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Problem Definitions in European Policy Debates on Media Pluralism and Online Platforms

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References

  1. Ananny, Mike , and Crawford, Kate . ( 2018;), ‘ Seeing without knowing: Limitations of the transparency ideal and its application to algorithmic accountability. ’, New Media & Society, 20:3, pp. 973–89, https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444816676645.
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  3. August Vincent , and Osrecki Fran . ( 2019), ‘ Transparency imperatives: Results and frontiers of social science research. ’, in V. August , and F. Osrecki . (eds), Der Transparenz-Imperativ, Wiesbaden:: Springer VS;, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-22294-9_1.
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  5. Bacchi, Carol , and Goodwin, Susan . ( 2016), Poststructural Policy Analysis: A Guide to Practice, New York:: Palgrave Macmillan;.
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  6. Baker, C. Edwin . ( 2007), Media Concentration and Democracy: Why Ownership Matters, New York:: Cambridge University Press.;
    [Google Scholar]
  7. Barrett, Bridget ,, Dommett, Katharine , and Kreiss, Daniel . ( 2021;), ‘ The capricious relationship between technology and democracy: Analyzing public policy discussions in the UK and US. ’, Policy and Internet, 13:4, pp. 522–543, https://doi.org/10.1002/poi3.266.
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  8. Brogi, Elda . ( 2020;), ‘ The media pluralism monitor: Conceptualizing media pluralism for the online environment. ’, Profesional de la Información, 29:5, p. e290529, https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2020.sep.29.
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  9. Broughton Micova, Sally . ( 2021), ‘What is the harm in size’, CRRE Issue paper, https://cerre.eu/publications/what-is-the-harm-in-size/. Accessed 19 January 2023 .
  10. Bruns, Axel . ( 2021), ‘ Echo chambers? Filter bubbles? The misleading metaphors that obscure the real problem. ’, in M. Pérez-Escolar , and J. M. Noguera-Vivo . (eds), Hate Speech and Polarization in Participatory Society, London:: Routledge, n.pag;.115
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  12. Castells, Manuel . ( 2007;), ‘ Communication, power and counter-power in the network society. ’, International Journal of Communication, 1:2007, pp. 238–66, https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/46. Accessed 19 January 2023 .
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  14. Council of Europe . ( 2018a), Recommendation CM/Rec (2018)1 of the Committee of Ministers on media pluralism and transparency of media ownership. Adopted by the Committee of Ministers on 7 March 2018, Strasbourg. https://rm.coe.int/0900001680790e13. Accessed 19 January 2023 .
  15. Council of Europe . ( 2018b), Recommendation CM/Rec(2018)2 of the Committee of Ministers to member States on the roles and responsibilities of internet intermediaries. Adopted by the Committee of Ministers on 7 March 2018. https://rm.coe.int/1680790e14. Accessed 19 January 2023 .
  16. Council of Europe . ( 2018c), Algorithms and Human Rights. Study on the Human Rights Dimensions of Automated Data Processing Techniques (in Particular Algorithms) And Possible Regulatory Implications. Prepared by the Committee of Experts on Internet Intermediaries (Msi-Net), Strasbourg. https://rm.coe.int/algorithms-and-human-rights-en-rev/16807956b5. Accessed 19 January 2023 .
  17. Council of Europe . ( 2019), Declaration by the Committee of Ministers on the financial sustainability of quality journalism in the digital age. Adopted by the Committee of Ministers on 13 February 2019, Strasbourg, https://rm.coe.int/090000168092dd4d. Accessed 19 January 2023 .
  18. Craufurd Smith, Rachael ,, Klimkiewicz, Beata , and Ostling, Alina . ( 2021;), ‘ Media ownership transparency in Europe: Closing the gap between European aspiration and domestic reality. ’, European Journal of Communication, 36:6, pp. 547–62, https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323121999523.
