‘Fascist Heroes’ vs. progressive policies and political correctness: Agenda and framing of the Spanish Alt-lite micro-celebrities on YouTube | Intellect Skip to content
1981
Communication and Dissent: Competing Voices in a Post-Truth World
  • ISSN: 1757-1898
  • E-ISSN: 1757-1901

Abstract

The New Right has generated alternative communities on YouTube in which it wages its cultural battle without journalistic intermediation. Recent research has detected the existence of a popular Alternative Influence Network in the United States formed by creators who use the techniques of digital influencers to spread their radical messages. This article studies this in the Spanish reality with the aim of analysing the agenda and framing of the contents disseminated by its right-wing micro-celebrities. To do so, it applies a content and discourse analysis to 406 videos of five prominent YouTubers. The results show the thematic predominance of feminism, racial diversity, welfare state economics and public freedoms. The general framing is one of opposition to progressive policies and the culture of political correctness. The lack of explicit supremacism, the use of cultural rather than racial arguments, the recourse to offensive humour and the absence of a propositional dimension bring them closer to the discursive strategies of the American Alt-lite.

Funding
This study was supported by the:
  • Flows of disinformation, polarisation and crisis of media intermediation (Award PID2020-113574RB-I00)
  • Ministry of Science and Innovation of the Government of Spain
Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1386/cjcs_00068_1
2022-10-01
2024-04-25
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

References

  1. Amoedo, Avelino,, Vara-Miguel, Alfonso,, Negredo, Samuel,, Moreno, Elsa., and Kaufmann, Jürg. ( 2021), Digital News Report España 2021, Pamplona:: Servicio de Publicaciones de la Universidad de Navarra;, https://doi.org/10.15581/019.003. Accessed 19 July 2022.
    [Google Scholar]
  2. Anti-Defamation League ( 2017;), ‘ From alt right to alt lite: Naming the hate. ’, Anti-Defamation League , 7 December, https://www.adl.org/resources/backgrounders/from-alt-right-to-alt-lite-naming-the-hate. Accessed 19 July 2022.
  3. Aruguete, Natalia. ( 2017;), ‘ Agenda building: Revisión de la literatura sobre el proceso de construcción de la agenda mediática’ (‘Agenda building: Review of the literature on the process of media agenda building’). , Signo y Pensamiento, 36:70, pp. 3652, https://doi.org/10.11144/Javeriana.syp36-70.abrl. Accessed 19 July 2022.
    [Google Scholar]
  4. Brooks, Marcus A.. ( 2020;), ‘ It’s okay to be White: Laundering White supremacy through a colorblind victimized White race-consciousness raising campaign. ’, Sociological Spectrum, 40:6, pp. 40016, https://doi.org/10.1080/02732173.2020.1812456. Accessed 19 July 2022.
    [Google Scholar]
  5. Bryant, Lauren V.. ( 2020;), ‘ The YouTube algorithm and the alt-right filter bubble. ’, Open Information Science, 4:1, pp. 8590, https://doi.org/10.1515/opis-2020-0007. Accessed 19 July 2022.
    [Google Scholar]
  6. Calvo, Ernesto, and Aruguete, Natalia. ( 2018;), ‘ #Tarifazo: Medios tradicionales y fusión de agenda en redes sociales’ (‘#Tarifazo: Traditional media and agenda melding in social networks sites’). , InMediaciones de la Comunicación, 13:1, pp. 189213, https://revistas.ort.edu.uy/inmediaciones-de-la-comunicacion/article/view/2831. Accessed 19 July 2022.
    [Google Scholar]
  7. Carragee, Kevin M., and Roefs, Wim. ( 2004;), ‘ The neglect of power in recent framing research. ’, Journal of Communication, 54:2, pp. 21433, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2004.tb02625.x. Accessed 19 July 2022.
    [Google Scholar]
  8. Castells, Manuel. ( 2009), Comunicación y poder (Communication Power), Madrid:: Alianza Editorial;.
    [Google Scholar]
  9. Chadwick, Andrew. ( 2013), The Hybrid Media System: Politics and Power, Oxford:: Oxford University Press;.
    [Google Scholar]
  10. Ekman, Mattias. ( 2018;), ‘ Anti-refugee mobilization in social media: The case of soldiers of Odin. ’, Social Media + Society, https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305118764431. Accessed 19 July 2022.
    [Google Scholar]
  11. Entman, Robert M.. ( 1993;), ‘ Framing: Toward clarification of a fractured paradigm. ’, Journal of Communication, 43:4, pp. 5158, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.1993.tb01304.x. Accessed 19 July 2022.
