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From Longing to Belonging: Arab American Cultural Adaptation and Refugee Resettlement Practices in Houston, Texas and the Gulf Coast

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From Longing to Belonging: Arab American Cultural Adaptation and Refugee Resettlement Practices in Houston, Texas and the Gulf Coast
Intellect , 73 (2024); https://doi.org/10.1386/9781789389005_4
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References

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  29. Houston Independent School Distric. ‘HISD Proposes New Arabic Language Immersion Magnet to Meet Needs of Culturally Diverse City.’ HISD News Blog, November 7, 2014, https://blogs.houstonisd.org/news/2014/11/07/hisd-proposes-new-arabic-language-immersion-magnet-to-meet-needs-of-culturally-diverse-city/.
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  36. Khoshneviss, Hadi . ‘The Inferior White: Politics and Practices of Racialization of People from the Middle East in the US.’ Ethnicities 19 .1 (February 2019): 117–35.
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  39. Lommasson, Jim . What We Carried: Fragments and Memories from Iraq and Syria. Photography Exhibit. Arab American National Museum Exhibit, June 4 – November 13, 2016.
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  41. Moren Cross, Jennifer and Kristin Contos-Kruegerw . ‘Opinion: Critical Race Theory Is a Red Herring: Focus on Fixing Inequality in Education.’ Houston Chronicle, November 3, 2021, https://www.houstonchronicle.com/opinion/outlook/article/Opinion-Critical-race-theory-is-a-red-herring-16589806.php.
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  42. Naber, Nadine . ‘Ambiguous Insiders: An investigation of Arab American Invisibility.’ Ethnic and Racial Studies 23 .1 (2000): 37–61.
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  43. Naff, Alixa. ‘Faris and Yamna Naff Arab-American Collection.’ National Museum of American History, Archives Center, Smithsonian Institution, Smithsonian Online Virtual Archives (SOVA), Behring Center, Washington, accessed July 14, 2023, https://www.si.edu/object/archives/sova-nmah-ac-0078.
  44. Olapson, Steve and Jim Simmon . ‘The Arabs of Houston.’ In News & Features Insert D, The Houston Post, May 4, 1986.
  45. Omar, Husam K. ‘Arab American Entrepreneurs: Investigating Experiences from Texas.’ ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 2009, https://athenaeum.uiw.edu/uiw_etds/214.100
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  46. Pastor, Camila . The Mexican Mahjar: Transnational Maronites, Jews, and Arabs Under the French Mandate. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2017.
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  47. Radwan, Omar Baz . ‘Race and Post-9/11 Arab-American Identity: Contestatory Agency in the Poetic Discourse of Suheir Hammad and Andrea Assaf.’ In Spaces of Longing and Belonging, 170–92. Leiden: Brill Rodopi, 2019.
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  48. Refaey, Kemal , ed. and pub. Houston: Houston's First Arabic Magazine: A Publication of Arabic Communication Services 1.2, May 1978.
  49. Salaita, Steven . ‘Ethnic Identity and Imperative Patriotism: Arab Americans Before and After 9/11.’ College Literature (2005): 146–68.
     [Google Scholar]
  50. Samhan, Helen Hateb . ‘Not Quite White: Racial Classification and the Arab American Experience. ’ in Arabs in America: Building a New Frontier, 209–26. Edited by Michael Suleiman (Philadelphia: Temple University Press).
     [Google Scholar]
  51. Shebaya, Sirine . ‘The Permanent Muslim Ban.’ Georgetown Immigration Law Journal 32 .2 (2018): 249–57.
     [Google Scholar]
  52. Shilcutt, Katharine . ‘How Houston Became the Country's Most Welcoming City for Refugees: The Syrian Refugee Crisis Has Shed Light on Houston's Open-Door Policy.’ Houstonia, February 5, 2016, https://www.houstoniamag.com/news-and-city-life/2016/02/resettling-new-country-syrian-refugees-houston-february-2016.
     [Google Scholar]
  53. Shire, Anna F. ‘News of Societies: Another Society Joins the Federation.’ The Syrian World 3. 11(May 1929).
     [Google Scholar]
  54. Shultz, Ronald . ‘“Allegiance and Land Go Together”: Automatic Naturalization and the Changing Nature of Immigration in Nineteenth-Century America.’ American Nineteenth Century History, 12 (2011): 149–76.
     [Google Scholar]
  55. Smiley, Will . ‘The Other Muslim Bans.’ Journal of Islamic Law 1 .1 (2020): 2–38.
     [Google Scholar]
  56. Suleiman, Michael W. Arabs in America: Building a New Future. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1999.
