Skip to content
1981
Communication and Dissent: Competing Voices in a Post-Truth World
  • ISSN: 1757-1898
  • E-ISSN: 1757-1901

Abstract

As has occurred with all political activism, contentious counter-hegemonic activism has found a new space for political action on the internet. The massive expansion of digital space in recent years has increased the socializing importance of the field of communications, especially among young people. However, it is not known to what extent the use of internet-based tools has spread in the contemporary protest repertoires of young Basque activists. Based on qualitative research carried out with young pro-independence nationalist activists in the Basque Country in the period following the end of ETA’s armed activity, the main objective of this article is to analyse the scope and limits of digital activism from the point of view of these new political subjects. The principal finding is that activists construct hybrid communication systems, in which physical and virtual spaces are combined, and where their inheritance of a community-based counter-hegemonic political activism and experimentation with new forms have come together.

Funding
This study was supported by the:
  • Manu Robles-Arangiz Foundation
  • Vital Foundation
  • Parte Hartuz research group (UPV/EHU)
Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1386/cjcs_00072_1
2022-10-01
2024-09-20
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

References

  1. Amo, I. A. del,, Letamendia, A., and Diaux, J.. ( 2014;), ‘ Nuevas resistencias comunicativas: La rebelión de los ACARP’ (‘New communicative resistances: The rebellion of the ACAPD’). , Revista Latina de Comunicación Social, 69:3, pp. 30729, https://doi.org/10.4185/RLCS-2014-1013. Accessed 20 July 2021.
    [Google Scholar]
  2. Bennett, W. L., and Segerberg, A.. ( 2012;), ‘ The logic of connective action: Digital media and the personalization of contentious politics. ’, Information, Communication & Society, 15:5, pp. 73968, https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2012.670661. Accessed 20 July 2021.
    [Google Scholar]
  3. Bode, L.,, Edgerly, S.,, Wells, C.,, Gabay, I.,, Franklin, C.,, Friedland, L., and Shah, D. V.. ( 2018;), ‘ Participation in contentious politics: Rethinking the roles of news, social media, and conversation amid divisiveness. ’, Journal of Information Technology & Politics, 15:3, pp. 21529, https://doi.org/10.1080/19331681.2018.1485607. Accessed 20 July 2021.
    [Google Scholar]
  4. Bourdieu, P.. ( 1990), The Logic of Practice, Stanford, CA:: Stanford University Press;.
    [Google Scholar]
  5. Bourdieu, P.. ( 2002), Masculine Domination, Standford, CA:: Stanford University Press;.
    [Google Scholar]
  6. Candón-Mena, J.. ( 2016;), ‘ Un medio y un fin: La trascendencia de internet para el movimiento 15-M’ (‘A means and an end: The transcendence of the internet for the 15-M Movement’). , in J. Candón-Mena, and L. Benítez Eyzaguirre. (eds), Activismo digital y nuevos modos de ciudadanía: Una mirada global, Bellaterra, Spain:: Institut de la Comunicació (InCom-UAB);, pp. 98123, https://idus.us.es/bitstream/handle/11441/86686/activismo-digital-y-nuevos-modos-de-ciudadania_una-mirada-global.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y. Accessed 8 November 2021.
    [Google Scholar]
  7. Casanova, I.. ( 2007), ETA. 1958–2008: Medio siglo de historia (‘ETA. 1958–2008: Half a century of history’), Tafalla, Spain:: Txalaparta;.
    [Google Scholar]
  8. Castells, M.. ( 2009), Communication Power, New York:: Oxford University Press;.
    [Google Scholar]
  9. Castells, M.. ( 2012;), ‘ Autocomunicación de masas y movimientos sociales en la era de Internet’ (‘Mass self-communication and social movements in the Internet Age’). , in S. Aguilar. (ed.), Anuari del conflicte social, vol. 1, Barcelona:: Universitat de Barcelona;, pp. 1119, https://revistes.ub.edu/index.php/ACS/article/view/6235. Accessed 17 December 2021.