    [Google Scholar]
  12. Esser, Frank, and Pfetsch, Barbara. ( 2020;), ‘ Political communication. ’, in D. Caramani. (ed.), Comparative Politics, Oxford:: Oxford University Press;, pp. 336358.
    [Google Scholar]
  13. Flowerdew, John, and Richardson, John E.. (eds) ( 2018), Routledge Handbook of Critical Discourse Studies, New York:: Routledge;.
    [Google Scholar]
  14. Forscher, Patrick S., and Kteily, Nour S.. ( 2020;), ‘ A psychological profile of the alt-right. ’, Perspectives on Psychological Science, 15:1, https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691619868208. Accessed 19 July 2022.
    [Google Scholar]
  15. Freelon, Deen. ( 2013;), ‘ ReCal OIR: Ordinal, interval, and ratio intercoder reliability as a web service. ’, International Journal of Internet Science, 8:1, pp. 1016, https://www.ijis.net/ijis8_1/ijis8_1_freelon.pdf. Accessed 19 July 2022.
    [Google Scholar]
  16. Freelon, Deen,, Marwick, Alice, and Kreiss, Daniel. ( 2020;), ‘ False equivalencies: Online activism from left to right. ’, Science, 369:6508, pp. 1197201, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abb2428. Accessed 19 July 2022.
    [Google Scholar]
  17. Gamir-Ríos, José,, Pop, Anastasia I.,, López-García, Guillermo,, Llorca-Abad, Germán, and Fenoll, Vicente. ( 2022;), ‘ Unidirectionality, partisan promotion and polarization. Activity on Twitter of the candidates for the presidency of the Government of Spain in the 2019 general elections. ’, Profesional de la Información, 31:2, p. e310203, https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2022.mar.03. Accessed 19 July 2022.
    [Google Scholar]
  18. Gaudette, Tiana,, Scrivens, Ryan,, Davies, Garth, and Frank, Richard. ( 2021;), ‘ Upvoting extremism: Collective identity formation and the extreme right on Reddit. ’, New Media & Society, 23:12, pp. 3491508, https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444820958123. Accessed 19 July 2022.
    [Google Scholar]
  19. Gil de Zúñiga, Homero, and Cheng, Zicheng. ( 2021;), ‘ Origin and evolution of the News Finds Me perception: Review of theory and effects. ’, Profesional de la Información, 30:3, p. e300321, https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2021.may.21. Accessed 19 July 2022.
    [Google Scholar]
  20. Ging, Debbie. ( 2019;), ‘ Alphas, betas, and Incels: Theorizing the masculinities of the manosphere. ’, Men and Masculinities, 22:4, pp. 63857, https://doi.org/10.1177/1097184X17706401. Accessed 19 July 2022.
    [Google Scholar]
  21. Hallin, Daniel C., and Mancini, Paolo. ( 2004), Comparing Media Systems: Three Models of Media and Politics, Cambridge, UK:: Cambridge University Press;.
    [Google Scholar]
  22. Hawkins, Ian, and Saleem Muniba. ( 2021;), ‘ Rise UP!: A content analytic study of how collective action is discussed within White nationalist videos on YouTube. ’, New Media and Society, 25 August, https://doi.org/10.1177/14614448211040520. Accessed 19 July 2022.
    [Google Scholar]
  23. Hawley, George. ( 2019), The Alt-Right: What Everyone Needs to Know, Oxford:: Oxford University Press;.
    [Google Scholar]
  24. Hosseinmardi, H.,, Ghasemian, A.,, Clauset, A.,, Mobius, M.,, Rothschild, D. M., and Watts, D. J.. ( 2021;), ‘ Examining the consumption of radical content on YouTube. ’, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 118:32, p. e2101967118, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2101967118. Accessed 19 July 2022.
    [Google Scholar]
  25. Igartua, Juan José. ( 2006), Métodos cuantitativos de investigación en comunicación (Quantitative Methods of Communication Research), Barcelona:: Bosch;.
    [Google Scholar]
  26. Jager, Siegfried, and Maier, Florentine. ( 2009;), ‘ Theoretical and methodological aspects of Foucauldian critical discourse analysis and dispositive analysis. ’, in R. Wodak, and M. Meyer. (eds), Methods of Critical Discourse Analysis, London:: SAGE;, pp. 3461.
