Skip to content
1981

Women in Portuguese Print Media

image of Women in Portuguese Print Media

Our research is focused on examining the role of women in print media, both considering how Portuguese media portray women and how they are being used as sources by journalists. We focus also on the areas women are news protagonists and whether their “voices” are being taken in the first hand.

Drawing from the idea that media representations constitute a normative function of the language that reveals or distorts what is taken as true about gender issues, our approach combines a quantitative content analysis with qualitative discourse analysis to explore the way women are being portrayed in Portuguese print media (daily and weekly newspapers and magazines over 3 years, over 10 thousand news items). Content analysis is designed to characterize the relevance and highlight of news on women, but also reading protagonists features, news sources, to whom main “voices” in the news belong and news direction. Discourse analysis focuses on major arguments for a positive or negative direction in the news and the speech subtleties that reveal gender stereotypes.

Keywords: Constructivism and social phenomenology ; Content Analysis ; content analysis ; Digital media and uses and gratifications ; Digital media ans Social metamorphosis ; Digital media parental regulation ; discourse analysis ; gender ; Gender issues ; Gender Studies ; Getekeeping process ; Interpretative phenomenological analysis ; Media Reception studies ; news media ; News media representations ; Portuguese print media ; Privacy and identity in social networks ; Sensitive Publics ; Television Studies ; voices and visibilities ; women ; women in the news

Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/content/books/9781789386684.c06
Loading

Data & Media loading...

References

  1. Ali, R. , & Batool, S. (2015). Stereotypical identities: Discourse analysis of media images of women in Pakistan. Murltidisciplinary Journal of Gender Studies, 4(1), 690717.
    [Google Scholar]
  2. APCT . (2017, December). Associação Portuguesa para o Controlo de Tiragem e Circulação. APCT. Retrieved from http://www.apct.pt/Analise_simples.php
  3. Armstrong, C. (2004). The influence of reporter gender on source selection in newspaper stories. Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly, 81(1), 139154.
    [Google Scholar]
  4. Basow, S. A. (1992). Gender: Stereotypes and roles (3rd ed.). Pacific Grove: Brooks/Cole.
    [Google Scholar]
  5. Berkowitz, D. A. (2009). Reporters and their sources. In K. Wahl-Jorgensen & T. Hanitzsch , The handbook of journalism studies. New York, NY and London: Routledge.
    [Google Scholar]
  6. Brausch, A. M. , Muehlenkamp, J. J. , & Swanson, J. D. (2005). Self-objectification, risk-taking, and self-harm in college women. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 25, 2432.
    [Google Scholar]
  7. Bryman, A. (2012). Social research methods (4th ed.). New York: Oxford.
    [Google Scholar]
  8. Burgess, M. , Stermer, S. , & Burgess, S. (2007). Sex, lies, and video games: The portrayal of male and female characters on video game covers. Sex Roles, 57(5–6), 419433.
    [Google Scholar]
  9. Carnes, M. , Morrissey, C. , & Geller, S. E. (2008). Women's health and women's leadership in academic medicine: Hitting the same glass ceiling? Journal of Women's Health, 17(9), 14531462.
    [Google Scholar]
  10. CCPJ . (2018, June 8). Comissão da Carteira Profissional de Jornalista, CCPJ. Retrieved from https://www.ccpj.pt/media/1170/cp-activas.pdf
  11. Cerqueira, C. (2008). A Imprensa e a Perspectiva de Género. Quando elas são notícia no Dia Internacional da Mulher. OBS – Observatório, 2(2), 139164.
    [Google Scholar]
  12. Cheng, H. , Frith, K. , & Shaw, P. (2005). The construction of beauty: A cross-cultural analysis of women's magazine advertising. Journal of Communication, 55, 5670.
    [Google Scholar]
  13. CIG . (2018). Comissão para a Cidadania e Igualdade de Género. CIG. Retrieved from https://www.cig.gov.pt136
  14. Collins, R. L. (2011). Content analysis of gender roles in media: Where are we now and where should we go? Sex Roles, 64(3–4), 290298.
    [Google Scholar]
  15. Connell, R. W. (1987). Gender and power: Society, the person, and sexual politics. Stanford, CA: Stanford University.
    [Google Scholar]
  16. Crespo, M. , Azevedo, J. , & Cardoso, G. (2016). Jornalismo em Portugal: O contributo de Paquete de Oliveira para a caraterização da profissão e o retrato dos jornalistas hoje. Revista Comunicando, 6(1), 3553.
    [Google Scholar]
  17. Creswell, J. W. (2014). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods approaches (4th ed.). Los Angeles, CA: Sage.
