Skip to content
1981
Volume 13, Issue 3
  • ISSN: 2001-0818
  • E-ISSN: 2049-9531

Abstract

There are only a few pieces of research that show how online news covers the COVID-19 pandemic and its effect on different sections of society, including marginalized groups such as women and people with disabilities (PwD). During the COVID-19 pandemic, when marginalized people struggle for their livelihoods, inclusive journalism plays an important role. This research investigates the practice of inclusive journalism through the framing of women and PwD in some Indonesian online news media from March to June 2020. This research employed the content analysis method to analyse and study several news portals covering COVID-19 issues in local Yogyakarta and the national context. Framing data of the two marginalized groups showed the Indonesian news portals have portrayed women and PwD during the early phase of the pandemic. The dominant frames applied include government policies and solidarity for both women and PwD in national news, and solidarity and resilience for women and PwD in local news. It was found that all of the news on marginalized groups had a positive tone. However, because of limited access to marginalized groups and their supporters, government sources became dominant actors in determining news frames. Therefore, inclusive journalism has not been fully achieved.

Funding
This study was supported by the:
  • The Mandate Research Program (Award 845/UN1.P.III/SK/HUKOR/2020)
Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1386/ajms_00084_1
2022-06-08
2025-03-17
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

References

  1. Abney, R., Adams, J., Clark, M., Easton, M., Ezrow, L., Kosmidis, S. and Neundorf, A. (2011), ‘When does valence matter? Heightened valence effects governing parties during election campaigns’, Party Politics, 19:1, pp. 6182, https://doi.org/10.1177/1354068810395057. Accessed 29 April 2022.
    [Google Scholar]
  2. Ahva, L. (2012), ‘Public journalism and professional reflexivity’, Journalism, 14:6, pp. 790806, https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884912455895. Accessed 29 April 2022.
    [Google Scholar]
  3. Allan, S. (2014), ‘Journalism and the culture of othering’, Brazilian Journalism Research, 10:2, pp. 188203, https://doi.org/10.25200/BJR.v10n2.2014.776. Accessed 29 April 2022.
    [Google Scholar]
  4. Barnes, R. (2014), ‘The “ecology of participation”’, Digital Journalism, 2:4, pp. 54257, https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2013.859863. Accessed 29 April 2022.
    [Google Scholar]
  5. Benson, R. (2005), ‘American journalism and the politics of diversity’, Media, Culture and Society, 27:1, pp. 520, https://doi.org/10.1177/0163443705047031. Accessed 29 April 2022.
    [Google Scholar]
  6. Benson, R. (2020), ‘Journalism and inclusion’, in M. Powers and A. Russel (eds), Rethinking Media Research for Changing Societies, New York and Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 91104.
    [Google Scholar]
  7. Bodinger-de Uriarte, C. and Valgeirsson, G. (2015), ‘Institutional disconnects as obstacles to diversity in journalism in the United States’, Journalism Practice, 9:3, pp. 399417, https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2014.963367. Accessed 29 April 2022.
    [Google Scholar]
  8. Cammaerts, B. (2007), ‘Citizenship, the public sphere, and media’, in B. Cammaerts and N. Carpentier (eds), Reclaiming the Media: Communication Rights and Democratic Media Roles, European Communication Research and Education Association Series, Bristol: Intellect, pp. 18.
    [Google Scholar]
  9. Carlson, M. (2009), ‘Dueling, dancing, or dominating? Journalists and their sources’, Sociology Compass, 3:4, pp. 52642, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-9020.2009.00219.x. Accessed 29 April 2022.
    [Google Scholar]
  10. Carpenter, S. (2008a), ‘Online citizen journalism and online newspaper articles’, International Symposium on Online Journalism, Austin, TX, USA, 5 April.
    [Google Scholar]
  11. Carpenter, S. (2008b), ‘How online citizen journalism publications and online newspapers utilize the objectivity standard and rely on external sources’, Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly, 85:3, pp. 53148, https://doi.org/10.1177/107769900808500304. Accessed 29 April 2022.