     [Google Scholar]
  19. Diakopoulos, Nicholas . ( 2016;), ‘ Accountability in algorithmic decision making. ’, Communications of the ACM (CACM), 59:2, pp. 56–62, https://doi.org/10.1145/2844110.
     [Google Scholar]
  20. European Commission ( 2007), Indicators for Media Pluralism in the Member States – Towards a Risk-Based Approach. Tender Specifications. SMART 007A2007/0002. Brussels, March 2007.
  21. European Commission ( 2020a), Europe's Media in the Digital Decade: An Action Plan to Support Recovery and Transformation, Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions, COM(2020) 784 final, Brussels, 3 December.116
  22. European Commission ( 2020b), On the European Democracy Action Plan. Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions, COM/2020/790 final, Brussels, 3 December.
  23. European Commission ( 2020c), Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council on a Single Market For Digital Services (Digital Services Act) and Amending Directive 2000/31/EC, COM(2020) 825 final, Brussels, 15 December.
  24. Fischer, Frank . ( 2003), Reframing Public Policy: Discursive Politics and Deliberative Practices, Oxford:: Oxford University Press;.
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  25. Flew, Terry ,, Martin, Fiona , and Suzor, Nicolas . ( 2019;), ‘ Internet regulation as media policy: Rethinking the question of digital communication platform governance. ’, Journal of Digital Media & Policy, 10:1, pp. 33–50.
     [Google Scholar]
  26. Flew, Terry , and Wilding, Derek . ( 2021;), ‘ The turn to regulation in digital communication: The ACCC's digital platforms inquiry and Australian media policy. ’, Media, Culture & Society, 43:1, pp. 48–65.
     [Google Scholar]
  27. Freedman, Des . ( 2010;), ‘ Media policy silences: The hidden face of communications decision making. ’, International Journal of Press/Politics, 15:3, pp. 344–61, https://doi.org/10.1177/1940161210368292.
     [Google Scholar]
  28. Freelon, Deen , and Wells, Chris . ( 2020;), ‘ Disinformation as political communication. ’, Political Communication, 37:2, pp. 145–56.
     [Google Scholar]
  29. Helberger, Natali . ( 2018), ‘ Challenging diversity – Social media platforms and a new conception of media diversity. ’, in Martin Moore , and Damian Tambini . (eds), Digital Dominance: The Power of Google, Amazon, Facebook and Amazon, New York:: Oxford University Press;, pp. 153–75.
     [Google Scholar]
  30. Helberger, Natali . ( 2020;), ‘ The political power of platforms. How current attempts to regulate misinformation amplify opinion power. ’, Digital Journalism, 8:6, pp. 842–54.
     [Google Scholar]
  31. Horten, Monica . ( 2016), The Closing of the Net, Cambridge:: Polity Press;.
     [Google Scholar]
  32. Karppinen, Kari . ( 2013), Rethinking Media Pluralism, New York:: Fordham University Press;.
     [Google Scholar]
  33. Kenyon, Andrew . ( 2021), Democracy of Expression: Positive Free Speech and Law, Cambridge:: Cambridge University Press;.
     [Google Scholar]
  34. Kingdon, John W. . ( 2003), Agendas, Alternatives, and Public Policies, , 2nd. ed., New York:: Longman;.
     [Google Scholar]
  35. Klimkiewicz, Beata . ( 2019), Pluralism in a Hybrid Media Environment from the User Perspective, Fiesole FI: European University Institute, https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/65604/CMPF_2019_02.pdf?sequence=4&isAllowed=y. Accessed 19 January 2023 .
  36. KU Leuven–ICRI . ( 2009), Independent Study on Indicators for Media Pluralism – Towards a Risk-Based Approach, Belgium:: European Commission;, https://ec.europa.eu/information_society/media_taskforce/doc/pluralism/pfr_report.pdf. Accessed 19 January 2023 .
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  37. Morozov, Evgeny . ( 2013), To Save Everything, Click Here: The Folly of Technological Solutionism, New York:: Public Affairs;.