    [Google Scholar]
  10. Conde, F.. ( 2009), Análisis sociológico del sistema de discursos (‘Sociological analysis of the speech system’), Madrid:: Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas;.
    [Google Scholar]
  11. Crouch, M., and Mckenzie, H.. ( 2006;), ‘ The logic of small samples in interview-based qualitative research. ’, Social Science Information, 45:4, pp. 48399, https://doi.org/10.1177/0539018406069584. Accessed 30 September 2021.
    [Google Scholar]
  12. Etikan, I.,, Musa, S. A., and Alkassim, R. S.. ( 2016;), ‘ Comparison of convenience sampling and purposive sampling. ’, American Journal of Theoretical and Applied Statistics, 5:1, pp. 14, https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajtas.20160501.11. Accessed 30 September 2021.
    [Google Scholar]
  13. Feixa, C.,, Fernández-Planells, A., and Figuera, M.. ( 2016;), ‘ Generación Hashtag. Los movimientos juveniles en la era de la web social’ (‘Generation #. Youth movements in the hiperdigital age’). , Revista Latinoamericana en Ciencias Sociales, Niñez y Juventud, 14:1, pp. 10720, https://doi.org/10.11600/1692715x.1416301115. Accessed 20 July 2021.
    [Google Scholar]
  14. Fullam, J.. ( 2017;), ‘ Becoming a youth activist in the internet age: A case study on social media activism and identity development. ’, International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education, 30:4, pp. 40622, https://doi.org/10.1080/09518398.2016.1250176. Accessed 20 July 2021.
    [Google Scholar]
  15. Garza, A.. ( 2016;), ‘ A herstory of the #BlackLivesMatter movement. ’, in J. Hobson. (ed.), Are all the Women still White? Rethinking Race, Expanding Feminism, Albany, NY:: State University of New York Press;, pp. 2328.
    [Google Scholar]
  16. Horn, J.. ( 2013), Gender and Social Movements, England and Wales:: Bridge Development Gender;, https://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/opendocs/bitstream/handle/20.500.12413/10898/Gender%20and%20social%20movements%20overview%20report.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y. Accessed 20 July 2021.
    [Google Scholar]
  17. Jáuregui, G.. ( 1981), Ideología y estrategia política de ETA: Análisis de su evolución entre 1959 y 1968 (‘Ideology and political strategy of ETA: Analysis of its evolution between 1959 and 1968’), Madrid:: Siglo XXI;.
    [Google Scholar]
  18. Karatzogianni, A.. ( 2015;), ‘ Introduction: Four phases of digital activism and cyberconflict. ’, in A. Karatzogianni. (ed.), Firebrand Waves of Digital Activism 1994–2014, London:: Palgrave Macmillan;, pp. 14, https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1057/9781137317933_1. Accessed 17 December 2021.
    [Google Scholar]
  19. Kaun, A., and Uldam, J.. ( 2017;), ‘ Digital activism: After the hype. ’, New Media & Society, 20:6, pp. 2099106, https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1461444817731924. Accessed 17 December 2021.
    [Google Scholar]
  20. Larrinaga, A.,, Zabalo, J.,, Epelde, M.,, Iraola, I.,, Odriozola, O., and Amurrio, M.. ( 2020), Parte hartu ala paso egin? Gazteen ikasketa politikoak aztergai (‘Participating or passing? Political studies of young people under consideration’), Bilbao:: Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea;, http://hdl.handle.net/10810/45522. Accessed 20 July 2021.
    [Google Scholar]
  21. Larrinaga, A.,, Iraola, I.,, Odriozola, O.,, Amurrio, M.,, Zabalo, J., and Epelde, M.. ( 2021;), ‘ Oraingo gazteak axolagabe? Gazteen eta politikaren arteko harremanak aztergai’ (‘Do today’s young people care? The relationship between youth and politics’). , Jakin, 243, pp. 1165.