    [Google Scholar]
  12. Carpenter, S. A (2010), ‘Study of content diversity in online citizen journalism and online newspaper articles’, New Media and Society, 12:7, pp. 106484.
    [Google Scholar]
  13. Carragee, K. F. and Roefs, W. (2004), ‘The neglect of power in recent framing research’, International Communication Association, 54:2, pp. 21433, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2004.tb02625.x. Accessed 29 April 2022.
    [Google Scholar]
  14. Charles, M. (2021), ‘Understanding trauma for reconciliation and peace-building journalism in Colombia’, Journalism Practice, 15:2, pp. 25970, https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2020.1713857. Accessed 29 April 2022.
    [Google Scholar]
  15. Croteau, D., Hoynes, W. and Milan, S. (2011), Media/Society: Industries, Images, and Audiences, 4th ed., London: Sage Publications.
    [Google Scholar]
  16. Curran, J., Gurevitch, M. and Woollacott, J. (2005), ‘The study of the media: Theoretical approaches’, in M. Gurevitch, T. Bennet, J. Curran and J. Woollacott (eds), Culture, Society and the Media, London: Routledge.
    [Google Scholar]
  17. Dang, H. A. H. and Nguyen, C. V. (2021), ‘Gender inequality during the COVID-19 pandemic: Income, expenditure, savings, and job loss’, World Development, 140:2021, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105296. Accessed 2 June 2022.
    [Google Scholar]
  18. D’Angelo, P. (2002), ‘News framing as a multiparadigmatic research program: A response to Entman’, Journal of Communication, 52, pp. 87088.
    [Google Scholar]
  19. De Vreese, C., Peter, J., and Semetko, J. A. (2001), ‘Framing politics at the launch of the Euro: A cross-national comparative study of frames in the news’, Political Communication, 18:2, pp. 10722, https://doi.org/10.1080/105846001750322934. Accessed 5 May 2022.
    [Google Scholar]
  20. Difabel Person Organization Network (2020), Laporan Survei Kedua Dampak Pandemi Covid-19 terhadap Penyandang Disabilitas, https://ncovid19.sigab.or.id/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/Laporan-Survei-Kedua-Jaringan-DPO-Respon-Covid-Inklusif_Final.pdf. Accessed 5 May 2022.
    [Google Scholar]
  21. Drok, N. and Hermans, L. (2016), ‘Is there a future for slow journalism?’, Journalism Practice, 10:4, pp. 53954, https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2015.1102604. Accessed 5 May 2022.
    [Google Scholar]
  22. Dudo, A. D., Dahlstrom, M. F. and Brossard, D. (2007), ‘Reporting a potential pandemic: A risk-related assessment of avian influenza coverage in U.S. newspapers’, Science Communication, 28:4, pp. 42954, https://doi.org/10.1177/1075547007302211. Accessed 9 April 2022.
    [Google Scholar]
  23. Egglestone, P. and Rogers, J. (2010), ‘Bespoke: Increasing social inclusion through community journalism and bespoke design’, Digital Economy All Hands Meeting – Digital Futures 2010, Nottingham, UK, https://www.horizon.ac.uk/images/stories/s75-Egglestone.pdf. Accessed 5 May 2022.
    [Google Scholar]
  24. Entman, R. M. (1993), ‘Framing: Toward a clarification of a fractured paradigm’, Journal of Communication, 43:4, pp. 5158.
    [Google Scholar]
  25. European Union External Action (2020), ‘New guidelines launched to protect women migrant workers’ rights from violence during COVID-19’, 8 December, https://www.eeas.europa.eu/delegations/indonesia/new-guidelines-launched-protect-women-migrant-workers%E2%80%99-rights-violence-during_en. Accessed 29 April 2022.
  26. Fisher, C. (2015), ‘The advocacy continuum: Towards a theory of advocacy in journalism’, Journalism, 17:6, pp. 71126, https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884915582311. Accessed 29 April 2022.
    [Google Scholar]
  27. Fitzpatrick, D. and McWilliam, A. (2013), Property and Social Resilience in Times of Conflict: Land, Custom, and Law in East Timor, London: Routledge.