    [Google Scholar]
  18. Cunha, M. J. (2009). Female body representations in Portuguese popular media. In K. Nurten (Ed.), Gender at the crossroads: Multi-disciplinary perspectives (pp. 315322). Famagusta: Eastern Mediterranean University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  19. Daniel, S. , & Bridges K. (2010). The drive for muscularity in men: Media influences and objectification theory. Body Image, 7, 3238.
    [Google Scholar]
  20. Davidson, M. J. , & Burke, R. J. (2000). Women in management: Current research issues (Vol. 2). London: Sage.
    [Google Scholar]
  21. Debbagh, M. (2012). Discourse analysis of the representations of women in Moroccan broadcast news. The Journal of North African Studies, 17(4), 653670.
    [Google Scholar]
  22. Desalauriers, J.-P. (1997). L'Induction analytique. In J. Poupart, & Groupe de recherche interdisciplinaire sur les méthodes qualitatives (Eds.), La Recerche Qualitative, Enjeux, Épsitémologiques et Méthodologiques (pp. 173209). Canada: Gaetan Morin.
    [Google Scholar]
  23. Devitt, J. (2002). Framing gender on the campaign trail: Female gubernatorial candidates and the press. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 79(2), 445463.
    [Google Scholar]
  24. Dickey, J. (2006). Out of focus. In journal of the CPBF. London: The Free Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  25. Diez, T. (2005). Constructing the self and changing others: Reconsidering ‘Normative Power Europe’. Millennium: Journal of International Studies, 33(3), 613363.
    [Google Scholar]
  26. Dill, K. E. , & Thill, K. P. (2007). Video game characters and the socialization of gender roles: Young people's perceptions mirror sexist media depictions. Sex Roles, 57, 851864.
    [Google Scholar]
  27. Dill, K. E. , Gentile, D. A. , Richter, W. A. , & Dill, J. C. (2005). Violence, sex, race, and age in popular video games: A content analysis. In E. Cole & J. H. Daniel (Eds.), Psychology of women book series. Featuring females: Feminist analyses of media (pp. 115130). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
    [Google Scholar]
  28. EIGE . (2018). European Institute for Gender Equality. EIGE. Retrieved from eige.europa.eu: http://eige.europa.eu/gender-statistics/dgs/indicator/wmidm_med_pbrc__wmid_media_pbrc_bm
  29. EIGE, E. I. (2013). Review of the implementation of the Beijing Platform for Action in the EU Member States: Women and the media—Advancing gender equality in decision-making in media organisations. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union.
    [Google Scholar]
  30. Eschholz, S. , Bufkin, J. , & Long, J. (2002). Symbolic reality bites: Women and racial/ethnic minorities in modern film. Sociological Spectrum, 22, 299334.137
    [Google Scholar]
  31. Foucault, M. (1980). Power-knowledge: Selected interviews and other writings, 19721977. Brighton: Harvester Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  32. Fowler, K. , & Thomas, V. (2015). A content analysis of male roles in television advertising: Do traditional roles still hold? Journal of Marketing Communications, 21, 356371.
    [Google Scholar]
  33. Fredrickson, B. L. (1997). Objectification theory. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 21, 173206.
    [Google Scholar]
  34. Freedman, E. , & Fico, F. L. (2007). Male and female sources in newspaper coverage of male and female candidates in US senate races in 2004. Journal of Women, Politics & Policy, 29(1), 5776.
    [Google Scholar]
  35. Gallagher, M. (2011). Gender and communication policy: Struggling for space. In R. Mansell & R. Marc. , The handbook of global media and communication policy (pp. 451466). Malden, MA: Blackwell.
    [Google Scholar]
  36. Gerbner, G. , Gross, L. , Signorielli, N. , & Morgan, M. (1980). Aging with television: Images on television drama and conceptions of social reality. Journal of Communication, 30, 3747.
    [Google Scholar]
  37. Glascock, J. (2009). Gender, race, and aggression in newer TV networks’ primetime programming. Communication Quarterly, 30, 90100.
    [Google Scholar]
  38. Guerra, I. C. (2006). Pesquisa Qualitativa e Análise de Conteúdo. Sentidos e Formas. Lisboa: Principia Editora.
    [Google Scholar]
  39. Gunter, B. (2000). Media research methods: Measuring audiences, reactions and impact. London: Sage.
    [Google Scholar]
  40. Hall, S. (1997). The work of representation. In S. Hall (Ed.), Representations: Cultural representations and signifying practices (pp. 1374). London: SAGE/The Open University.
    [Google Scholar]
  41. Hanitzsch, T. , & Hanusch, F. (2012). Does gender determine journalists’ professional views? A reassessment based on cross-national evidence. European Journal of Communication, 27(3), 257277.
