The consolidation of disinformation as a discipline: Reflections, challenges and perspectives for future action

References

1. Aguaded, Ignacio (2012), ‘United Nations aiming at media literacy education’ (‘Apuesta de la ONU por una educación y alfabetización mediáticas’), Comunicar, 19:38, pp. 7–8, https://doi.org/10.3916/C38-2012-01-01.
   [Google Scholar]
2. Anderson, Christopher W. (2020), ‘Fake news is not a virus: On platforms and their effects’, Communication Theory, 31:1, pp. 42–61, https://doi.org/10.1093/ct/qtaa008.
   [Google Scholar]
3. Bimber, Bruce and Gil de Zúñiga, Homero (2020), ‘The unedited public sphere’, New Media & Society, 22:4, pp. 700–15, https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444819893980.
   [Google Scholar]
4. Breakstone, Joel, Smith, Mark, Wineburg, Sam, Rapaport, Amie, Carle, Jill, Garland, Marshall and Saavedra, Anna (2021), ‘Students’ civic online reasoning: A national portrait’, Educational Researcher, 50:8, pp. 505–15, https://doi.org/10.3102/0013189X211017495.
   [Google Scholar]
5. Comisión Europea (ed.) (2018), ‘La lucha contra la desinformación en línea: Un enfoque europeo’, EUR-Lex, https://bit.ly/3JusBs2. Accessed 27 September 2024.
6. Dussel, Inés and Trujillo-Reyes, Blanca F. (2018), ‘¿Nuevas formas de enseñar y aprender?: Las posibilidades en conflicto de las tecnologías digitales en la escuela’, Perfiles Educativos, 40, pp. 142–78.
   [Google Scholar]
7. Elizabeth, Jane (2014), ‘Who are you calling a fact checker?’, American Press Institute, 20 May, https://americanpressinstitute.org/fact-checker-definition/. Accessed 1 December 2023.
8. European Commission (2018), ‘Special eurobarometer 477: Democracy and elections: Recuperado de’, 23 November, https://data.europa.eu/data/datasets/s2198_90_1_477_eng?locale=en. Accessed 11 November 2023.
9. Fletcher, Seth, Schwartz, Jen and Wong, Kate (2019), Scientific American, Special Issue: ‘Truth, Lies & Uncertainty: Searching for Reality in Unreal Times’, 321:3, https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/truth-lies-uncertainty. Accessed 15 December 2023.
   [Google Scholar]
10. Funke, Daniel (2018), ‘Report: There are 149 fact-checking projects in 53 countries: That’s a new high’, Poynter, 23 February, https://www.poynter.org/news/report-there-are-149-factchecking-projects-53-countries-thats-new-high. Accessed 30 November 2023.
11. Gómez-Mompart, Josep-Lluís, Gutiérrez-Lozano, Juan F. and Palau-Sampio, Dolors (2015), ‘Spanish journalist sand the loss of news quality: Professional judgements’, Comunicar, 23:45, pp. 143–50, https://doi.org/10.3916/C45-2015-15.
    [Google Scholar]
12. Graves, Lucas and Cherubini, Federica (2016), ‘The rise of fact-checking sites in Europe’, Digital News Project Report (Reuters Institute Digital News Report), Oxford: University of Oxford, pp. 1–80, https://doi.org/10.60625/risj-tdn4-p140.
    [Google Scholar]
13. Graves, Lucas and Konieczna, Magda (2015), ‘Qualitative political communication| sharing the news: Journalistic collaboration as field repair’, International Journal of Communication, 9, pp. 1966–84.
    [Google Scholar]
14. Guo, Zhijiang, Schlichtkrull, Michael and Vlachos, Andreas (2022), ‘A survey on automated fact-checking’, Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics, 10, pp. 178–206, https://doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00454.
    [Google Scholar]
15. Herrero Curiel, Eva and La Rosa, Leonardo (2022), ‘Los estudiantes de secundaria y la alfabetización mediática en la era de la desinformación’, Comunicar: Revista científica iberoamericana de comunicación y educación, 73, pp. 95–106, https://doi.org/10.3916/C73-2022-08.
    [Google Scholar]
16. Jungherr, Andreas and Schroeder, Ralph (2021), ‘Disinformation and the structural transformations of the public arena: Addressing the actual challenges to democracy’, Social Media + Society, 7:1, https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305121988928.
    [Google Scholar]
17. Magallón Rosa, Raúl (2019), ‘La (no) regulación de la desinformación en la Unión Europea. Una perspectiva comparada’, UNED: Revista de Derecho Político, 106, pp. 319–46, https://doi.org/10.5944/rdp.106.2019.26159.
    [Google Scholar]
18. Magallón Rosa, Raúl (2022), ‘De las fake news a la polarización digital: Una década de hibridación de desinformación y propaganda’, Revista Más Poder Local, 50, pp. 49–65, https://doi.org/10.56151/maspoderlocal.120.
