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The Conferralist Framework: Method and Application in Popular Music Studies

image of The Conferralist Framework: Method and Application in Popular Music Studies

The features vital to the study of popular music can, at times, be elusive to pinpoint. Scholars such as Tara Rodgers have criticised academic writing on sampling as generally misrepresenting or misunderstanding the practice, and Dave Harker has criticised popular music studies academics for their focus upon Rock and Punk as popular, focused on White males, thereby neglecting the popular ‘other’. The question that this chapter is directed towards is what sorts of tools could be deployed to guard against issues of exclusion. This chapter outlines Ásta's conferralist framework applied to the study of popular music. Whilst this framework should not be viewed as solving all research problems, it is particularly useful in areas of gender, race, and class, revealing areas of exclusion that can arise when academics redefine existing categories or make ‘new’ ones as an act of rehistoricisation.

Keywords: class ; critical popular music studies ; equality ; gender roles ; music production ; race ; rehistoricism ; songwriting

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References

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References

  1. Ásta (2018), Categories We Live By, New York: Oxford University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  2. Ásta (2019), ‘Response to critics’, Journal of Social Ontology, 5:2, pp. 27383, https://doi.org/10.1515/jso-2020-2007.
    [Google Scholar]
  3. Austin, John L. (1962), How to Do Things with Words, London: Oxford University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  4. Baker, Lynne (2019), ‘Just what is social ontology?’ Journal of Social Ontology, 5:1, pp. 112, https://doi.org/10.1515/jso-2019-2001.
    [Google Scholar]
  5. Baker, Roger (1994), Drag: A History of Female Impersonation in the Performing Arts, New York: NYU Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  6. Barnes, Elizabeth and Andler, Matthew (2020), ‘Categories we live by: The construction of sex, gender, race, and other social categories, by Ásta’, Mind, 129:515, pp. 93947, https://doi.org/10.1093/mind/fzz041.
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  7. BBC News (2022), ‘Taylor Swift calls out Damon Albarn over songwriting comments’, BBC, 25 January, https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-60121132. Accessed 12 July 2023 .
  8. Billboard (@billboard) (2018), ‘Where are all the female producers?’ Twitter, 19 January, https://twitter.com/billboard/status/954440867149991936. Accessed 18 September 2023 .
  9. Black Lives in Music (2021), Being Black in the UK Music Industryhttps://blim.org.uk/report/. Accessed 18 September 2023 .
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  11. Brittan, Francesca (2006), ‘Women who “do Elvis”: Authenticity, masculinity, and masquerade’, Journal of Popular Music Studies, 18:2, pp. 18790, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1533-1598.2006.00087.x.
    [Google Scholar]
  12. Buchanan, Ian (2018), A Dictionary of Critical Theory, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
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  13. Burgess, Richard, J. (2013), The Art of Music Production: The Theory and Practice, 4th ed., New York: Oxford University Press.
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  14. Butler, Judith (2004), Undoing Gender, Abingdon: Routledge.
    [Google Scholar]
  15. Cook, Susan C. (2001), ‘“R-E-S-P-E-C-T (Find out what it means to me)”: Feminist musicology and the abject popular’, Women and Music, 5, pp. 14045.
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  16. Crowe, Cameron ([1976] 2015), ‘A candid conversation with the actor, rock singer and sexual switch-hitter’, The Uncool, https://www.theuncool.com/journalism/david-bowie-playboy-magazine/. Accessed 12 July 2023 .
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  23. Gillespie, Dizzy and Fraser, Al (2009), To Be, Or Not … to Bop, Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.
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  24. Green, Lucy (1997), Music, Gender, Education, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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  25. Gregory, Georgina (2012), Send in the Clones: A Cultural Study of the Tribute Band, Sheffield: Equinox Pub.
    [Google Scholar]
  26. Hall, Stuart (1996), ‘What is this “Black” in Black popular culture’, in D. Morley and K. Chen (eds), Stuart Hall: Critical Dialogues in Cultural Studies, Abingdon: Routledge, pp. 46878.
    [Google Scholar]
  27. Harding, Phil and Lefford, M. Nyssim (2021), ‘Pop vs rock: A comparison study of managing sessions in the recording studio and the influences of genre’, Journal of Music, Technology & Education, 13:2&3, pp. 14161, https://doi.org/10.1386/jmte_00020_1.
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    [Google Scholar]
  31. Inaga, Shigemi (1993), ‘The impossible avant-garde in Japan’, The Year Book of Comparative and General Literature, 41, pp. 6775, https://inagashigemi.jpn.org/uploads/pdf/93TheImpossibleAvant-Garde.pdf. Accessed 31 May 2022 .
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    [Google Scholar]
  33. Leibetseder, Doris (2016), Queer Tracks: Subversive Strategies in Rock and Pop Music, Farnham: Taylor & Francis.
    [Google Scholar]
  34. Lorber, Judith (1999), ‘Crossing borders and erasing boundaries: Paradoxes of identity politics’, Sociological Focus, 32:4, pp. 35570.
    [Google Scholar]
  35. Luhmann, N. (1993), ‘Deconstruction as second-order observing’, New Literary History, 24:4, pp. 76382, https://www.jstor.org/stable/469391.