    [Google Scholar]
  42. Harp, D. , Bachmann, I. , & Loke, J. (2014). Where are the women? The presence of female columnists in U.S. opinion pages. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 91(2), 289307.
    [Google Scholar]
  43. Haslam, S. A. , Ryan, M. K. , Kulich, C. , Trojanowski, G. , & Atkins, C. (2010). Investing with prejudice: The relationship between women's presence on company boards and objective and subjective measures of company performance. British Journal of Management, 21(2), 484497.
    [Google Scholar]
  44. Hooghe, M. , Jacobs, L. , & Claes, E. (n.d.). Enduring gender bias in reporting on political elite positions media coverage of female MPs in Belgian news broadcasts (2003–2011). The International Journal of Press/Politics, 20(4), 395414.
    [Google Scholar]
  45. Isanovic, A. (2006). Media discourse as a male domain: Gender representation in the daily newspapers of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia and Serbia. In T. J. N. M. Bamburac (Ed.), Stereotyping: Representation of women in print media in South East Europe. Sarajevo: Media centar.
    [Google Scholar]
  46. Kareithi, P. J. (2014). Hegemonic masculinity in media content, in media and gender: A scholarly agenda for the global alliance on media and gender, Paris: UNESCO. In UNESCO, media and gender: A scholarly agenda for the global alliance on media and gender. Paris.138
    [Google Scholar]
  47. Kim, Y. (2012). Politics of representation in the digital media environment: Presentation of the female candidate between news coverage and the website in the 2007 Korean presidential primary. Asian Journal of Communication, 22(6), 601620.
    [Google Scholar]
  48. Knobloch-Westerwick, S. , & Glynn, C. J. (2013). The Matilda effect – role congruity effects on scholarly communication: A citation analysis of communication research and journal of communication articles. Communication Research, 40(1), 326.
    [Google Scholar]
  49. Lauzen, M. M. , Dozier, D. M. , & Horan, N. (2008). Constructing gender stereotypes through social roles in prime-time television. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 52(2), 200214.
    [Google Scholar]
  50. Len-Rios, M. E. , Rodgers, S. , Thorson, E. , & Yoon, D. (2005). Representation of women in news and photos: Comparing content to perceptions. Journal of Communication, 55(1), 152168.
    [Google Scholar]
  51. Li, X. (2006). News of priority issues in print versus internet newspapers. In X. Li (Ed.), Internet newspapers: The making of a mainstream medium (pp. 261282). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc.
    [Google Scholar]
  52. Marks, J. L. , Lam, C. B. , & McHale, S. M. (2009). Family patterns of gender role attitudes. Sex Roles, 61(3–4), 221234.
    [Google Scholar]
  53. Marques da Silva, S. (2010). Mulheres e feminilidade em culturas ocupacionais de hegemonia masculina. In V. Ferreira (Ed.), A igualdade de mulheres e homens no trabalho e no emprego em Portugal: políticas e circunstâncias (pp. 293332). Lisboa: CITE – Comissão para a Igualdade no Trabalho e no Emprego.
    [Google Scholar]
  54. Montiel, A. V. (2014). Violence against women and media: Advancements and challenges of a research and political agenda. In UNESCO (Ed.), Media and gender: A scholarly agenda for the global alliance on media and gender (pp. 1722). Paris: UNESCO.
    [Google Scholar]
  55. Moradi, B. , Dirks, D. , & Matteson, A. (2005). Roles of sexual objectification experiences and internalization of standards of beauty in eating disorder symptomatology: A test and extension of objectification theory. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 52, 420428.
    [Google Scholar]
  56. Neuendorf, K. A. (2016). The content analysis guidebook. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
    [Google Scholar]
  57. Organd, S. (2012). Media representation and the global imagination. Cambridge, MA: Polity.
    [Google Scholar]
  58. Perkins, K. (2004). Black female playwrights. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  59. Pinto-Coelho, Z. , & Mota-Silvana, S. (2005). O acesso das mulheres ao discurso da imprensa portuguesa. In Livro de Actas – 4º SOPCOM (pp. 19411951). Lisboa: SOPCOM.
    [Google Scholar]
  60. Poindexter, P. M. , Meraz, S. , & Weiss, A. S. (2008). Women, men, and news: Divided and disconnected in the news media landscape. New York, NY & London: Routledge.
    [Google Scholar]
  61. Roberts, T. , & Gettman, J. (2004). Mere exposure: Gender differences in the negative effects of priming a state of self-objectification. Sex Roles, 5, 117.
    [Google Scholar]
  62. Rodny-Gumedea, Y. (2015). Male and female journalists’ perceptions of their power to influence news agendas and public discourses. Communication: South African Journal for Communication Theory and Research, 41(2), 209219.