     [Google Scholar]
  57. Travelling While Arab Podcast, accessed June 13, 2023, https://travellingwhilearab.net/episodes.
  58. Turath: An Exhibition of Early Arab American Culture. Online exhibit. Moise A. Khayerallah Center for Lebanese Diaspora Studies, North Carolina State University Press, accessed June 13, 2023, https://www.turath2020.org/press.
  59. U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services. ‘Iraq Refugee Processing Fact Sheet’, June 6, 2013, https://www.uscis.gov/archive/iraqi-refugee-processing-fact-sheet.
  60. Weber, Natalie. ‘Qatar Announces Final $13.7 Million in Donations of its Harvey Fund.’ Houston Chronicle, July 3, 2019.
  61. Wu, Cindy . ‘It Goes Both Ways: Ministry Dynamics of Caring for Refugees.’ The Covenant Quarterly 78.1–2 (2020): 66–73.
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References

  1. Ackerman, Todd . ‘M.D. Anderson Receives $150 Million Gift.’ Houston Chronicle, January 18, 2011, https://www.mdanderson.org/publications/promise/md-anderson-receives-largest-gift-in-its-history.h37-1586679.html.
  2. Adamy, Janet . ‘Dual-Language Classes for Kids Grow in Popularity: In Increasingly Global Economy, More Parents Seek Leg Up for their Children through Early Immersion Programs.’ Wall Street Journal, April 1, 2016, https://www.wsj.com/articles/dual-language-classes-for-kids-grow-in-popularity-1459535318.
  3. Afzal, Ahmed . Lone Star Muslims: Transnational Lives and the South Asian Experience in Texas. New York: New York University Press, 2014.
     [Google Scholar]
  4. Akram, Susan M. ‘The Aftermath of September 11, 2001: The Targeting of Arabs and Muslims in America.’ Arab Studies Quarterly 24 .2/3 (2002): 61–118.
     [Google Scholar]
  5. Alhuzail, Nuzha Allassad . ‘A Place of Many Names: How Three Generations of Bedouin Women Express the Meaning of Home.’ Journal of Housing and the Built Environment: HBE 33 .2 (2018): 247–62.
     [Google Scholar]
  6. Amor, Cherif M. ‘Arab‐American Muslims’ Home Interiors in the US: Meanings, Uses and Communication.’ Journal of Interior Design 32 .1 (2006): 1–16.
     [Google Scholar]
  7. Anawaty, Bill , ‘Y.M.A.C to Entertain with Dance Tonight.’ Port Arthur News, February 6, 1932.
  8. Arab American Institute Foundation. ‘Demographics’ accessed June 13, 2023, https://censuscounts.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/National_Demographics_SubAncestries-2018.pdf.
  9. Arafa, Mohamed . ‘A Question to the President of the United States, Donald Trump: Is It a Travel Ban, or a Muslim Ban, or a Travel Muslim Ban?’ Revista de Investigações Constitucionais 5 .2 (May 1, 2018): 9–33.
     [Google Scholar]
  10. Ayoub, Abed and Khaled Beydoun . ‘Executive Disorder: The Muslim Ban, Emergency Advocacy, and the Fires Next Time.’ Michigan Journal of Race & Law 22 .2 (2017): 215–41.
     [Google Scholar]
  11. Bawardi, Hani J. The Making of Arab Americans: From Syrian Nationalism to U.S. Citizenship. First edition. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2014.
     [Google Scholar]
  12. Bragdon, A. L. ‘Early Arabic-Speaking Immigrant Communities in Texas.’ Arab Studies Quarterly (1989): 83–101.
     [Google Scholar]
  13. Capps, Randy , Michael Fix , and Chiamaka Nwosu . A Profile of Immigrants in Houston, the Nation's Most Diverse Metropolitan Area. Washington : Migration Policy Institute , March 2015, https://www.houstonimmigration.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/HoustonProfileMPIReport2015.pdf.98
     [Google Scholar]
  14. El‐Aswad, El‐Sayed . ‘Narrating the Self among Arab Americans: A Bridging Discourse between Arab Tradition and American Culture.’ Digest of Middle East Studies 19 .2 (2010): 234–48.
     [Google Scholar]
  15. Fahrenthold, Stacy D. Between the Ottomans and the Entente: The First World War in the Syrian and Lebanese Diaspora, 1908–1925. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2019.
     [Google Scholar]
  16. Fahrenthold, Stacy D .‘Transnational Modes and Media: The Syrian Press in the Mahjar and Emigrant Activism During World War I.’ Mashriq & Mahjar 1 .1 (2013): 30–54.
     [Google Scholar]
  17. Fayed, Jihan Fahmy . ‘Refugees, Camps, and the City: Interrogating the Thresholds of the Modern Nation-State.’ Khamasin: Journal of the Department of Political Science, The American University of Cairo. Fall 2019, 5–21.