    [Google Scholar]
  28. Ford, R., Gonzales, S. and Quade, V. (2020), ‘Collaborative and inclusive journalism: More than words’, Journalism and Mass Communication Educator, 75:1, pp. 5863, https://doi.org/10.1177/1077695819900740. Accessed 29 April 2022.
    [Google Scholar]
  29. Fraser, N. (2007), ‘Transnationalizing the public sphere on the legitimacy and efficacy of public opinion in a post-Westphalian world’, Theory, Culture and Society, 24:4, pp. 730.
    [Google Scholar]
  30. Fraser, N. (2010), ‘Injustice at intersecting scales: On social exclusion and the global poor’, European Journal of Social Theory, 13:3, pp. 36371, https://doi.org/10.1177/1368431010371758. Accessed 29 April 2022.
    [Google Scholar]
  31. Fulton, H. (2005), ‘Print as news narrative’, in H. Fulton, R. Huisman and J. Murphet (eds), Narrative and Media, New York: Cambridge University Press, pp. 21844.
    [Google Scholar]
  32. Gabore, S. M. (2020), ‘Western and Chinese media representation of Africa in COVID-19 news coverage’, Asian Journal of Communication, 30:5, pp. 299316, https://doi.org/10.1080/01292986.2020.1801781. Accessed 29 April 2022.
    [Google Scholar]
  33. George, C. (2013), ‘Diversity around a democratic core: The universal and the particular in journalism’, Journalism, 14:4, pp. 490503, https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884912464169. Accessed 29 April 2022.
    [Google Scholar]
  34. Gitlin, T. (1980), The Whole World Is Watching: Mass Media in the Making and Unmaking of the New Left, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  35. Golding, P. and Murdock, G. (1979), ‘Ideology and the mass media: The question of determination’, in M. Barrett, P. Corrigan, A. Kuhn and J. Wolff (eds), Ideology and Cultural Production, London: Croom Helm.
    [Google Scholar]
  36. Hermida, A., Lewis, S. C. and Zamith, R. (2014), ‘Sourcing the Arab Spring: A case study of Andy Carvin’s sources on Twitter during the Tunisian and Egyptian revolutions’, Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 19:3, pp. 47999, https://doi.org/10.1111/jcc4.12074. Accessed 29 April 2022.
    [Google Scholar]
  37. Husband, C. (2017), ‘Framing inclusive journalism: Between necessary idealism and essential realism’, Journal of Applied Journalism and Media Studies, 6:3, pp. 42542, https://doi.org/10.1386/ajms.6.3.425_1. Accessed 29 April 2022.
    [Google Scholar]
  38. Iezzoni, L. I., Rao, S. R., Ressalam, J., Bolcic-Jankovic, D., Agaronnik, N. D., Donelan, K., Lagu, T. and Campbell, E. G. (2021), ‘Physicians’ perceptions of people with disability and their health care’, Health Affairs, 40:2, pp. 297306, https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2020.01452. Accessed 29 April 2022.
    [Google Scholar]
  39. ILO (2020). A Quick Review on Employment of Persons with Disabilities in Indonesia, Jakarta: ILO, pp. 121, https://www.ilo.org/jakarta/whatwedo/publications/WCMS_760037/lang--en/index.htm. Accessed 4 May, 2022.
    [Google Scholar]
  40. Jakkola, M. (2020), ‘Journalists as media educators: Journalistic media education as inclusive boundary work’, Journalism Practice, pp. 122, https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2020.1844040. Accessed 29 April 2022.
    [Google Scholar]
  41. Kabeer, N., Razavi, S. and va der Meule Rodgers, Y. (2021), ‘Feminist economic perspectives on the COVID-19 pandemic’, Feminist Economics, 27:1–2, pp. 129, https://doi.org/10.1080/13545701.2021.1876906. Accessed 29 April 2022.
    [Google Scholar]
  42. Kapoor, I. (2002), ‘Deliberative democracy or agonistic pluralism? The relevance of the Habermas-Mouffe debate for third world politics’, Alternatives, 27:4, pp. 45987, https://doi.org/10.1177/030437540202700403. Accessed 29 April 2022.