    [Google Scholar]
  27. Jolly, Seth,, Bakker, Ryan,, Hooghe, Liesbet,, Marks, Gary,, Polk, Jonathan,, Rovny, Jan,, Steenbergen, Marco, and Vachudova. Milada A.. ( 2022;), ‘ Chapel Hill Expert Survey Trend File, 1999-2019. ’, Electoral Studies, 75, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electstud.2021.102420. Accessed 19 July 2022.
    [Google Scholar]
  28. Kaiser, Jonas, and Rauchfleisch, Adrian. ( 2020;), ‘ Birds of a feather get recommended together: Algorithmic homophily in YouTube’s channel recommendations in the United States and Germany. ’, Social Media + Society, article first , https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305120969914. Accessed 19 July 2022.
    [Google Scholar]
  29. Krippendorff, Klaus. ( 2004), Content Analysis: An Introduction to Its Methodology, Thousand Oaks, CA:: SAGE;.
    [Google Scholar]
  30. Lewis, Rebecca. ( 2018;), ‘ Alternative influence: Broadcasting the reactionary right on YouTube. ’, Data & Society Research Institute , 18 September, https://datasociety.net/library/alternative-influence/. Accessed 19 July 2022.
  31. Lewis, Rebecca. ( 2020;), ‘ “This is what the news won’t show you”: YouTube creators and the reactionary politics of micro-celebrity. ’, Television & New Media, 21:2, pp. 20117, https://doi.org/10.1177/1527476419879919. Accessed 19 July 2022.
    [Google Scholar]
  32. Lilly, Mary. ( 2016;), ‘ “The world is not a safe place for men”: The representational politics of the manosphere. ’, Ph.D. thesis, Ottawa:: University of Ottawa;. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/35055. Accessed 19 July 2022.
    [Google Scholar]
  33. López-García, Guillermo,, Gamir-Ríos, José, and Valera-Ordaz, Lidia. ( 2018), Comunicación política: Teorías y enfoques (Political Communication: Theories and Approaches), Madrid:: Síntesis;.
    [Google Scholar]
  34. López-López, Paulo C.,, Castro Martínez, Paloma, and Oñate, Pablo. ( 2020;), ‘ Agenda melding y teorías de la comunicación: La construcción de la imagen de los actores políticos en las redes sociales (‘Agenda melding and communication theories: The construction of the image of political actors in social networks’). , Cuadernos del Centro de Estudios en Diseño y Comunicación, 112, pp. 2134, https://doi.org/10.18682/cdc.vi112.4089. Accessed 19 July 2022.
    [Google Scholar]
  35. Lorente Fontaneda, Javier, and Sánchez-Vítores, Irene. ( 2018;), ‘ Disaffection at the ballot box: The 2015 General Election in Spain. ’, Revista Española de Investigaciones Sociológicas, 161, pp. 4162, http://dx.doi.org/10.5477/cis/reis.161.41. Accessed 19 July 2022.
    [Google Scholar]
  36. Lyons, Mathew N.. ( 2017;), ‘ Ctrl-alt-delete: The origins and ideology of the Alternative Right. ’, Political Research Associates , 20 January, https://www.politicalresearch.org/2017/01/20/ctrl-alt-delete-report-on-the-alternative-right#toc-part-3-relationship-with-donald-trump. Accessed 19 July 2022.
  37. Ma, Cindy. ( 2021;), ‘ What is the “lite” in “alt-lite?” The discourse of white vulnerability and dominance among YouTube’s reactionaries. ’, Social Media + Society, 11 August, https://doi.org/10.1177/20563051211036385. Accessed 19 July 2022.
    [Google Scholar]
  38. Mamié, Robin,, Ribeiro, Manoel H., and West, Robert. ( 2021;), ‘ Are anti-feminist communities gateways to the Far Right? Evidence from Reddit and YouTube. ’, in WebSci ’21: Proceedings of the 13th ACM Web Science Conference 2021, Virtual Event, UK, 21–25 June, New York:: Association for Computing Machinery;, pp. 13947, https://doi.org/10.1145/3447535.3462504. Accessed 19 July 2022.
    [Google Scholar]
  39. Main, Thomas J.. ( 2018), The Rise of the Alt-Right, Washington, DC:: Brookings Institution Press;.
    [Google Scholar]
  40. Maly, Ico. ( 2019;), ‘ New Right metapolitics and the algorithmic activism of Schild & Vrienden. ’, Social Media + Society, 24 June, https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305119856700. Accessed 19 July 2022.