     [Google Scholar]
  38. Napoli, Philip M. . ( 2011;), ‘ Exposure diversity reconsidered. ’, Journal of Information Policy, 1, pp. 246–59.117
     [Google Scholar]
  39. Nenadic, Iva . ( 2019), ‘To understand media pluralism is to understand changes in news media and journalism advanced by digital technologies’, in A. Giannakopoulos (ed.), Media, Freedom of Speech, and Democracy in the EU and Beyond, Research Paper No. 10, The S. Daniel Abraham Center for International and Regional Studies, Tel Aviv: Tel Aviv University.
  40. Nenadic, Iva , and Milosavljevic Marko . ( 2021), ‘ Regulating beyond media to protect media pluralism: The EU media policies as seen through the lens of the media pluralism monitor. ’, in S. Adam Matei ,, F. Rebillard , and F. Rochelandet . (eds), Digital and Social Media Regulation, London:: Palgrave, pp. 89–116;.
     [Google Scholar]
  41. Pasquale, Frank . ( 2016), The Black Box Society: The Secret Algorithms That Control Money and Information, Cambridge and London:: Harvard University Press;.
     [Google Scholar]
  42. Picard, Robert . ( 2017;), ‘ The Sisyphean Pursuit of media pluralism: European efforts to establish policy and measurable evidence. ’, Communication Law and Policy, 22:3, pp. 255–73.
     [Google Scholar]
  43. Stohl, Cynthia ,, Stohl, Michael , and Leonardi, Paul M. . ( 2016;), ‘ Managing opacity: Information visibility and the paradox of transparency in the digital age. ’, International Journal of Communication, 10:2016, pp. 123–37.
     [Google Scholar]
  44. Valcke, Peggy ,, Sukosd, Robert , and Picard, Robert . (eds) ( 2015), Media Pluralism and Diversity: Concepts, Risks and Global Trends, London:: Palgrave Macmillan;.
     [Google Scholar]
  45. Van Dijk, José . ( 2021;), ‘ Seeing the forest for the trees: Visualizing platformization and its governance. ’, New Media & Society, 23:9, pp. 2801–19.
     [Google Scholar]
  46. Vīķe-Freiberga, Vaira ,, Däubler-Gmelin, Herta ,, Hammersley, Ben , and Poiares Pessoa Maduro, Luis Miguel . ( 2013), A Free and Pluralistic Media to Sustain European Democracy: The Report of the High Level Group on Media Freedom and Pluralism, Brussels: European Commission, https://ec.europa.eu/information_society/media_taskforce/doc/pluralism/hlg/hlg_final_report.pdf. Accessed 19 January 2023 .
  47. Zelizer, Barbie . ( 2015;), ‘ Terms of choice: Uncertainty, journalism, and crisis. ’, Journal of Communication, 65:5, pp. 888–908.
     [Google Scholar]
  48. Zuiderveen Borgesius, Frederik J. ,, Trilling, Damian ,, Möller, Judith ,, Bodó, Balázs ,, de Vreese, Clas H. , and Helberger, Natali . ( 2016;), ‘ Should we worry about filter bubbles. ?’, Internet Policy Review, 5:1, https://doi.org/10.14763/2016.1.401.
     [Google Scholar]

References

  1. Ananny, Mike , and Crawford, Kate . ( 2018;), ‘ Seeing without knowing: Limitations of the transparency ideal and its application to algorithmic accountability. ’, New Media & Society, 20:3, pp. 973–89, https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444816676645.
     [Google Scholar]
  2. Ananny, Mike , and Gillespie, Tarleton . ( 2017), Public Platforms: Beyond the Cycle of Shocks and Exceptions, Oxford: Oxford Internet Institute, http://blogs.oii.oxac.uk/ipp-conference/sites/ipp/files/documents/anannyGillespie-publicPlatforms-oii-submittedSept8.pdf. Accessed 19 January 2023 .