    [Google Scholar]
  43. Kaufman, J. S. (2006), ‘Utilizing program evaluation as a strategy to promote community change: Evaluation of a comprehensive, community-based, family violence initiative’, American Journal of Community Psychology, 38:3–4, pp. 191200, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10464-006-9086-8. Accessed 29 April 2022.
    [Google Scholar]
  44. Kemen PPA (2021), ‘Kemen PPA dorong literasi digital untuk cegah kekerasan berbasis gender online (KBGO) selama masa pandemi’, 1 June, https://www.kemenpppa.go.id/index.php/page/read/29/3215/kemen-pppa-dorong-literasi-digital-untuk-cegah-kekerasan-berbasis-gender-online-kbgo-selama-masa-pandemi. Accessed 29 April 2022.
  45. Komnas Perempuan (2020), ‘Policy brief 2: melihat dampak pandemi COVID-19 dan kebijakan PSBB melalui kacamata perempuan Indonesia’, https://komnasperempuan.go.id/kertas-posisi-detail/policy-brief-2-melihat-dampak-pandemi-covid-19-dan-kebijakan-psbb-melalui-kacamata-perempuan-indonesia. Accessed 29 April 2022.
  46. Koos, S., Vihalemm, T. and Keller, M. (2017), ‘Coping with crises: Consumption and social resilience on markets’, International Journal of Consumer Studies, 41:4, pp. 36370, https://doi.org/10.1111/ijcs.12374. Accessed 5 May 2022.
    [Google Scholar]
  47. Kurpius, D. D. (2002), ‘Sources and civic journalism: Changing patterns of reporting?’, Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly, 79:4, pp. 85366.
    [Google Scholar]
  48. Lubens, P. (2015), ‘Journalists and public health professionals: Challenges of a symbiotic relationship’, Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness, 9:1, pp. 5963, https://doi.org/10.1177/107769900207900406. Accessed 29 April 2022.
    [Google Scholar]
  49. Madrim, S. (2019), ‘Pemberitaan media di Indonesia masih bias gender’, VoA Indonesia, 7 June, https://www.voaindonesia.com/a/pemberitaan-media-di-indonesia-masih-bias-gender/5032225.html. Accessed 29 April 2022.
  50. Matthes, J. (2009), ‘What’s in a frame? A content analysis of media framing studies in the world’s leading communication journals, 1990–2005’, Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly, 86:2, pp. 34967, https://doi.org/10.1177/107769900908600206. Accessed 29 April 2022.
    [Google Scholar]
  51. Maulana, G., Khalilullah, K., Qanita, I. and Yufika, A. (2021), ‘The impact of COVID-19 pandemic on people with intellectual disabilities: A literature review’, Journal of Asian Social Science Research, 3:2, pp. 14154.
    [Google Scholar]
  52. Meijer, I. C. (2001), ‘The public quality of popular journalism: Developing a normative framework’, Journalism Studies, 2:2, pp. 189205, https://doi.org/10.1080/14616700120042079. Accessed 29 April 2022.
    [Google Scholar]
  53. Mellado, C., Hallin, C., Cárcamo, L., Alfaro, R., Jackson, D., Humanes, M. L., Márquez-Ramírez, M., Mick, J., Mothes, C., Lin, C.I., Lee, M., Alfaro, A., Isbej, J. and Ramos, A. (2021), ‘Sourcing pandemic news: A cross-national computational analysis of mainstream media coverage of COVID-19 on Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram’, Digital Journalism, 9:9, pp. 124, https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2021.1942114. Accessed 29 April 2022.
    [Google Scholar]
  54. Mihailidis, P. and Gamwell, A. (2020), ‘Designing engagement in local news: Using FOIA requests to create inclusive participatory journalism practice’, Journalism Practice, https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2020.1819381. Accessed 29 April 2022.
    [Google Scholar]
  55. Mladenov, T. and Brennan, C. S. (2021), ‘The global COVID-19 disability rights monitor: Implementation, findings, disability studies response’, Disability & Society, 36:8, https://doi.org/10.1080/09687599.2021.1920371. Accessed 2 June 2022.