    [Google Scholar]
  36. Middleton, Richard (1990), Studying Popular Music, Milton Keynes: Open University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  37. Negus, Keith (1999), Music Genres and Corporate Cultures, London: Routledge.
    [Google Scholar]
  38. Pinch, Trevor J. and Trocco, Frank (2002), Analog Days: The Invention and Impact of the Moog Synthesizer, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  39. Polachek, Caroline (2014), interviewed by R. Saxelby, The Fader, https://www.thefader.com/2014/10/30/why-arent-more-women-becoming-music-producers. Accessed 12 July 2023 .
    [Google Scholar]
  40. Railton, Diane (2002), ‘The gendered carnival of pop’, Popular Music, 20:3, pp. 321331, https://doi.org/10.1017/S026114300100152010.
    [Google Scholar]
  41. Reddington, Helen (2021), She's at the Controls: Sound Engineering, Production and Gender Ventriloquism in the 21st Century, Sheffield: Equinox Publishing Limited.
    [Google Scholar]
  42. Riva, Chris D. (2023), ‘Women are superstars on stage, but still rarely get to write songs’, The Pudding, July, https://pudding.cool/2023/07/songwriters/. Accessed 30 August 2023.
  43. Robinson, Lucy (2019), ‘How hard is it to remember Bananarama? The perennial forgetting of girls in music’, Popular Music History, 12:2, http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/91244/. Accessed 12 July 2023 .400
    [Google Scholar]
  44. Rodgers, Tara (2010), Pink Noises: Women on Electronic Music and Sound, Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  45. Rorty, Amélie and David Wong (1993), ‘Aspects of identity and agency’, in O. Flanagan and A. Rorty (eds), Identity, Character, and Morality: Essays in Moral Psychology, Cambridge, MA: Bradford Books and MIT Press, pp. 1936.
    [Google Scholar]
  46. Roy, William, G. and Dowd, Timothy, J. (2010), ‘What is sociological about music?’ Annual Review of Sociology, 36, pp. 183203, http://www.jstor.org/stable/25735074. Accessed 12 July 2023 .
    [Google Scholar]
  47. Rubinkowski, Leslie (1997), Impersonating Elvis, London: Faber & Faber.
    [Google Scholar]
  48. Rubin, Rick (2023), interviewed by J. Lonsdale, Rolling Stone, 1 May, https://www.rollingstone.com/product-recommendations/books/rick-rubin-book-the-creative-act-1234665058/. Accessed 12 July 2023 .
    [Google Scholar]
  49. Saxelby, Ruth (2014), ‘13 women on how to change male-dominated studio culture’, The Fader, 30 October, https://www.thefader.com/2014/10/30/why-arent-more-women-becoming-music-producers. Accessed 12 July 2023 .
    [Google Scholar]
  50. Schmutz, Vaughn and Faupel, Alison (2010), ‘Gender and cultural consecration in popular music’, Social Forces, 89:2, pp. 685707, https://www.jstor.org/stable/40984552. Accessed 4 April 2022 .
    [Google Scholar]
  51. Searle, John (1969), Speech Acts: An Essay in the Philosophy of Language, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  52. Smith, Gareth Dylan (2013), I Drum, Therefore I Am: Being and Becoming a Drummer, Abingdon: Routledge.
    [Google Scholar]
  53. Smith, Stacy, L. , Pieper, Katherine , Hernandez, Karla and Wheeler, Sam (2024), Inclusion in the recording studio? Gender & Race/Ethnicity of Artists, Songwriters & Producers across 1,200 Popular Songs from 2012 to 2023, USC Annenberg Inclusion Initiative, 31 January, https://assets.uscannenberg.org/docs/aii-inclusion-recording-studio-20240130.pdf. Accessed 9 August 2024 .
    [Google Scholar]
  54. Suhadolnik, Sarah (2016), ‘Outside voices and the construction of Adele's singer-songwriter persona’, in K. Williams and J. A. Williams (eds), The Cambridge Companion to the Singer-Songwriter, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 17986.
    [Google Scholar]
  55. Thornton, Sarah (1995), Club Cultures: Music, Media and Subcultural Capital, Chichester: John Wiley & Sons Limited.
    [Google Scholar]
  56. Till, Rupert (2016), ‘Singer-songwriter authenticity, the unconscious and emotions (feat. Adele's “Someone Like You”)’, in K. Williams and J. A. Williams (eds), The Cambridge Companion to the Singer-Songwriter, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 291304.
    [Google Scholar]
  57. Toppin, Julia (2022), ‘“They're not in it like the man dem”: How gendered narratives contradict patriarchal discourse in electronic dance music’, in C. Anderton and M. James (eds), Media Narratives in Popular Music, London: Bloomsbury, pp. 5370.
    [Google Scholar]
  58. Wajcman, Judy (2010), ‘Feminist theories of technology’, Cambridge Journal of Economics, 34:1, pp. 14352, https://doi.org/10.1515/culture-2018-0041.
    [Google Scholar]
  59. Walzer, Daniel (2024), Leadership in Music Technology Education, Abingdon: Routledge.
    [Google Scholar]
  60. Whelan, Andrew and Nowak, Raphaël (2018), ‘“Vaporwave is (not) a critique of capitalism”: Genre work in an online music scene’, Open Cultural Studies, 2:1, pp. 451462, https://doi.org/10.1515/culture-2018-0041.
    [Google Scholar]
  61. Whiteley, Sheila (2000), Women and Popular Music: Sexuality, Identity, and Subjectivity, New York: Routledge.
    [Google Scholar]
  62. Whiteley, Sheila and Rycenga, Jennifer (eds) (2006), Queering the Popular Pitch, New York: Taylor & Francis.
    [Google Scholar]
  63. Wolfe, Paula (2012), ‘A studio of one's own: Music production, technology and gender’, Journal on the Art of Record Production, November, https://www.arpjournal.com/asarpwp/a-studio-of-one%E2%80%99s-own-music-production-technology-and-gender/.
    [Google Scholar]
  64. Wolfe, Paula (2020), Women in the Studio: Creativity, Control and Gender in Popular Music Production, Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge.
    [Google Scholar]
/content/books/9781835951033.c23
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