    [Google Scholar]
  22. Letamendia, A.. ( 2018;), ‘ Las transformaciones de la movilización social en Euskal Herria: Del posfranquismo a la década de 2010’ (‘The transformations of social mobilization in Euskal Herria: From post-Franco to the decade of 2010’). , in Fundación Betiko (ed.), Anuario de Movimientos Sociales 2018, Abadiño, Spain:: Fundación Betiko;, n.pag., https://fundacionbetiko.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/arkaitz_letamendia.pdf. Accessed 20 July 2021.
    [Google Scholar]
  23. McAdam, D.,, Tarrow, S., and Tilly, C.. ( 1996;), ‘ To map contentious politics. ’, Mobilization: An International Quarterly, 1:1, pp. 1734, https://doi.org/10.17813/maiq.1.1.y3p544u2j1l536u9. Accessed 20 July 2021.
    [Google Scholar]
  24. Melucci, A.. ( 1994;), ‘ Asumir un compromiso: Identidad y movilización en los movimientos sociales’ (‘Make a commitment: Identity and mobilization in social movements’). , Revista Zona Abierta, 69, pp. 15380.
    [Google Scholar]
  25. Odriozola, O.,, Iraola, I., and Zabalo, J.. ( 2020;), ‘ A rolling stone gathers no moss: Evolution and current trends of Basque nationalism. ’, in C. Kostov. (ed.), Separatism and Regionalism in Modern Europe, Berlin:: Logos Verlag Berlin GmbH;, pp. 3971.
    [Google Scholar]
  26. Overbey, L.,, Greco, B.,, Paribello, C., and Jackson, T.. ( 2013;), ‘ Structure and prominence in Twitter networks centered on contentious politics. ’, Social Network Analysis and Mining, 3 December, pp. 135178, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13278-013-0134-8. Accessed 20 July 2021.
    [Google Scholar]
  27. Piscina, T. de la. ( 2013;), ‘ Los lipdubs como herramientas de conquista social: Estudio de cuatro casos paradigmático srealizados en Quebec, EEUU, Cataluña y País Vasco’ (‘Lipdubs as a tool to conquer social influence: A study of four paradigmatic cases made in Quebec, USA, Catalonia and the Basque Country’). , Revista Latina de Comunicación Social, 68:1, pp. 5588, https://doi.org/10.4185/RLCS-2013-969. Accessed 20 July 2021.
    [Google Scholar]
  28. Pleyers, G.. ( 2019), Movimientos sociales en el siglo XXI: Perspectivas y herramientas analíticas (‘Social movements in the XXI century: Insights and analytical tools’), Barcelona:: Icaria;.
    [Google Scholar]
  29. Ruiz, J.. ( 2009;), ‘ Sociological discourse analysis: Methods and logic. ’, Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung / Forum: Qualitative Social Research, 10:2, n.pag., https://doi.org/10.17169/fqs-10.2.1298. Accessed 17 December 2021.
    [Google Scholar]
  30. Sampedro, V., and Mosca, L.. ( 2018;), ‘ Digital media, contentious politics and party systems in Italy and Spain. ’, Javnost-The Public, 25:1&2, pp. 16068, https://doi.org/10.1080/13183222.2018.1423959. Accessed 20 July 2021.
    [Google Scholar]
  31. Schradie, J.. ( 2018;), ‘ The digital activism gap: How class and cost shape online collective action. ’, Social Problems, 65:1, pp. 5174, https://doi.org/10.1093/socpro/spx042. Accessed 20 July 2021.
    [Google Scholar]
  32. Sierra Caballero, F.. ( 2016;), ‘ Cibercultura, ciudad y nuevos movimientos urbanos’ (‘Cyberculture, the city and New Urban movements’). , in J. Candón-Mena, and L. Benítez Eyzaguirre. (eds), Activismo digital y nuevos modos de ciudadanía: Una mirada global, Bellaterra, Spain:: Institut de la Comunicació (InCom-UAB);, pp. 6095, https://idus.us.es/bitstream/handle/11441/86686/activismo-digital-y-nuevos-modos-de-ciudadania_una-mirada-global.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y. Accessed 8 November 2021.