  3. August Vincent , and Osrecki Fran . ( 2019), ‘ Transparency imperatives: Results and frontiers of social science research. ’, in V. August , and F. Osrecki . (eds), Der Transparenz-Imperativ, Wiesbaden:: Springer VS;, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-22294-9_1.
     [Google Scholar]
  4. Bacchi, Carol . ( 2009), Analysing Policy: What's the Problem Represented to Be? Frenchs Forest, Australia:: Pearson;.
     [Google Scholar]
  5. Bacchi, Carol , and Goodwin, Susan . ( 2016), Poststructural Policy Analysis: A Guide to Practice, New York:: Palgrave Macmillan;.
     [Google Scholar]
  6. Baker, C. Edwin . ( 2007), Media Concentration and Democracy: Why Ownership Matters, New York:: Cambridge University Press.;
    [Google Scholar]
  7. Barrett, Bridget ,, Dommett, Katharine , and Kreiss, Daniel . ( 2021;), ‘ The capricious relationship between technology and democracy: Analyzing public policy discussions in the UK and US. ’, Policy and Internet, 13:4, pp. 522–543, https://doi.org/10.1002/poi3.266.
     [Google Scholar]
  8. Brogi, Elda . ( 2020;), ‘ The media pluralism monitor: Conceptualizing media pluralism for the online environment. ’, Profesional de la Información, 29:5, p. e290529, https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2020.sep.29.
     [Google Scholar]
  9. Broughton Micova, Sally . ( 2021), ‘What is the harm in size’, CRRE Issue paper, https://cerre.eu/publications/what-is-the-harm-in-size/. Accessed 19 January 2023 .
  10. Bruns, Axel . ( 2021), ‘ Echo chambers? Filter bubbles? The misleading metaphors that obscure the real problem. ’, in M. Pérez-Escolar , and J. M. Noguera-Vivo . (eds), Hate Speech and Polarization in Participatory Society, London:: Routledge, n.pag;.115
     [Google Scholar]
  11. Brüggeman, Michael ,, Humprech Edda. ,, Nielsen Rasmus Kleis ,, Karppinen Kari ,, Cornia Alessio , and Esser Frank . ( 2016;), ‘ Framing the crisis of newspapers: How debates on the state of the press are shaped in Finland, France, Germany, Italy, United Kingdom and United States. ’, Journalism Studies, 17:5, pp. 533–51, https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2015.1006871.
     [Google Scholar]
  12. Castells, Manuel . ( 2007;), ‘ Communication, power and counter-power in the network society. ’, International Journal of Communication, 1:2007, pp. 238–66, https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/46. Accessed 19 January 2023 .
     [Google Scholar]
  13. CMPF – Centre for Media Pluralism and Media Freedom . ( 2021), Monitoring media pluralism in the digital era. Application of the Media Pluralism Monitor in the European Union, Albania, Montenegro, Republic of North Macedonia, Serbia & Turkey in the year 2020, Fiesole FI: European University Institute, https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/71970/CMPF_MPM2021_final-report_QM-09-21-298-EN-N.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y. Accessed 19 January 2023 .
  14. Council of Europe . ( 2018a), Recommendation CM/Rec (2018)1 of the Committee of Ministers on media pluralism and transparency of media ownership. Adopted by the Committee of Ministers on 7 March 2018, Strasbourg. https://rm.coe.int/0900001680790e13. Accessed 19 January 2023 .
  15. Council of Europe . ( 2018b), Recommendation CM/Rec(2018)2 of the Committee of Ministers to member States on the roles and responsibilities of internet intermediaries. Adopted by the Committee of Ministers on 7 March 2018. https://rm.coe.int/1680790e14. Accessed 19 January 2023 .
  16. Council of Europe . ( 2018c), Algorithms and Human Rights. Study on the Human Rights Dimensions of Automated Data Processing Techniques (in Particular Algorithms) And Possible Regulatory Implications. Prepared by the Committee of Experts on Internet Intermediaries (Msi-Net), Strasbourg. https://rm.coe.int/algorithms-and-human-rights-en-rev/16807956b5. Accessed 19 January 2023 .
