Skip to content
1981
The Uniform: Symbols of Power, Propaganda and Organization in Popular Culture
  • ISSN: 2050-0742
  • E-ISSN: 2050-0750

Abstract

Based on news reports of girls being period-shamed because of menstrual stains on school uniforms, and how female students are forced to remain at home during their menstruating days, the article details the traumatic impact of such incidents. The manner in which these incidents reflect and reinforce menstrual etiquette is analysed against the backdrop of the dominant menstrual culture. Menstrual narratives of women from different cultural contexts have been recounted to comprehend the day-to-day menstrual experiences of women. The article does not place an exclusive emphasis on any single cultural setting and takes up menstrual stories and studies from diverse countries such as India, Kenya, Tanzania and the United Kingdom, highlighting the global nature of the issue discussed. The study, therefore, goes beyond focus on specific cultural locations and attempts to locate the similarities of menstrual experiences across cultural boundaries, and the uniformity that underlie heterogeneous individual menstrual experiences, and sheds light on everyday menstruality. Real-life stories of women becoming victims of and how they contest the dominant social perception of menstrual bloodstains are followed by a discussion on the stain shame and menstrual dignity. Debates surrounding menstrual stains and school uniforms as well as instructional materials for adolescent girls which deal with this issue and the impact it has on their self-esteem and period positivity are also explored.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1386/cc_00067_1
2024-10-31
2025-01-22
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

