Skip to content
1981
The Uniform: Symbols of Power, Propaganda and Organization in Popular Culture
  • ISSN: 2050-0742
  • E-ISSN: 2050-0750

Abstract

United Nations (UN) peacekeepers have the responsibility of aiding nations that are affected by conflicts or disasters in their efforts to achieve peace. They are often referred to as ‘blue berets’ or ‘blue helmets’ due to the distinctly recognized light-blue coloured headwear during their deployments. While peacekeepers themselves represent international bodies of ‘peace’, ‘stability’ and ‘protection’, their uniforms, on the other hand, represent more complex symbols of culture and identity. The unique combination of this blue headwear worn by the peacekeepers in combination with clothing from their national institutions, such as military battledress, are more than mere items of clothing. Rather, the colour, material and style of the UN peacekeeper uniform represent juxtaposing economic, social and ideological symbols, that influence both micro (individual and group) and macro (organizational) behaviours, interactions and culture. Using data collected from semi-structured interviews with international human rights and gender experts from various fields and institutions, including media and journalism, legal, military and non-governmental organizations, this article examines the semiosis of UN peacekeepers’ uniforms. By focusing specifically on military personnel, the article discusses how traditional notions of the militarized solider have been appropriated and reimagined into the figure of the peacekeeper. I discuss that while uniforms continue to be used as symbols of ‘peace’ by the UN to sustain its institutional power and legitimacy in world politics, the ‘blue beret’ is often seen as a token of ‘fear’ or ‘distrust’ among host-peacekeeping nationals, thereby revealing the contradictory, and oft-times problematic, nature of UN peacekeeping.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1386/cc_00065_1
2024-10-31
2025-01-22
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

References

  1. Annan, K. (2001), ‘Lecture by Kofi Annan on Dag Hammarskjöld and the 21st century’, United Nations, 6 September, https://www.un.org/sg/en/content/sg/speeches/2001-09-06/lecture-kofi-annan-dag-hammarskj%C3%B6ld-and-21st-century. Accessed 16 April 2023.
  2. Australian Army (2018), Land Warfare Doctrine 3-0: Operations, Canberra: Australian Department of Defence.
    [Google Scholar]
  3. Bonn, I. K. (1995), ‘US medic who would not wear the blue beret goes on trial’, The Independent, 18 November, https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/us-medic-who-would-not-wear-the-blue-beret-goes-on-trial-1582468.html. Accessed 16 April 2023.
    [Google Scholar]
  4. Dawkins, R. (2020), ‘From the perspective of the object in semiotics: Deleuze and Peirce’, Semiotica, 233, pp. 118, https://doi.org/10.1515/sem-2017-0154.
    [Google Scholar]
  5. Elan, P. (2020), ‘“A sign of revolution”: Why the black power beret is making a comeback’, The Guardian, 9 October, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/oct/09/a-sign-of-revolution-black-power-beret-making-a-comeback. Accessed 14 April 2023.
    [Google Scholar]
  6. Hackett, L. J. and Coghlan, J. (2023), ‘The mutability of uniform’, M/C Journal, 26:1, 14 March, https://doi.org/10.5204/mcj.2968.
    [Google Scholar]
  7. Howard, L. M. (2019), Power in Peacekeeping, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  8. International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) (1977), ‘Protocol additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to the protection of victims of international armed conflicts (protocol I)’, 1125 UNTS 3, 8 June, https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/assets/treaties/470-AP-I-EN.pdf. Accessed 17 April 2023.
  9. Joseph, N. and Alex, N. (1972), ‘The uniform: A sociological perspective’, American Journal of Sociology, 77:4, pp. 71930, https://www.jstor.org/stable/2776756. Accessed 14 April 2023.
    [Google Scholar]
  10. Kikkert, S. (2004), ‘Military uniforms: The psychological dimension’, Australian Army Journal, 11:2, pp. 24551, https://researchcentre.army.gov.au/sites/default/files/aaj_2005_2.pdf. Accessed 17 April 2023.
    [Google Scholar]
  11. Kliest, N. (2021), ‘Why the beret never goes out of style’, TZR, 6 April, https://www.thezoereport.com/fashion/history-berets-hat-trend. Accessed 15 April 2023.
  12. Koops, J. A., Macqueen, N., Tardy, T. and Williams, P. D. (eds) (2015), The Oxford Handbook of United Nations Peacekeeping, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  13. Lestz, M. (2018), Berets, Baguettes, and Beyond: Curious Histories of France, London: Boo-Tickety Publishing.
    [Google Scholar]
  14. Nicholson, B. (2023), ‘The future of UN peacekeeping and women, peace and security’, The Strategist, 10 March, https://www.aspistrategist.org.au/the-future-of-un-peacekeeping-and-women-peace-and-security/. Accessed 17 April 2023.
  15. Peoples, S. (2014), ‘Embodying the military: Uniforms’, Critical Studies in Men’s Fashion, 1:1, pp. 721, https://doi.org/10.1386/csmf.1.1.7_1.
    [Google Scholar]
  16. Pfanner, T. (2004), ‘Military uniforms and the law of war’, International Review of the Red Cross, 86:853, pp. 93124, https://doi.org/10.1017/S1560775500180113.
    [Google Scholar]
  17. Rubinstein, R. A. (2008), Peacekeeping under Fire: Culture and Intervention, London: Paradigm Publishers.
    [Google Scholar]
  18. Ruffa, C. (2018), Military Cultures in Peace and Stability Operations: Afghanistan and Lebanon, Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  19. Smith, D. and Lewis, P. (2015), ‘UN peacekeepers accused of killing and rape in central African Republic’, The Guardian, 12 August, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/aug/11/un-peacekeepers-accused-killing-rape-central-african-republic. Accessed 15 April 2023.
    [Google Scholar]
  20. Strungaru, S. (2023), ‘The blue beret: Representations and symbolism of UN peacekeepers’ uniforms’, M/C Journal, 26:1, https://doi.org/10.5204/mcj.2969.
    [Google Scholar]
  21. Tynan, J. and Godson, L. (2021), Uniform: Clothing and Discipline in the Modern World, London: Bloomsbury Visual Arts.
    [Google Scholar]
  22. United Nations (1945), ‘Charter of the United Nations’, 1 UNTS XVI, 26 June, https://www.un.org/en/about-us/un-charter/full-text. Accessed 14 April 2023.
  23. United Nations (n.d.a), ‘Maintain international peace and security’, https://www.un.org/en/our-work/maintain-international-peace-and-security. Accessed 15 April 2023.
  24. United Nations (n.d.b), ‘Our work’, https://www.un.org/en/our-work. Accessed 15 April 2023.
  25. United Nations (n.d.c), ‘United Nations emblem and flag’, https://www.un.org/en/about-us/un-emblem-and-flag. Accessed 15 April 2023.
  26. United Nations Peacekeeping (n.d.), ‘Principles of peacekeeping’, https://peacekeeping.un.org/en/principles-of-peacekeeping. Accessed 14 April 2023.
  27. Willmot, H. (2016), ‘The evolution of the UN collective security system’, in H. Willmot, R. Mamiya, S. Sheeran and M. Weller (eds), Protection of Civilians, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 10940.
    [Google Scholar]
  28. Mays, T. M. (2021), Historical Dictionary of Multinational Peacekeeping, 4th ed., Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
    [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/10.1386/cc_00065_1
Loading
  • Article Type: Article
Keyword(s): blue beret; clothing; culture; gender; human rights; identity; military; protection
This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a success
Invalid data
An error occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error
Please enter a valid_number test