    [Google Scholar]
  63. Ross, K. (2004). Sex at work: Gender politics and newsroom culture. In M. de Bruin & K. Ross (Eds.), Gender and newsroom cultures; identities at work (pp. 145162). Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press, Inc.139
    [Google Scholar]
  64. Ross, K. (2007). The journalist, the housewife, the citizen and the press women and men as sources in local news narratives. Journalism, 8(4), 449473.
    [Google Scholar]
  65. Ross, K. (2009). Gendered media: Women, men, and identity politics. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield.
    [Google Scholar]
  66. Ross, K. , & Carter, C. (2011). Women and news: A long and winding road. Media, Culture and Society, 33(8), 11481165.
    [Google Scholar]
  67. Ross, K. , & Padovani, C. (2016). Gender equality and the media. A challenge for Europe (Vol. 16). New York, NY & London: Routledge.
    [Google Scholar]
  68. Ross, K. , Evans, E. , Harrison, L. , Shears, M. , & Wadia, K. (2013). The gender of news and news of gender a study of sex, politics, and press coverage of the 2010 British general election. The International Journal of Press/Politics, 18(1), 320.
    [Google Scholar]
  69. Rossolatos, G. (2015). Semiotics of popular culture. Kassel: University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  70. Rouner, D. , Slater, M. , & Domenech-Rodriguez, M. (2003). Adolescent evaluation of gender role and sexual imagery in television advertisements. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 47, 435454.
    [Google Scholar]
  71. Schwartz, J. (2011). Whose voices are heard? Gender, sexual orientation, and newspaper sources. Sex Roles, 64(3–4), 265275.
    [Google Scholar]
  72. Signorielli, N. , & Kahlenberg, S. (2001). Television's world of work in the nineties. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 45(1), 422.
    [Google Scholar]
  73. Silveirinha, M. J. (2004). Identidades, Media e Política: O espaço comunicacional nas democracias liberais. Lisboa: Livros Horizonte.
    [Google Scholar]
  74. Sink, A. , & Mastro, D. (2016). Depictions of gender on primetime television: A quantitative content analysis. Mass Communication and Society, 20(1), 322.
    [Google Scholar]
  75. Sriwimon, L. , & Zilli, P. J. (2017). Applying critical discourse analysis as a conceptual framework for investigating gender stereotypes in political media discourse. Kasetsart Journal of Social Sciences, 38, 136142.
    [Google Scholar]
  76. Stern, B. B. (2013). Gender and multicultural issues in advertising: Stages on the research highway. Journal of Advertising (Special Issue Editor 28:1), 19.
  77. Subtil, F. , & Silveirinha, M. J. (2017). Planos de igualdade de género nos media: para uma (re)consideração do caso português. Media & Jornalismo, 17(30), 4361.
    [Google Scholar]
  78. Tavares, M. (2011). Feminismos, Percursos e Desafios. Lisboa: Texto Ed.
    [Google Scholar]
  79. Torres, A. , Campos Pinto, P. , Costa, D. , Coelho, B. , Manciel, D. , Reigadinha, T. , & Theodoro, E. (2018). Igualdade de género ao longo da vida: Portugal no contexto europeu. Lisboa: Fundação Francisco Manuel dos Santos.
    [Google Scholar]
  80. Tuchman, G. (1979). Making news: A study in the construction of reality. New York, NY: Free Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  81. Ullah, H. , & Khan, N. H. (2014). The objectification of women in television advertisement in Pakistan. FWU Journal of Social Sciences, 8(2), 2635.
    [Google Scholar]
  82. United Nations . (1995). Report of the fourth world. New York, NY: United Nations.
    [Google Scholar]
  83. Van Dijk, T. (2008). Discourse and power. Basingstoke, Hampshire: PalgraveMcMillan.140
    [Google Scholar]
  84. WACC . (2010). Who makes the news. London: World Association for Christian Communication.
    [Google Scholar]
  85. Wood, J. T. (1997). Gendered media: The influence of media on views of gender. Social Psychology Annual Editions, 97/98, 162171.
  86. Wood, L. A. , & Kroger, R. (2000). Doing discourse analysis. Methods for studying action in talk and text. London: SAGE.
    [Google Scholar]
  87. World Bank . (2016). The little data book on gender. Washington, DC: International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank.
    [Google Scholar]
  88. XXI Governo Constitucional . (2018, June). Estratégia Nacional para a Igualdade e a Não Discriminação 2018-2030 – Portugal + Igual. Portugal Gov. Republica Portuguesa. Retrieved from https://www.portugal.gov.pt/pt/gc21/consulta-publica?i=231
  89. Ylva, R.-G. (2015). Male and female journalists’ perceptions of their power to influence news agendas and public discourses. Communication, 41(2), 206219.