     [Google Scholar]
  18. Federal Register. ‘Notice of Determinations; Additional Culturally Significant Objects Imported for Exhibition Determinations: “Arts of Islamic Lands: Masterpieces from The Al-Sabah Collection, Kuwait” Exhibition.’ The Federal Register / FIND. Vol. 82. Washington: Federal Information & News Dispatch, LLC, 2017.
     [Google Scholar]
  19. Fritzsche, Lauren , and Lise Nelson . ‘Refugee Resettlement, Place, and the Politics of Islamophobia.’ Social & Cultural Geography 21 .4 (2020): 508–26.
     [Google Scholar]
  20. Froom, Aimee . ‘The New Art of the Islamic Art Galleries at the Museum of Fine Arts, Houston.’ Arts of Asia (2016): 71–86.
     [Google Scholar]
  21. Ghareeb, Edmund and Jenab Tutunji . ‘Arab American Writers, the Mahjar Press, and the Palestine Issue.’ Arab Studies Quarterly 38 .1 (2016): 418–42.
     [Google Scholar]
  22. Gökarıksel, Banu . ‘The Body Politics of Trump's “Muslim Ban.”’ Journal of Middle East Women's Studies 13 .3 (2017): 469–71.
     [Google Scholar]
  23. Gualtieri, Sarah M. A. Arab Routes: Pathways to Syrian California. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2020.
     [Google Scholar]
  24. Gualtieri, Sarah M. A . ‘Becoming “White”: Race, Religion and the Foundations of Syrian/Lebanese Ethnicity in the United States.’ Journal of American Ethnic History 20 4 (2001): 29–58.
     [Google Scholar]
  25. Gualtieri, Sarah M. A . Between Arab and White: Race and Ethnicity in the Early Syrian American Diaspora. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2009.
     [Google Scholar]
  26. Harwell, Debbie Z. , ed. ‘The Power of Place in Houston.’ Houston History Magazine 16:2 (2019). University of Houston Center for Public History.
     [Google Scholar]
  27. Hitti, Philip K. ‘A Worthy Souvenir from a Grateful People.’ The Syrian and Lebanonite Voice, March 1939.
     [Google Scholar]
  28. Houston Independent School District. ‘Facts and Figures’, accessed May 5 , 2023, https://www.houstonisd.org/Page/31992.
  29. Houston Independent School Distric. ‘HISD Proposes New Arabic Language Immersion Magnet to Meet Needs of Culturally Diverse City.’ HISD News Blog, November 7, 2014, https://blogs.houstonisd.org/news/2014/11/07/hisd-proposes-new-arabic-language-immersion-magnet-to-meet-needs-of-culturally-diverse-city/.
  30. Houston Independent School District. ‘Tracts Demographic Maps’, accessed May 5 , 2023, https://www.arcgis.com/apps/View/index.html?appid=d3ce3e959b88463881838969db356fc2&extent=-95.7472,29.6017,-95.0880,29.9021.99
  31. Inhorn, Marcia C. ‘Introduction: When Arabs Fled: A Legacy of Conflict.’ In America's Arab Refugees, 9–42. Redwood City: Stanford University Press, 2020.
     [Google Scholar]
  32. Kaufman, Sarah . ‘The Criminalization of Muslims in the United States, 2016.’ Qualitative Sociology 42 .4 (August 19, 2019): 521–42.
     [Google Scholar]
  33. Kayyali, Randa . ‘U.S. Census Classifications and Arab Americans: Contestations and Definitions of Identity Markers.’ Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 39 (2013), 1299–1318.
     [Google Scholar]
  34. Kellar, William Henry . Enduring Legacy: The M. D. Anderson Foundation and the Texas Medical Center. College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 2014.
     [Google Scholar]
  35. Khater, Akram , executive producer. The Romey Lynchings. Documentary film. Moise A. Khayrallah Center for Lebanese Diaspora Studies, North Carolina State University, 2020, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2gb8cP1Eiuk.
  36. Khoshneviss, Hadi . ‘The Inferior White: Politics and Practices of Racialization of People from the Middle East in the US.’ Ethnicities 19 .1 (February 2019): 117–35.
     [Google Scholar]
  37. Kriel, Lomi . ‘Gov. Abbott Says Texas Won't Admit Refugees, Making it 1st State to Opt Out of Federal Program.’ Houston Chronical, January 10, 2020, https://www.houstonchronicle.com/news/houston-texas/houston/article/Gov-Abbott-says-Texas-won-t-admit-refugees-14966052.php.
     [Google Scholar]
  38. Krogstad, Jens Manuel . Key Facts about Refugees to the U.S. Pew Research Center, October 7, 2019, https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/10/07/key-facts-about-refugees-to-the-u-s/.
  39. Lommasson, Jim . What We Carried: Fragments and Memories from Iraq and Syria. Photography Exhibit. Arab American National Museum Exhibit, June 4 – November 13, 2016.