    [Google Scholar]
  41. Munger, Kevin, and Phillips, Joseph. ( 2022;), ‘ Right-Wing YouTube: A supply and demand perspective. ’, The International Journal of Press/Politics, 27:1, pp. 186219, https://doi.org/10.1177/1940161220964767. Accessed 19 July 2022.
    [Google Scholar]
  42. Nagle, Angela. ( 2017), Kill All Normies: Online Culture Wars from 4Chan and Tumblr to Trump and the Alt-Right, Winchester:: Zero Books;.
    [Google Scholar]
  43. Neuendorf, Kimberly A.. ( 2016), The Content Analysis Guidebook, Atlanta, GA:: SAGE;.
    [Google Scholar]
  44. Newman, Nic,, Fletcher, Richard,, Schulz, Anne,, Andı, Simge,, Robertson, Craig T., and Nielsen, Rasmus K.. ( 2021), Digital News Report 2021, Oxford:: Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism, University of Oxford;, https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/2021-06/Digital_News_Report_2021_FINAL.pdf. Accessed 19 July 2022.
    [Google Scholar]
  45. O’Callaghan, Derek,, Greene, Derek,, Conway, Maura,, Carthy, Joe, and Cunningham, Pádraig. ( 2015;), ‘ Down the (White) rabbit hole: The extreme right and online recommender systems. ’, Social Science Computer Review, 33:4, pp. 45978, https://doi.org/10.1177/0894439314555329. Accessed 19 July 2022.
    [Google Scholar]
  46. Ottoni, Raphael,, Cunha, Evandro,, Magno, Gabriel,, Bernardina, Pedro,, Meira Jr, Wagner, and Almeida, Virgilio. ( 2018;), ‘ Analyzing Right-wing YouTube channels: Hate, violence and discrimination. ’, in H. Akkermans,, K. Fontaine,, I. Vermeulen,, G.-J. Houben, and M. S. Weber. (eds), WebSci ‘18: Proceedings of the 10th ACM Conference on Web Science, Amsterdam, Netherlands, 27–30 May, New York:: Association for Computing Machinery;, pp. 32332, https://doi.org/10.1145/3201064.3201081. Accessed 19 July 2022.
    [Google Scholar]
  47. Palau-Sampio, Dolors. ( 2021;), ‘ Pseudo-media sites, polarization, and pandemic skepticism in Spain. ’, Frontiers in Political Science, 3, p. 685295, https://doi.org/10.3389/fpos.2021.685295. Accessed 19 July 2022.
    [Google Scholar]
  48. Pan, Zhongdang, and Kosicki, Gerald M.. ( 2001;), ‘ Framing as a strategic action in public deliberation. ’, in S. D. Reese,, O. H. Gandy Jr, and A. E. Grant. (eds), Framing Public Life: Perspectives on Media and Our Understanding of the Social World, New York:: Routledge;, pp. 3565.
    [Google Scholar]
  49. Pariser, Eli. ( 2011), The Filter Bubble: What the Internet Is Hiding from You, New York:: Penguin Press;.
    [Google Scholar]
  50. Rauchfleisch, Adrian, and Kaiser, Jonas. ( 2020;), ‘ The German Far-right on YouTube: An analysis of user overlap and user comments. ’, Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 64:3, pp. 37396, https://doi.org/10.1080/08838151.2020.1799690. Accessed 19 July 2022.
    [Google Scholar]
  51. Reese, Stephen D.. ( 2001;), ‘ Framing public life: A bridging model for media research. ’, in S. D. Reese,, O. H. Gandy Jr., and A. E. Grant. (eds), Framing Public Life: Perspectives on Media and Our Understanding of the Social World, New York:: Routledge;, pp. 731.
    [Google Scholar]
  52. Ribeiro, Manoel H.,, Ottoni, Raphael,, West, Robert,, Almeida, Virgilio, and Meira Jr, Wagner. ( 2020;), ‘ Auditing radicalization pathways on YouTube. ’, in M. Hildebrandt,, C. Castillo,, E. Celis,, S. Ruggieri,, L. Taylor, and G. Zanfir-Fortuna. (eds), Proceedings of the 2020 Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency, Barcelona, Spain, 27–30 January, New York:: Association for Computing Machinery;, pp. 13141, https://doi.org/10.1145/3351095.3372879. Accessed 19 July 2022.
    [Google Scholar]
  53. Ribeiro, Manoel H.,, Blackburn, Jeremy,, Bradlyn, Barry,, De Cristofaro, Emiliano,, Stringhini, Gianluca,, Long, Summer,, Greenberg, Stephanie, and Zannettou, Saavvass. ( 2021;), ‘ The evolution of the manosphere across the web. ’, in Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media, 15:1, pp. 196207, https://ojs.aaai.org/index.php/ICWSM/article/view/18053. Accessed 19 July 2022.