    [Google Scholar]
  56. Molotch, H. and Lester, M. (1974), ‘News as purposive behavior: On the strategic use of routine events, accidents, and scandals’, American Sociological Review, 39:1, pp. 10113, https://doi.org/10.2307/2094279. Accessed 29 April 2022.
    [Google Scholar]
  57. Mulunga, S. N. and Yazdanifard, R. (2014), ‘Review of social inclusion, social cohesion, and social capital in the modern organization’, Global Journal of Management and Business Research: Administration and Management, 14:3, pp. 17.
    [Google Scholar]
  58. Muqsith, M. A., Pratomo, R. R., Kuswanti, A. and Muzykant, V. A. (2021), ‘Social solidarity movement to prevent the spread of COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia’, Masyarakat, Kebudayaan dan Politik, 34:2, pp. 14758.
    [Google Scholar]
  59. Mutua, S. N. and Ong’ong’a, D. O. (2020), ‘Online news media framing of COVID-19 pandemic: Probing the initial phases of the disease outbreak in international media’, European Journal of Interactive Multimedia and Education, 1:2, pp. 18, https://doi.org/10.30935/ejimed/8402. Accessed 29 April 2022.
    [Google Scholar]
  60. Nayati, W. and Puri, V. Y. (2021), ‘The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Indonesian women workers is based on a social-cultural perspective’, International Journal for Studies on Children, Women, Elderly and Disabled, 12, pp. 2025.
    [Google Scholar]
  61. Newhagen, J. E. (1994), ‘The relationship between censorship and the emotional and critical tone of television news coverage of the Persian Gulf War’, Journalism Quarterly, 71:1, pp. 3242, https://doi.org/10.1177/107769909407100104. Accessed 29 April 2022.
    [Google Scholar]
  62. Nufus, W. H. (2020), ‘Kemdikbud diminta perhatikan proses belajar anak difabel selama pandemi corona’, Dekit News, 17 May, https://news.detik.com/berita/d-5018190/kemdikbud-dimina-perhatikan-proses-belajar-anak-difabel-selama-pandemi-corona?_ga=2.140011445.728874681.1604424628-1731026229.1604424624. Accessed 29 April 2022.
  63. Pantti, M. and Wahl-Jorgensen, K. (2007), ‘On the political possibilities of therapy news: Media responsibility and the limits of objectivity in disaster coverage’, Estudos em Comunicação, 1:1, pp. 325, http://hdl.handle.net/10138/230075. Accessed 29 April 2022.
    [Google Scholar]
  64. Parahita, G. D. (2014), ‘Teori framing’, in Y. N. Prajarto (ed.), Bianglala Teori Komunikasi, Yogyakarta: FISIPOL UGM, pp. 186223.
    [Google Scholar]
  65. Parahita, G. D. (2020a), ‘Lima Dimensi Jurnalisme Krisis COVID-19’, in W. Mas’udi and P. S. Winanti (eds), Tata Kelola Penanganan COVID-19 di Indonesia: Kajian Awal, Yogyakarta: UGM Press, pp. 32141.
    [Google Scholar]
  66. Parahita, G. D. (2020b), ‘Membandingkan framing dalam rilis dan berita: Studi kasus rilis pers ‘Kampanye Japelidi Lawan Hoaks COVID-19 oleh Japelidi’, in D. N. Kurnia, L. Nurhajati and S. I. Astuti (eds), Kolaborasi Lawan (Hoaks) COVID-19: Kampanye, Riset dan Pengalaman Japelidi di Tengah Pandemi, Yogyakarta: UGM Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  67. Parahita, G. D. (2021), ‘The COVID-19 pandemic: Resilience of Indonesian journalists’, Pacific Journalism Review, 27:1–2, pp. 85104, https://doi.org/10.24135/pjr.v27i1and2.1191. Accessed 29 April 2022.
    [Google Scholar]
  68. Park, H. W., Park, S. and Chong, M. (2020), ‘Conversations and medical news frames on Twitter: Infodemiological study on COVID-19 in South Korea’, Journal of Medical Internet Research, 22:5, pp. 111, https://doi.org/10.2196/18897. Accessed 29 April 2022.