  40. Majaj, Lisa Suhair . ‘Arab-American Literature: Origins and Developments.’ Arab-American Literature and Culture, special issue, Alfred Hornung and Martina Kohl , eds. American Studies Journal 52 (2008): 2.
     [Google Scholar]
  41. Moren Cross, Jennifer and Kristin Contos-Kruegerw . ‘Opinion: Critical Race Theory Is a Red Herring: Focus on Fixing Inequality in Education.’ Houston Chronicle, November 3, 2021, https://www.houstonchronicle.com/opinion/outlook/article/Opinion-Critical-race-theory-is-a-red-herring-16589806.php.
     [Google Scholar]
  42. Naber, Nadine . ‘Ambiguous Insiders: An investigation of Arab American Invisibility.’ Ethnic and Racial Studies 23 .1 (2000): 37–61.
     [Google Scholar]
  43. Naff, Alixa. ‘Faris and Yamna Naff Arab-American Collection.’ National Museum of American History, Archives Center, Smithsonian Institution, Smithsonian Online Virtual Archives (SOVA), Behring Center, Washington, accessed July 14, 2023, https://www.si.edu/object/archives/sova-nmah-ac-0078.
  44. Olapson, Steve and Jim Simmon . ‘The Arabs of Houston.’ In News & Features Insert D, The Houston Post, May 4, 1986.
  45. Omar, Husam K. ‘Arab American Entrepreneurs: Investigating Experiences from Texas.’ ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 2009, https://athenaeum.uiw.edu/uiw_etds/214.100
     [Google Scholar]
  46. Pastor, Camila . The Mexican Mahjar: Transnational Maronites, Jews, and Arabs Under the French Mandate. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2017.
     [Google Scholar]
  47. Radwan, Omar Baz . ‘Race and Post-9/11 Arab-American Identity: Contestatory Agency in the Poetic Discourse of Suheir Hammad and Andrea Assaf.’ In Spaces of Longing and Belonging, 170–92. Leiden: Brill Rodopi, 2019.
     [Google Scholar]
  48. Refaey, Kemal , ed. and pub. Houston: Houston's First Arabic Magazine: A Publication of Arabic Communication Services 1.2, May 1978.
  49. Salaita, Steven . ‘Ethnic Identity and Imperative Patriotism: Arab Americans Before and After 9/11.’ College Literature (2005): 146–68.
     [Google Scholar]
  50. Samhan, Helen Hateb . ‘Not Quite White: Racial Classification and the Arab American Experience. ’ in Arabs in America: Building a New Frontier, 209–26. Edited by Michael Suleiman (Philadelphia: Temple University Press).
     [Google Scholar]
  51. Shebaya, Sirine . ‘The Permanent Muslim Ban.’ Georgetown Immigration Law Journal 32 .2 (2018): 249–57.
     [Google Scholar]
  52. Shilcutt, Katharine . ‘How Houston Became the Country's Most Welcoming City for Refugees: The Syrian Refugee Crisis Has Shed Light on Houston's Open-Door Policy.’ Houstonia, February 5, 2016, https://www.houstoniamag.com/news-and-city-life/2016/02/resettling-new-country-syrian-refugees-houston-february-2016.
     [Google Scholar]
  53. Shire, Anna F. ‘News of Societies: Another Society Joins the Federation.’ The Syrian World 3. 11(May 1929).
     [Google Scholar]
  54. Shultz, Ronald . ‘“Allegiance and Land Go Together”: Automatic Naturalization and the Changing Nature of Immigration in Nineteenth-Century America.’ American Nineteenth Century History, 12 (2011): 149–76.
     [Google Scholar]
  55. Smiley, Will . ‘The Other Muslim Bans.’ Journal of Islamic Law 1 .1 (2020): 2–38.
     [Google Scholar]
  56. Suleiman, Michael W. Arabs in America: Building a New Future. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1999.
     [Google Scholar]
  57. Travelling While Arab Podcast, accessed June 13, 2023, https://travellingwhilearab.net/episodes.
  58. Turath: An Exhibition of Early Arab American Culture. Online exhibit. Moise A. Khayerallah Center for Lebanese Diaspora Studies, North Carolina State University Press, accessed June 13, 2023, https://www.turath2020.org/press.
  59. U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services. ‘Iraq Refugee Processing Fact Sheet’, June 6, 2013, https://www.uscis.gov/archive/iraqi-refugee-processing-fact-sheet.
  60. Weber, Natalie. ‘Qatar Announces Final $13.7 Million in Donations of its Harvey Fund.’ Houston Chronicle, July 3, 2019.
  61. Wu, Cindy . ‘It Goes Both Ways: Ministry Dynamics of Caring for Refugees.’ The Covenant Quarterly 78.1–2 (2020): 66–73.
     [Google Scholar]

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