  17. Council of Europe . ( 2019), Declaration by the Committee of Ministers on the financial sustainability of quality journalism in the digital age. Adopted by the Committee of Ministers on 13 February 2019, Strasbourg, https://rm.coe.int/090000168092dd4d. Accessed 19 January 2023 .
  18. Craufurd Smith, Rachael ,, Klimkiewicz, Beata , and Ostling, Alina . ( 2021;), ‘ Media ownership transparency in Europe: Closing the gap between European aspiration and domestic reality. ’, European Journal of Communication, 36:6, pp. 547–62, https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323121999523.
     [Google Scholar]
  19. Diakopoulos, Nicholas . ( 2016;), ‘ Accountability in algorithmic decision making. ’, Communications of the ACM (CACM), 59:2, pp. 56–62, https://doi.org/10.1145/2844110.
     [Google Scholar]
  20. European Commission ( 2007), Indicators for Media Pluralism in the Member States – Towards a Risk-Based Approach. Tender Specifications. SMART 007A2007/0002. Brussels, March 2007.
  21. European Commission ( 2020a), Europe's Media in the Digital Decade: An Action Plan to Support Recovery and Transformation, Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions, COM(2020) 784 final, Brussels, 3 December.116
  22. European Commission ( 2020b), On the European Democracy Action Plan. Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions, COM/2020/790 final, Brussels, 3 December.
  23. European Commission ( 2020c), Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council on a Single Market For Digital Services (Digital Services Act) and Amending Directive 2000/31/EC, COM(2020) 825 final, Brussels, 15 December.
  24. Fischer, Frank . ( 2003), Reframing Public Policy: Discursive Politics and Deliberative Practices, Oxford:: Oxford University Press;.
     [Google Scholar]
  25. Flew, Terry ,, Martin, Fiona , and Suzor, Nicolas . ( 2019;), ‘ Internet regulation as media policy: Rethinking the question of digital communication platform governance. ’, Journal of Digital Media & Policy, 10:1, pp. 33–50.
     [Google Scholar]
  26. Flew, Terry , and Wilding, Derek . ( 2021;), ‘ The turn to regulation in digital communication: The ACCC's digital platforms inquiry and Australian media policy. ’, Media, Culture & Society, 43:1, pp. 48–65.
     [Google Scholar]
  27. Freedman, Des . ( 2010;), ‘ Media policy silences: The hidden face of communications decision making. ’, International Journal of Press/Politics, 15:3, pp. 344–61, https://doi.org/10.1177/1940161210368292.
     [Google Scholar]
  28. Freelon, Deen , and Wells, Chris . ( 2020;), ‘ Disinformation as political communication. ’, Political Communication, 37:2, pp. 145–56.
     [Google Scholar]
  29. Helberger, Natali . ( 2018), ‘ Challenging diversity – Social media platforms and a new conception of media diversity. ’, in Martin Moore , and Damian Tambini . (eds), Digital Dominance: The Power of Google, Amazon, Facebook and Amazon, New York:: Oxford University Press;, pp. 153–75.
     [Google Scholar]
  30. Helberger, Natali . ( 2020;), ‘ The political power of platforms. How current attempts to regulate misinformation amplify opinion power. ’, Digital Journalism, 8:6, pp. 842–54.
     [Google Scholar]
  31. Horten, Monica . ( 2016), The Closing of the Net, Cambridge:: Polity Press;.
     [Google Scholar]
  32. Karppinen, Kari . ( 2013), Rethinking Media Pluralism, New York:: Fordham University Press;.
     [Google Scholar]
  33. Kenyon, Andrew . ( 2021), Democracy of Expression: Positive Free Speech and Law, Cambridge:: Cambridge University Press;.