    [Google Scholar]
  90. Yun, H. J. , Postelnicu, M. , Ramoutar, N. , & Kaid, L. L. (2007). Where is she? Journalism Studies, 8(6), 930947.
    [Google Scholar]
  91. Zurbriggen, E. , Ramsey, L. , & Jaworski, B. (2011). Self- and partner-objectification in romantic relationships: Associations with media consumption and relationship satisfaction. Sex Roles, 78, 449462.

References

  1. Ali, R. , & Batool, S. (2015). Stereotypical identities: Discourse analysis of media images of women in Pakistan. Murltidisciplinary Journal of Gender Studies, 4(1), 690717.
    [Google Scholar]
  2. APCT . (2017, December). Associação Portuguesa para o Controlo de Tiragem e Circulação. APCT. Retrieved from http://www.apct.pt/Analise_simples.php
  3. Armstrong, C. (2004). The influence of reporter gender on source selection in newspaper stories. Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly, 81(1), 139154.
    [Google Scholar]
  4. Basow, S. A. (1992). Gender: Stereotypes and roles (3rd ed.). Pacific Grove: Brooks/Cole.
    [Google Scholar]
  5. Berkowitz, D. A. (2009). Reporters and their sources. In K. Wahl-Jorgensen & T. Hanitzsch , The handbook of journalism studies. New York, NY and London: Routledge.
    [Google Scholar]
  6. Brausch, A. M. , Muehlenkamp, J. J. , & Swanson, J. D. (2005). Self-objectification, risk-taking, and self-harm in college women. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 25, 2432.
    [Google Scholar]
  7. Bryman, A. (2012). Social research methods (4th ed.). New York: Oxford.
    [Google Scholar]
  8. Burgess, M. , Stermer, S. , & Burgess, S. (2007). Sex, lies, and video games: The portrayal of male and female characters on video game covers. Sex Roles, 57(5–6), 419433.
    [Google Scholar]
  9. Carnes, M. , Morrissey, C. , & Geller, S. E. (2008). Women's health and women's leadership in academic medicine: Hitting the same glass ceiling? Journal of Women's Health, 17(9), 14531462.
    [Google Scholar]
  10. CCPJ . (2018, June 8). Comissão da Carteira Profissional de Jornalista, CCPJ. Retrieved from https://www.ccpj.pt/media/1170/cp-activas.pdf
  11. Cerqueira, C. (2008). A Imprensa e a Perspectiva de Género. Quando elas são notícia no Dia Internacional da Mulher. OBS – Observatório, 2(2), 139164.
    [Google Scholar]
  12. Cheng, H. , Frith, K. , & Shaw, P. (2005). The construction of beauty: A cross-cultural analysis of women's magazine advertising. Journal of Communication, 55, 5670.
    [Google Scholar]
  13. CIG . (2018). Comissão para a Cidadania e Igualdade de Género. CIG. Retrieved from https://www.cig.gov.pt136
  14. Collins, R. L. (2011). Content analysis of gender roles in media: Where are we now and where should we go? Sex Roles, 64(3–4), 290298.
    [Google Scholar]
  15. Connell, R. W. (1987). Gender and power: Society, the person, and sexual politics. Stanford, CA: Stanford University.
    [Google Scholar]
  16. Crespo, M. , Azevedo, J. , & Cardoso, G. (2016). Jornalismo em Portugal: O contributo de Paquete de Oliveira para a caraterização da profissão e o retrato dos jornalistas hoje. Revista Comunicando, 6(1), 3553.
    [Google Scholar]
  17. Creswell, J. W. (2014). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods approaches (4th ed.). Los Angeles, CA: Sage.
    [Google Scholar]
  18. Cunha, M. J. (2009). Female body representations in Portuguese popular media. In K. Nurten (Ed.), Gender at the crossroads: Multi-disciplinary perspectives (pp. 315322). Famagusta: Eastern Mediterranean University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  19. Daniel, S. , & Bridges K. (2010). The drive for muscularity in men: Media influences and objectification theory. Body Image, 7, 3238.
    [Google Scholar]
  20. Davidson, M. J. , & Burke, R. J. (2000). Women in management: Current research issues (Vol. 2). London: Sage.
    [Google Scholar]
  21. Debbagh, M. (2012). Discourse analysis of the representations of women in Moroccan broadcast news. The Journal of North African Studies, 17(4), 653670.
    [Google Scholar]
  22. Desalauriers, J.-P. (1997). L'Induction analytique. In J. Poupart, & Groupe de recherche interdisciplinaire sur les méthodes qualitatives (Eds.), La Recerche Qualitative, Enjeux, Épsitémologiques et Méthodologiques (pp. 173209). Canada: Gaetan Morin.