    [Google Scholar]
  54. Röchert, Daniel,, Weitzel, Muriel, and Ross, Björn. ( 2020;), ‘ The homogeneity of right-wing populist and radical content in YouTube recommendations. ’, in A. Gruzd,, P. Mai,, R. Recuero,, A. Hernández-García,, C. S. Lee,, J. Cook,, J. Hodson,, B. McEwan, and J. Hopke. (eds), Proceedings of the SMSociety’20: International Conference on Social Media and Society, Toronto, Canada, 22–24 July, New York:: Association for Computing Machinery;, pp. 24554, https://doi.org/10.1145/3400806.3400835. Accessed 19 July 2022.
    [Google Scholar]
  55. Saleem, Muniba,, Prot, Sara,, Anderson, Craig A., and Lemieux, Anthony F.. ( 2017;), ‘ Exposure to Muslims in media and support for public policies harming Muslims. ’, Communication Research, 44:6, pp. 84169, https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650215619214. Accessed 19 July 2022.
    [Google Scholar]
  56. Shaw, Daniel O.. ( 2019;), ‘ Something old, something new, something borrowed: The Alt-Right on building Christendom without Christ. ’, Journal for the Study of Religions and Ideologies, 18:54, pp. 7992, http://jsri.ro/ojs/index.php/jsri/article/view/1139. Accessed 19 July 2022.
    [Google Scholar]
  57. Shaw, Donald L.,, McCombs, Maxwell,, Weaver, David H., and Hamm, Bradley J.. ( 1999;), ‘ Individual, Groups, and Agenda Melding: A Theory of Social Dissonance. ’, International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 11:1, pp. 224, https://doi.org/10.1093/ijpor/11.1.2. Accessed 19 July 2022.
    [Google Scholar]
  58. van Dijk, Teun A.. ( 2015;), ‘ Critical discourse studies: A sociocognitive approach. ’, in R. Wodak, and M. Meyer. (eds), Methods of Critical Discourse Studies, London:: SAGE;, pp. 6285.
    [Google Scholar]
  59. Waisbord, Silvio. ( 2020;), ‘ Is it valid to attribute political polarization to digital communication? On bubbles, platforms and affective polarization. ’, Revista SAAP, 14:2, pp. 24979, https://doi.org/10.46468/rsaap.14.2.A1. Accessed 19 July 2022.
    [Google Scholar]
  60. Weimann, Gabriel, and Masri, Natalie. ( 2020;), ‘ Research note: Spreading hate on TikTok. ’, Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 19 June, https://www.doi.org/10.1080/1057610X.2020.1780027. Accessed 19 July 2022.
    [Google Scholar]
  61. Whittaker, Joe,, Looney, Seán,, Reed, Alastair, and Votta, Fabio. ( 2021;), ‘ Recommender systems and the amplification of extremist content. ’, Internet Policy Review, 10:2, https://doi.org/10.14763/2021.2.1565. Accessed 19 July 2022.
    [Google Scholar]
  62. Zhao, Zhe,, Hong, Lichan,, Wei, Li,, Chen, Jilin,, Nath, Aniruddh,, Andrews, Shawn,, Kumthekar, Aditee,, Sathiamoorthy, Maheswaran, and Yi, Xinyang. ( 2019;), ‘ Recommending what video to watch next: A multitask ranking system. ’, in T. Bogers,, A. Said,, P. Brusilovsky, and D. Tikk. (eds), Proceedings of the 13th ACM Conference on Recommender Systems – RecSys ’19, Copenhagen, Denmark, 16–20 September, New York:: Association for Computing Machinery;, pp. 4351, https://doi.org/10.1145/3298689.3346997. Accessed 19 July 2022.
    [Google Scholar]
  63. Gamir-Ríos, José, and Ibáñez-Cuquerella, Miguel. ( 2022;), ‘ “Fascist Heroes” vs. progressive policies and political correctness: Agenda and framing of the Spanish Alt-lite micro-celebrities on YouTube. ’, Catalan Journal of Communication & Cultural Studies, 14:2, pp. 189206, https://doi.org/10.1386/cjcs_00068_1
    [Google Scholar]
http://instance.metastore.ingenta.com/content/journals/10.1386/cjcs_00068_1
Loading
/content/journals/10.1386/cjcs_00068_1
Loading

Data & Media loading...

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a success
Invalid data
An error occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error