    [Google Scholar]
  69. Parmer, J., Baur, C., Eroglu, D., Lubell, K., Prue, C., Reynolds, B. and Weaver, J. (2016), ‘Crisis and emergency risk messaging in mass media news stories: Is the public getting the information they need to protect their health?’, Health Communication, 31:10, pp. 121522, https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2015.1049728. Accessed 29 April 2022.
    [Google Scholar]
  70. Parrot, S. and Eckhart, N. (2021), ‘Stigma in the news: The representation and trivialization of stigma in U.S. news publications’, Health Communication, 36:4, pp. 44047, https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2019.1693132. Accessed 29 April 2022.
    [Google Scholar]
  71. Porto, M. (2005), ‘The principle of diversity in journalism: Jornal Nacional and political deliberation in Brazil’, Brazilian Journalism Research, 1:1, pp. 13554, https://doi.org/10.25200/BJR.v1n1.2005.40. Accessed 29 April 2022.
    [Google Scholar]
  72. Prado, P. (2017), ‘Mapping citizen journalism and the promise of digital inclusion: A perspective from the Global South’, Global Media and Communication, 13:2, pp. 87104, https://doi.org/10.1177/1742766517694925. Accessed 29 April 2022.
    [Google Scholar]
  73. Prihatini, E. and Halimatusa’diyah, I. (2021), ‘Framing COVID-19 by an anglophone newspaper outlet’, in V. N. Korotaev, S. V. Galkin and S. N. Krivoshchekov (eds), International Conference on Biospheric Harmony Advanced Research 2020, IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, Jakarta, Indonesia, Bristol: IOP Publishing, https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/729/1/012117. Accessed 29 April 2022.
    [Google Scholar]
  74. Rahman, M. A., Kusuma, A. Z. D. and Arfyanto, H. (2020), ‘Employment situations of economic sectors impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic’, Public Administration, 8, pp. 380.
    [Google Scholar]
  75. Reich, Z. (2011), ‘Source credibility and journalism’, Journalism Practice, 5:1, pp. 5167, https://doi.org/10.1080/17512781003760519. Accessed 29 April 2022.
    [Google Scholar]
  76. Reichelt, M., Makovi, K. and Sargsyan, A. (2021), ‘The impact of COVID-19 on gender inequality in the labor market and gender-role attitudes’, European Societies, 23:sup1, pp. S22845, https://doi.org/10.1080/14616696.2020.1823010. Accessed 29 April 2022.
    [Google Scholar]
  77. Reynolds, B. and Quinn, S. C. (2008), ‘Effective communication during an influenza pandemic: The value of using a crisis and emergency risk communication framework’, Health Promotion Practice, 9:4, pp. 13S17S, https://doi.org/10.1177/1524839908325267. Accessed 29 April 2022.
    [Google Scholar]
  78. Robie, D. (2018), ‘Bearing witness 2017: Year 2 of a Pacific climate change storytelling project case study’, Pacific Journalism Review, 24:1, pp. 15577, https://search.informit.org/doi/10.3316/informit.738473307446042. Accessed 5 May 2022.
    [Google Scholar]
  79. Robinson, S. (2017), ‘Teaching journalism for better community: A Deweyan approach’, Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly, 94:1, pp. 30317, https://doi.org/10.1177/1077699016681986. Accessed 29 April 2022.
    [Google Scholar]
  80. Ross, F. J. and Patton, J. (2000), ‘The nature of journalism courses is devoted to diversity’, Journalism and Mass Communication Education, 55:1, pp. 2439, https://doi.org/10.1177/107769580005500104. Accessed 29 April 2022.
    [Google Scholar]
  81. Rupar, V. (2017), ‘Inclusive journalism: How to shed light on voices traditionally left out in news coverage’, Journal of Applied Journalism and Media Studies, 6:3, pp. 41723, https://doi.org/10.1386/ajms.6.3.417_1. Accessed 29 April 2022.
