De Bens (Ed.), Media between culture and commerce (pp. 25–54). Bristol: Intellect Books.
     [Google Scholar]
  50. Van Cuilenburg, J. (2016). Waarheidsvinding als journalistieke missie. Een opmaat naar een kennisleer. Amsterdam: Boom Lemma.38
     [Google Scholar]
  51. Van den Bulck, H. , & Broos, D. (2011). Can a charter of diversity make the difference in ethnic minority reporting? A comparative content and production analysis of two Flemish television newscasts. Communications, 36(2), 195–216.
     [Google Scholar]
  52. Vos, D. (2012). Is gender bias een mythe? Op zoek naar verklaringen voor de beperkte aanwezigheid van vrouwelijke politici in het Vlaamse televisienieuws [Is gender bias a myth? In search of explanations for the limited coverage of female politcians in the Flemish television news]. Res Publica, 54(2), 193–217.
     [Google Scholar]
  53. VRT. (2012). Charter diversiteit. Diversiteit en inclusie Retrieved from https://www.vrt.be/nl/over-de-vrt/opdracht/omroepthema-s/diversiteit/
  54. WACC. (2015). Who makes the news?. London: World Association for Christian Communication.
     [Google Scholar]
  55. World Economic Forum. (2017). The global gender gap report. Geneva: World Economic Forum.
     [Google Scholar]
  56. Yoon, J. , & Boydstun, A. E. (2014). Dominating the news: Government officials in front page news coverage of policy issues in the United States and Korea. Journal of Public Policy, 34(2), 207–235.
     [Google Scholar]

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