    [Google Scholar]
  23. Devitt, J. (2002). Framing gender on the campaign trail: Female gubernatorial candidates and the press. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 79(2), 445463.
    [Google Scholar]
  24. Dickey, J. (2006). Out of focus. In journal of the CPBF. London: The Free Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  25. Diez, T. (2005). Constructing the self and changing others: Reconsidering ‘Normative Power Europe’. Millennium: Journal of International Studies, 33(3), 613363.
    [Google Scholar]
  26. Dill, K. E. , & Thill, K. P. (2007). Video game characters and the socialization of gender roles: Young people's perceptions mirror sexist media depictions. Sex Roles, 57, 851864.
    [Google Scholar]
  27. Dill, K. E. , Gentile, D. A. , Richter, W. A. , & Dill, J. C. (2005). Violence, sex, race, and age in popular video games: A content analysis. In E. Cole & J. H. Daniel (Eds.), Psychology of women book series. Featuring females: Feminist analyses of media (pp. 115130). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
    [Google Scholar]
  28. EIGE . (2018). European Institute for Gender Equality. EIGE. Retrieved from eige.europa.eu: http://eige.europa.eu/gender-statistics/dgs/indicator/wmidm_med_pbrc__wmid_media_pbrc_bm
  29. EIGE, E. I. (2013). Review of the implementation of the Beijing Platform for Action in the EU Member States: Women and the media—Advancing gender equality in decision-making in media organisations. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union.
    [Google Scholar]
  30. Eschholz, S. , Bufkin, J. , & Long, J. (2002). Symbolic reality bites: Women and racial/ethnic minorities in modern film. Sociological Spectrum, 22, 299334.137
    [Google Scholar]
  31. Foucault, M. (1980). Power-knowledge: Selected interviews and other writings, 19721977. Brighton: Harvester Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  32. Fowler, K. , & Thomas, V. (2015). A content analysis of male roles in television advertising: Do traditional roles still hold? Journal of Marketing Communications, 21, 356371.
    [Google Scholar]
  33. Fredrickson, B. L. (1997). Objectification theory. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 21, 173206.
    [Google Scholar]
  34. Freedman, E. , & Fico, F. L. (2007). Male and female sources in newspaper coverage of male and female candidates in US senate races in 2004. Journal of Women, Politics & Policy, 29(1), 5776.
    [Google Scholar]
  35. Gallagher, M. (2011). Gender and communication policy: Struggling for space. In R. Mansell & R. Marc. , The handbook of global media and communication policy (pp. 451466). Malden, MA: Blackwell.
    [Google Scholar]
  36. Gerbner, G. , Gross, L. , Signorielli, N. , & Morgan, M. (1980). Aging with television: Images on television drama and conceptions of social reality. Journal of Communication, 30, 3747.
    [Google Scholar]
  37. Glascock, J. (2009). Gender, race, and aggression in newer TV networks’ primetime programming. Communication Quarterly, 30, 90100.
    [Google Scholar]
  38. Guerra, I. C. (2006). Pesquisa Qualitativa e Análise de Conteúdo. Sentidos e Formas. Lisboa: Principia Editora.
    [Google Scholar]
  39. Gunter, B. (2000). Media research methods: Measuring audiences, reactions and impact. London: Sage.
    [Google Scholar]
  40. Hall, S. (1997). The work of representation. In S. Hall (Ed.), Representations: Cultural representations and signifying practices (pp. 1374). London: SAGE/The Open University.
    [Google Scholar]
  41. Hanitzsch, T. , & Hanusch, F. (2012). Does gender determine journalists’ professional views? A reassessment based on cross-national evidence. European Journal of Communication, 27(3), 257277.
    [Google Scholar]
  42. Harp, D. , Bachmann, I. , & Loke, J. (2014). Where are the women? The presence of female columnists in U.S. opinion pages. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 91(2), 289307.
    [Google Scholar]
  43. Haslam, S. A. , Ryan, M. K. , Kulich, C. , Trojanowski, G. , & Atkins, C. (2010). Investing with prejudice: The relationship between women's presence on company boards and objective and subjective measures of company performance. British Journal of Management, 21(2), 484497.
    [Google Scholar]
  44. Hooghe, M. , Jacobs, L. , & Claes, E. (n.d.). Enduring gender bias in reporting on political elite positions media coverage of female MPs in Belgian news broadcasts (2003–2011). The International Journal of Press/Politics, 20(4), 395414.