References

  1. Anon. (2017),‘India girl kills herself over “menstruation shaming”’, BBC News, 31 August, https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-41107982. Accessed 3 April 2023.
    [Google Scholar]
  2. Anon. (2018), ‘I PERIOD-STAINED my jeans at work and chose not to hide it!’, E Times, 20 April, https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/health-fitness/photo-stories/i-period-stained-my-jeans-at-work-and-chose-not-to-hide-it/photostory/63829953.cms. Accessed 28 September 2022.
    [Google Scholar]
  3. Arora, Akanksha (ed.) (2023), ‘Woman questions the concept of schools requiring students to wear white uniforms, starts discussion’, News18, 5 March, https://www.news18.com/buzz/woman-questions-the-concept-of-schools-requiring-students-to-wear-white-uniforms-starts-discussion-7222855.html. Accessed 4 May 2023.
    [Google Scholar]
  4. de Beauvoir, Simone (2011), The Second Sex (trans. C. Borde and S. Malovany-Chevallier), London: Vintage.
    [Google Scholar]
  5. Benshaul-Tolonen, Anja, Aguilar-Gomez, Sandra, Batzer, Naomi H., Cai, Rebecca and Nyanza, Elias C. (2020), ‘Period teasing, stigma and knowledge: A survey of adolescent boys and girls in northern Tanzania’, PLoS ONE, 15:10, 28 October, https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0239914. Accessed 12 May 2023.
    [Google Scholar]
  6. Bobel, Chris (2015), ‘The year the period went public’, Gender & Society, 12 November, https://gendersociety.wordpress.com/2015/11/12/the-year-the-period-went-public/#:~:text=2015%20has%20brought%20us%20a,Posted%20with%20permission. Accessed 15 March 2022.
  7. Chicago, Judy (1972), Womanhouse, Menstruation Bathroom, installation, California Institute of the Arts, Valencia, CA, 30 January–28 February, https://dome.mit.edu/handle/1721.3/2403. Accessed 20 May 2023.
  8. Fernandez, Elayna (2020), ‘Helping girls stay confident during that time of the month’, The Positive Mom, 26 February, https://www.thepositivemom.com/helping-girls-stay-confident-during-that-time-of-the-month. Accessed 10 May 2023.
  9. Fingerson, Laura (2006), Girls in Power: Gender, Body, and Menstruation in Adolescence, Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  10. Hennegan, Julie, OlaOlorun, Funmilola M., Oumarou, Sani, Alzouma, Souleymane, Guiella, Georges, Omoluabi, Elizabeth and Schwab, Kellogg J. (2021), ‘Menstrual health: A definition for policy, practice, and research’, Sexual and Reproductive Health Matters, 29:1, pp. 3138.
    [Google Scholar]
  11. Jain, Tanvi (2016), ‘Mandatory black bottoms in school uniforms for preventing visible period blood stains’, change.org, 23 September, https://www.change.org/p/indian-hrd-minister-prakash-javadekar-mandatory-black-bottoms-in-school-uniforms-for-preventing-visible-period-blood-stains. Accessed 5 June 2023.
  12. Jewitt, Sarah (2015), ‘Kenyan schoolgirls dread their periods, but simple changes could help’, The Conversation, 8 October, https://theconversation.com/kenyan-schoolgirls-dread-their-periods-but-simple-changes-could-help-48528. Accessed 15 April 2023.
  13. Jung, Helin (2015), ‘26-year-old woman free bleeds proudly through her first marathon’, Cosmopolitan, 6 August, https://www.cosmopolitan.com/health-fitness/q-and-a/a44392/free-bleeding-marathoner-kiran-gandhi/. Accessed 29 August 2024.
    [Google Scholar]
  14. Krasteva, Gergana (2022), ‘Schoolgirls “need better uniforms to give more dignity when they have periods”’, Metro, 18 April, https://metro.co.uk/2022/04/18/pale-coloured-uniforms-not-helpful-for-pupils-on-their-periods-16485013/. Accessed 15 April 2023.
    [Google Scholar]
  15. Laws, Sophie (1990), Issues of Blood: The Politics of Menstruation, London: Macmillan.
    [Google Scholar]
  16. Maltby, Anna (2015), ‘The 8 greatest menstrual moments of 2015’, Cosmopolitan, 13 October, https://www.cosmopolitan.com/health-fitness/news/a47609/2015-the-year-the-period-went-public/. Accessed 28 September 2022.
    [Google Scholar]
  17. Masoodi, Tabia and Ashraf, Masroor (2023), ‘White school uniforms while on your period is every girl’s nightmare’, Muslim Girl, 14 April, https://muslimgirl.com/white-school-uniforms-while-on-your-period-is-every-girls-nightmare/. Accessed 10 June 2023.
  18. Matta, Anubhuti (2019), ‘23% of India’s girls drop out of school at puberty; period bullying is one reason why’, The SWDL, 11 July, https://theswaddle.com/period-bullying-keeps-indian-girls-away-from-school/. Accessed 20 July 2023.
  19. McHugh, Maureen C. (2020), ‘Chapter 32: Menstrual shame: Exploring the role of menstrual moaning’, in C. Bobel, I. T. Winkler, B. Fahs, K. A. Hasson, E. Arveda Kissling and T. A. Roberts (eds), The Palgrave Handbook of Critical Menstruation Studies, Singapore: Palgrave Macmillan, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK565666/. Accessed 20 July 2023.
    [Google Scholar]
  20. Newton, Victoria L. (2016), Everyday Discourses of Menstruation: Cultural and Social Perspectives, Milton Keynes: Palgrave Macmillan.
    [Google Scholar]
  21. O’Flynn, Norma (2006), ‘Menstrual symptoms: The importance of social factors in women’s experiences’, The British Journal of General Practice, 56:533, pp. 95057.
    [Google Scholar]
  22. Sachdev, Geetika (2021), ‘The emotional distress of period shaming: 3 Indian women get candid about menstrual shame’, Health Shots, 24 May, https://www.healthshots.com/intimate-health/menstruation/the-emotional-distress-of-period-shaming-in-india/. Accessed 27 January 2022.
  23. Sastry, Keertana (2015), ‘Key & Peele are all about the woman’, Bustle Entertainment, 16 July, https://www.bustle.com/articles/97595-key-peele-promote-women-once-again-in-their-menstruation-orientation-sketch-a-conversation-about. Accessed 14 March 2024.
    [Google Scholar]
  24. Sivakami, Muthusamy, Maria van Eijk, Anna, Thakur, Harshad, Kakade, Narendra, Patil, Chetan, Shinde, Sharayu, Surani, Nikita, Bauman, Ashley, Zulaika, Garazi, Kabir, Yusuf, Dobhal, Arun, Singh, Prathiba, Tahiliani, Bharathy, Mason, Linda, Alexander, Kelly T., Thakkar, Mamita B., Laserson, Kayla F. and Phillips-Howard, Penelope A. (2018), ‘Effect of menstruation on girls and their schooling, and facilitators of menstrual hygiene management in schools: Surveys in government schools in three states in India, 2015’, Journal of Global Health, 9:1, pp. 113.
    [Google Scholar]
  25. SlamFind (2014), ‘Dominique Christina - “The Period Poem”’, YouTube, 28 May, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4vu2BsePvoI&t=2s. Accessed 20 March 2022.
  26. Young, Iris M. (2005), On Female Body Experience, New York: Oxford University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  27. Anon. (2017), ‘13-year-old commits suicide after teacher humiliates her over menstrual stains’, Times Now, 31 August, https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/13-year-old-girl-shamed-over-period-blood-stain-commits-suicide/82515. Accessed 15 May 2023.
  28. Bruk, Diana (2017), ‘Ashley Judd gave an incredibly fiery speech at the Women’s March: Here’s the full transcript’, Cosmopolitan, 21 January, https://www.cosmopolitan.com/entertainment/a8625295/ashley-judd-womens-march-speech/. Accessed 3 June 2023.
    [Google Scholar]
  29. Gera, Niraj (n.d.), ‘Sacred stains’, https://nirajgera.com/sacrad-stains-period-menses-social-photo-documentary-menstruation-india/. Accessed 23 April 2023.
  30. Jones, Abigail (2016), ‘The fight to end period shaming is going mainstream’, Newsweek, 29 April, https://www.newsweek.com/2016/04/29/issue.html. Accessed 11 June 2023.
    [Google Scholar]
  31. Sullivan, Sara (2017), ‘Suffering in silence: The menstruation taboo’, Compassion, March, https://www.compassion.ie/blogs/suffering-silence-menstruation-taboo/. Accessed 8 February 2020.
/content/journals/10.1386/cc_00067_1
Loading
This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a success
Invalid data
An error occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error
Please enter a valid_number test