     [Google Scholar]
  34. Kingdon, John W. . ( 2003), Agendas, Alternatives, and Public Policies, , 2nd. ed., New York:: Longman;.
     [Google Scholar]
  35. Klimkiewicz, Beata . ( 2019), Pluralism in a Hybrid Media Environment from the User Perspective, Fiesole FI: European University Institute, https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/65604/CMPF_2019_02.pdf?sequence=4&isAllowed=y. Accessed 19 January 2023 .
  36. KU Leuven–ICRI . ( 2009), Independent Study on Indicators for Media Pluralism – Towards a Risk-Based Approach, Belgium:: European Commission;, https://ec.europa.eu/information_society/media_taskforce/doc/pluralism/pfr_report.pdf. Accessed 19 January 2023 .
     [Google Scholar]
  37. Morozov, Evgeny . ( 2013), To Save Everything, Click Here: The Folly of Technological Solutionism, New York:: Public Affairs;.
     [Google Scholar]
  38. Napoli, Philip M. . ( 2011;), ‘ Exposure diversity reconsidered. ’, Journal of Information Policy, 1, pp. 246–59.117
     [Google Scholar]
  39. Nenadic, Iva . ( 2019), ‘To understand media pluralism is to understand changes in news media and journalism advanced by digital technologies’, in A. Giannakopoulos (ed.), Media, Freedom of Speech, and Democracy in the EU and Beyond, Research Paper No. 10, The S. Daniel Abraham Center for International and Regional Studies, Tel Aviv: Tel Aviv University.
  40. Nenadic, Iva , and Milosavljevic Marko . ( 2021), ‘ Regulating beyond media to protect media pluralism: The EU media policies as seen through the lens of the media pluralism monitor. ’, in S. Adam Matei ,, F. Rebillard , and F. Rochelandet . (eds), Digital and Social Media Regulation, London:: Palgrave, pp. 89–116;.
     [Google Scholar]
  41. Pasquale, Frank . ( 2016), The Black Box Society: The Secret Algorithms That Control Money and Information, Cambridge and London:: Harvard University Press;.
     [Google Scholar]
  42. Picard, Robert . ( 2017;), ‘ The Sisyphean Pursuit of media pluralism: European efforts to establish policy and measurable evidence. ’, Communication Law and Policy, 22:3, pp. 255–73.
     [Google Scholar]
  43. Stohl, Cynthia ,, Stohl, Michael , and Leonardi, Paul M. . ( 2016;), ‘ Managing opacity: Information visibility and the paradox of transparency in the digital age. ’, International Journal of Communication, 10:2016, pp. 123–37.
     [Google Scholar]
  44. Valcke, Peggy ,, Sukosd, Robert , and Picard, Robert . (eds) ( 2015), Media Pluralism and Diversity: Concepts, Risks and Global Trends, London:: Palgrave Macmillan;.
     [Google Scholar]
  45. Van Dijk, José . ( 2021;), ‘ Seeing the forest for the trees: Visualizing platformization and its governance. ’, New Media & Society, 23:9, pp. 2801–19.
     [Google Scholar]
  46. Vīķe-Freiberga, Vaira ,, Däubler-Gmelin, Herta ,, Hammersley, Ben , and Poiares Pessoa Maduro, Luis Miguel . ( 2013), A Free and Pluralistic Media to Sustain European Democracy: The Report of the High Level Group on Media Freedom and Pluralism, Brussels: European Commission, https://ec.europa.eu/information_society/media_taskforce/doc/pluralism/hlg/hlg_final_report.pdf. Accessed 19 January 2023 .
  47. Zelizer, Barbie . ( 2015;), ‘ Terms of choice: Uncertainty, journalism, and crisis. ’, Journal of Communication, 65:5, pp. 888–908.
     [Google Scholar]
  48. Zuiderveen Borgesius, Frederik J. ,, Trilling, Damian ,, Möller, Judith ,, Bodó, Balázs ,, de Vreese, Clas H. , and Helberger, Natali . ( 2016;), ‘ Should we worry about filter bubbles. ?’, Internet Policy Review, 5:1, https://doi.org/10.14763/2016.1.401.
     [Google Scholar]

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