    [Google Scholar]
  45. Isanovic, A. (2006). Media discourse as a male domain: Gender representation in the daily newspapers of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia and Serbia. In T. J. N. M. Bamburac (Ed.), Stereotyping: Representation of women in print media in South East Europe. Sarajevo: Media centar.
    [Google Scholar]
  46. Kareithi, P. J. (2014). Hegemonic masculinity in media content, in media and gender: A scholarly agenda for the global alliance on media and gender, Paris: UNESCO. In UNESCO, media and gender: A scholarly agenda for the global alliance on media and gender. Paris.138
    [Google Scholar]
  47. Kim, Y. (2012). Politics of representation in the digital media environment: Presentation of the female candidate between news coverage and the website in the 2007 Korean presidential primary. Asian Journal of Communication, 22(6), 601620.
    [Google Scholar]
  48. Knobloch-Westerwick, S. , & Glynn, C. J. (2013). The Matilda effect – role congruity effects on scholarly communication: A citation analysis of communication research and journal of communication articles. Communication Research, 40(1), 326.
    [Google Scholar]
  49. Lauzen, M. M. , Dozier, D. M. , & Horan, N. (2008). Constructing gender stereotypes through social roles in prime-time television. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 52(2), 200214.
    [Google Scholar]
  50. Len-Rios, M. E. , Rodgers, S. , Thorson, E. , & Yoon, D. (2005). Representation of women in news and photos: Comparing content to perceptions. Journal of Communication, 55(1), 152168.
    [Google Scholar]
  51. Li, X. (2006). News of priority issues in print versus internet newspapers. In X. Li (Ed.), Internet newspapers: The making of a mainstream medium (pp. 261282). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc.
    [Google Scholar]
  52. Marks, J. L. , Lam, C. B. , & McHale, S. M. (2009). Family patterns of gender role attitudes. Sex Roles, 61(3–4), 221234.
    [Google Scholar]
  53. Marques da Silva, S. (2010). Mulheres e feminilidade em culturas ocupacionais de hegemonia masculina. In V. Ferreira (Ed.), A igualdade de mulheres e homens no trabalho e no emprego em Portugal: políticas e circunstâncias (pp. 293332). Lisboa: CITE – Comissão para a Igualdade no Trabalho e no Emprego.
    [Google Scholar]
  54. Montiel, A. V. (2014). Violence against women and media: Advancements and challenges of a research and political agenda. In UNESCO (Ed.), Media and gender: A scholarly agenda for the global alliance on media and gender (pp. 1722). Paris: UNESCO.
    [Google Scholar]
  55. Moradi, B. , Dirks, D. , & Matteson, A. (2005). Roles of sexual objectification experiences and internalization of standards of beauty in eating disorder symptomatology: A test and extension of objectification theory. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 52, 420428.
    [Google Scholar]
  56. Neuendorf, K. A. (2016). The content analysis guidebook. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
    [Google Scholar]
  57. Organd, S. (2012). Media representation and the global imagination. Cambridge, MA: Polity.
    [Google Scholar]
  58. Perkins, K. (2004). Black female playwrights. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  59. Pinto-Coelho, Z. , & Mota-Silvana, S. (2005). O acesso das mulheres ao discurso da imprensa portuguesa. In Livro de Actas – 4º SOPCOM (pp. 19411951). Lisboa: SOPCOM.
    [Google Scholar]
  60. Poindexter, P. M. , Meraz, S. , & Weiss, A. S. (2008). Women, men, and news: Divided and disconnected in the news media landscape. New York, NY & London: Routledge.
    [Google Scholar]
  61. Roberts, T. , & Gettman, J. (2004). Mere exposure: Gender differences in the negative effects of priming a state of self-objectification. Sex Roles, 5, 117.
    [Google Scholar]
  62. Rodny-Gumedea, Y. (2015). Male and female journalists’ perceptions of their power to influence news agendas and public discourses. Communication: South African Journal for Communication Theory and Research, 41(2), 209219.
    [Google Scholar]
  63. Ross, K. (2004). Sex at work: Gender politics and newsroom culture. In M. de Bruin & K. Ross (Eds.), Gender and newsroom cultures; identities at work (pp. 145162). Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press, Inc.139
    [Google Scholar]
  64. Ross, K. (2007). The journalist, the housewife, the citizen and the press women and men as sources in local news narratives. Journalism, 8(4), 449473.
    [Google Scholar]
  65. Ross, K. (2009). Gendered media: Women, men, and identity politics. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield.
    [Google Scholar]
  66. Ross, K. , & Carter, C. (2011). Women and news: A long and winding road. Media, Culture and Society, 33(8), 11481165.
    [Google Scholar]
  67. Ross, K. , & Padovani, C. (2016). Gender equality and the media. A challenge for Europe (Vol. 16). New York, NY & London: Routledge.