    [Google Scholar]
  82. Sambo, E. (2020), ‘Indonesia will emerge out of the highly indebted. Every rupiah counts’, Jakarta Post, 12 May, https://www.thejakartapost.com/academia/2020/05/11/indonesia-will-emerge-out-of-pandemic-highly-indebted-every-rupiah-counts.html. Accessed 29 April 2022.
    [Google Scholar]
  83. Schmidt, J. H. and Loosen, W. (2015), ‘Both sides of the story: Assessing audience participation in journalism through the concept of inclusion distance’, Digital Journalism, 3:2, pp. 25978, https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2014.930243. Accessed 29 April 2022.
    [Google Scholar]
  84. Semetko, H. A. and Valkenburg, P. M. (2000), ‘Framing European politics: A content analysis of press and television news’, Journal of Communication, 50:3, pp. 93109, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2000.tb02843.x. Accessed 29 April 2022.
    [Google Scholar]
  85. Sheafer, T. (2007), ‘How to evaluate it: The role of story-evaluative tone in agenda setting and priming’, Journal of Communication, 57:1, pp. 2139, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2006.00327_4.x. Accessed 29 April 2022.
    [Google Scholar]
  86. Shoemaker, P. J. and Reese, S. D. (1996), Mediating the Messages: Theories of Influences on Media Content, Austin, TX: Longman.
    [Google Scholar]
  87. Sigal, L. V. (1986), ‘Sources make the news’, in R. K. Manoff and M. Schudson (eds), Reading the News, New York: Pantheon, pp. 937.
    [Google Scholar]
  88. Siregar, A. A., Moeis, F. R. and Anky, W. A. K. (2020), ‘Assessing Indonesia’s inclusive employment opportunities for people with disability in the COVID-19 era’, LPEM FEB UI working papers 202163, Jakarta: Faculty of Economics and Business, University of Indonesia, pp. 116.
    [Google Scholar]
  89. Society of Professional Journalists (2014), ‘Code of ethics’, http://www.spj.org/ethicscode.asp. Accessed 29 April 2022.
  90. Soley, L. C. (1992), The News Shapers: The Sources Who Explain the News, New York: Greenwood Publishing.
    [Google Scholar]
  91. Stokke, K. (2017), ‘Politics of citizenship: Towards an analytical framework’, Norwegian Journal of Geography, 71:4, pp. 193207, https://doi.org/10.1080/00291951.2017.1369454. Accessed 29 April 2022.
    [Google Scholar]
  92. Strömbäck, J. (2005), ‘In search of a standard: Four models of democracy and their normative implications for journalism’, Journalism Studies, 6:3, pp. 33145, https://doi.org/10.1080/14616700500131950. Accessed 29 April 2022.
    [Google Scholar]
  93. Suryana, A., Hartono, M. D. and Suryana, M. R. (2021), ‘Impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on food and nutrition security in Indonesia’, IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 892:1, https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1755-1315/892/1/012033/meta. Accessed 2 June 2022.
    [Google Scholar]
  94. Walker, B. (2019), Finding Resilience: Change and Uncertainty in Nature and Society, Wallingford: CABI Publishing.
    [Google Scholar]
  95. Wilkins, L. (2005), ‘Plagues, pestilence, and pathogens: The ethical implications of news reporting of a world health crisis’, Asian Journal of Communication, 15:3, pp. 24754, https://doi.org/10.1080/01292980500260698. Accessed 29 April 2022.
    [Google Scholar]
  96. The World Bank (2022), The World Bank in Indonesia, 4 May, https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/indonesia/overview#. Accessed 29 April 2022.
  97. Yuda, T. K., Damanik, J. and Nurhadi (2021), ‘Examining emerging social policy during COVID-19 in Indonesia and the case for a community-based support system’, Asia Pacific Journal of Social Work and Development, 31:12, pp. 1322, https://doi.org/10.1080/02185385.2020.1829499. Accessed 29 April 2022.
    [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/10.1386/ajms_00084_1
Loading
/content/journals/10.1386/ajms_00084_1
Loading

Data & Media loading...

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a success
Invalid data
An error occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error
Please enter a valid_number test