    [Google Scholar]
  33. Treré, E.. ( 2016;), ‘ Del levantamiento zapatista al escándalo NSA: Lecciones aprendidas, debates actuales y futuros desafíos de la resistencia digital’ (‘From the zapatista uprising to the NSA scandal: Lessons learned, current debates and future challenges of digital resistance’). , in J. Candón-Mena, and L. Benítez Eyzaguirre. (eds), Activismo digital y nuevos modos de ciudadanía: Una mirada global, Bellaterra, Spain:: Institut de la Comunicació (InCom-UAB);, pp. 4059, https://idus.us.es/bitstream/handle/11441/86686/activismo-digital-y-nuevos-modos-de-ciudadania_una-mirada-global.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y. Accessed 8 November 2021.
    [Google Scholar]
  34. Williams, R. A., and Edge, D.. ( 1996;), ‘ The social shaping of technology. ’, Research Policy, 25:6, pp. 86599, https://doi.org/10.1016/0048-7333(96)00885-2. Accessed 30 September 2021.
    [Google Scholar]
  35. Yang, G.. ( 2016;), ‘ Activism. ’, in B. Peters. (ed.), Digital Keywords: A Vocabulary of Information Society and Culture, Princeton, NJ and Oxford:: Princeton University Press;, pp. 117, https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvct0023. Accessed 30 September 2021.
    [Google Scholar]
  36. Young, D. S., and Casey, E. A.. ( 2019;), ‘ An examination of the sufficiency of small qualitative samples. ’, Social Work Research, 43:1, pp. 5358, https://doi.org/10.1093/swr/svy026. Accessed 30 September 2021.
    [Google Scholar]
  37. Young, I. M.. ( 2002), Inclusion and Democracy, Oxford:: Oxford University Press;.
    [Google Scholar]
  38. Zabalo, J., and Iraola, I.. ( 2022;), ‘ Current discourses and attitudes in favour of the independence of the Basque Country. ’, Regional & Federal Studies, 32:1, pp. 7393, https://doi.org/10.1080/13597566.2020.1831475. Accessed 14 October 2021.
    [Google Scholar]
  39. Zabalo, J., and Odriozola, O.. ( 2017;), ‘ The importance of historical context: A new discourse on the nation in Basque nationalism?. ’, Nationalism and Ethnic Politics, 23:2, pp. 13454, https://doi.org/10.1080/13537113.2017.1311140. Accessed 14 October 2021.
    [Google Scholar]
  40. Zubiaga, M.. ( 2012;), ‘ Democratization and contentious politics: Basque state-building as collective action. ’, in Ipar Hegoa Foundation (ed.), Towards a Basque State: Nation Building and Institutions, Bilbao:: Ipar Hegoa, Basque Summer University;, pp. 94115.
    [Google Scholar]
  41. Zubiaga, M.. ( 2017;), ‘ Sovereignty and contention: The evolution of Basque nationalism in Spain. ’, in A. Kolasand, and P. Ibarra. (eds), Sovereignty Revisited: The Basque Case, London:: Routledge;, pp. 6485, https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315158341. Accessed 14 October 2021.
    [Google Scholar]
  42. Zumalabe Foundation ( 2014), Dabilen harriari goroldiorik ez: Militantziaz eta horizontaltasunaz hausnartzen (‘ A rolling stone gathers no moss: Reflecting on militancy and horizontality. ’), Donostia-San Sebastián:: Zumalabe Fundazioa;, https://joxemizumalabe.eus/liburuak/DHGE-1.pdf. Accessed 20 July 2021.
    [Google Scholar]
  43. Odriozola, Onintza,, Iraola, Iker, and Larrinaga, Ane. ( 2022;), ‘ “What tools should we use?”: Politicized youth’s perspectives on digital activism in the Basque Country. ’, Catalan Journal of Communication & Cultural Studies, 14:2, pp. 26785, https://doi.org/10.1386/cjcs_00072_1
    [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/10.1386/cjcs_00072_1
Loading
This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a success
Invalid data
An error occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error