    [Google Scholar]
  68. Ross, K. , Evans, E. , Harrison, L. , Shears, M. , & Wadia, K. (2013). The gender of news and news of gender a study of sex, politics, and press coverage of the 2010 British general election. The International Journal of Press/Politics, 18(1), 320.
    [Google Scholar]
  69. Rossolatos, G. (2015). Semiotics of popular culture. Kassel: University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  70. Rouner, D. , Slater, M. , & Domenech-Rodriguez, M. (2003). Adolescent evaluation of gender role and sexual imagery in television advertisements. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 47, 435454.
    [Google Scholar]
  71. Schwartz, J. (2011). Whose voices are heard? Gender, sexual orientation, and newspaper sources. Sex Roles, 64(3–4), 265275.
    [Google Scholar]
  72. Signorielli, N. , & Kahlenberg, S. (2001). Television's world of work in the nineties. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 45(1), 422.
    [Google Scholar]
  73. Silveirinha, M. J. (2004). Identidades, Media e Política: O espaço comunicacional nas democracias liberais. Lisboa: Livros Horizonte.
    [Google Scholar]
  74. Sink, A. , & Mastro, D. (2016). Depictions of gender on primetime television: A quantitative content analysis. Mass Communication and Society, 20(1), 322.
    [Google Scholar]
  75. Sriwimon, L. , & Zilli, P. J. (2017). Applying critical discourse analysis as a conceptual framework for investigating gender stereotypes in political media discourse. Kasetsart Journal of Social Sciences, 38, 136142.
    [Google Scholar]
  76. Stern, B. B. (2013). Gender and multicultural issues in advertising: Stages on the research highway. Journal of Advertising (Special Issue Editor 28:1), 19.
  77. Subtil, F. , & Silveirinha, M. J. (2017). Planos de igualdade de género nos media: para uma (re)consideração do caso português. Media & Jornalismo, 17(30), 4361.
    [Google Scholar]
  78. Tavares, M. (2011). Feminismos, Percursos e Desafios. Lisboa: Texto Ed.
    [Google Scholar]
  79. Torres, A. , Campos Pinto, P. , Costa, D. , Coelho, B. , Manciel, D. , Reigadinha, T. , & Theodoro, E. (2018). Igualdade de género ao longo da vida: Portugal no contexto europeu. Lisboa: Fundação Francisco Manuel dos Santos.
    [Google Scholar]
  80. Tuchman, G. (1979). Making news: A study in the construction of reality. New York, NY: Free Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  81. Ullah, H. , & Khan, N. H. (2014). The objectification of women in television advertisement in Pakistan. FWU Journal of Social Sciences, 8(2), 2635.
    [Google Scholar]
  82. United Nations . (1995). Report of the fourth world. New York, NY: United Nations.
    [Google Scholar]
  83. Van Dijk, T. (2008). Discourse and power. Basingstoke, Hampshire: PalgraveMcMillan.140
    [Google Scholar]
  84. WACC . (2010). Who makes the news. London: World Association for Christian Communication.
    [Google Scholar]
  85. Wood, J. T. (1997). Gendered media: The influence of media on views of gender. Social Psychology Annual Editions, 97/98, 162171.
  86. Wood, L. A. , & Kroger, R. (2000). Doing discourse analysis. Methods for studying action in talk and text. London: SAGE.
    [Google Scholar]
  87. World Bank . (2016). The little data book on gender. Washington, DC: International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank.
    [Google Scholar]
  88. XXI Governo Constitucional . (2018, June). Estratégia Nacional para a Igualdade e a Não Discriminação 2018-2030 – Portugal + Igual. Portugal Gov. Republica Portuguesa. Retrieved from https://www.portugal.gov.pt/pt/gc21/consulta-publica?i=231
  89. Ylva, R.-G. (2015). Male and female journalists’ perceptions of their power to influence news agendas and public discourses. Communication, 41(2), 206219.
    [Google Scholar]
  90. Yun, H. J. , Postelnicu, M. , Ramoutar, N. , & Kaid, L. L. (2007). Where is she? Journalism Studies, 8(6), 930947.
    [Google Scholar]
  91. Zurbriggen, E. , Ramsey, L. , & Jaworski, B. (2011). Self- and partner-objectification in romantic relationships: Associations with media consumption and relationship satisfaction. Sex Roles, 78, 449462.
/content/books/9781789386684.c06
dcterms_title,dcterms_subject,pub_keyword
-contentType:Contributor -contentType:Concept -contentType:Institution
10
5
Chapter
content/books/9781789386684
Book
false
en
Loading
This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a success
Invalid data
An error occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error
Please enter a valid_number test