    [Google Scholar]
19. Manfredi Sánchez, Juan L. (2020), ‘Globalization and power: The consolidation of international communication as a discipline: Review article’, El profesional de la información, 29:1, https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2020.ene.11.
    [Google Scholar]
20. Martín, Alejandro, Huertas-Tato, Javier, Huertas-García, Álvaro, Villar-Rodríguez, Guillermo and Camacho, David (2022), ‘FacTeR-check: Semi-automated fact-checking through semantic similarity and natural language inference’, Knowledge-based Systems, 251, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.knosys.2022.109265.
    [Google Scholar]
21. Martin, Nora (2017), ‘Journalism, the pressures of verification and notions of post-truth in civil society’, Cosmopolitan Civil Societies: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 9:2, pp. 41–56, https://www.doi.org/10.5130/ccs.v9i2.5476.
    [Google Scholar]
22. Masip, Pere, Suau, Jaume and Ruiz-Caballero, Carlos (2020), ‘Percepciones sobre medios de comunicación y desinformación: Ideología y polarización en el sistema mediático español’, Profesional de la información, 29:5, https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2020.sep.27.
    [Google Scholar]
23. Masood, Momina, Nawaz, Mariam, Malik, Khalid M., Javed, Ali, Irtaza, Aun and Malik, Hafiz (2022), ‘Deepfakes generation and detection: State-of-the-art, open challenges, countermeasures, and way forward’, Applied Intelligence, 53:4, pp. 3974–4026, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10489-022-03766-z.
    [Google Scholar]
24. McBride, Kelly and Rosenstiel, Tom (2013), The New Ethics of Journalism: Principles for the 21st Century, Thousand Oaks, CA: CQ Press.
    [Google Scholar]
25. Megahed, Fadel M., Chen, Ying-Ju, Ferris, Joshua A., Knoth, Sven, Jones-Farmer, L. A. (2023), ‘How generative AI models such as chatGPT can be (mis)used in SPC practice, education, and research? An exploratory study’, Quality Engineering, 36:2, pp. 287–315, https://doi.org/10.1080/08982112.2023.2206479.
    [Google Scholar]
26. Mitchell, Eric, Lee, Yoonho, Khazatsky, Alexander, Manning, Christopher D. and Finn, Chelsea (2023), ‘DetectGPT: Zero-shot machine-generated text detection using probability curvature’, arXiv, https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2301.11305.
27. Montoro-Montarroso, Andrés, Cantón-Correa, Javier, Rosso, Paolo, Chulvi, Berta, Panizo-Lledot, Ángel, Huertas Tato, Javier, Calvo-Figueras, Blanca, Rementeria, María José and Gómez-Romero, Juan (2023), ‘Fighting disinformation with artificial intelligence: Fundamentals, advances and challenges’, Profesional de la información, 32:3, https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2023.may.22.
    [Google Scholar]
28. Prokopovic, Anka M. and Vujovic, Marija (2020), ‘The European approach to regulating disinformation’, Facta Universitatis, 18:3, pp. 175–83, https://doi.org/10.22190/FULP2003175M.
    [Google Scholar]
29. Solaiman, Irene, Brundage, Miles, Clark, Jack, Askell, Amanda, Herbert-Voss, Ariel, Wu, Jeff, Radford, Alec, Krueger, Gretchen, Kim, Jong-Wook, Kreps, Sarah, McCain, Miles, Newhouse, Alex, Blazakis, Jason, McGuffie, Kris and Wang, Jasmine (2019), ‘Release strategies and the social impacts of language models’, arXiv, https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1908.09203.
30. Taddeo, Gabriella and Tirocchi, Simona (2019), ‘Transmedia teens: The creative transmedia skills of Italian Students’, Information, Communication & Society, 24:2, pp. 241–57, https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2019.1645193.
    [Google Scholar]
31. Tenove, Cris (2020), ‘Protecting democracy from disinformation: Normative threats and policy responses’, The International Journal of Press/Politics, 25:3, pp. 517–37, https://doi.org/10.1177/1940161220918740.
    [Google Scholar]
32. Vosoughi, Soroush, Roy, Deb and Aral, Sinan (2018), ‘The spread of true and false news online’, Science, 359:6380, pp. 1146–51, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aap9559.
    [Google Scholar]
33. Wardle, Claire and Derakhshan, Hossein (2017), ‘Information disorder: Toward an interdisciplinary framework for research and policymaking’, Council of Europe Report, pp. 1–109, https://edoc.coe.int/en/media/7495-information-disorder-toward-an-interdisciplinary-framework-for-research-and-policy-making.html. Accessed 11 October 2024.
    [Google Scholar]
34. Weiss, Andrew P., Alwan, Ahmed, Garcia, Eric P. and Garcia, Julieta (2020), ‘Surveying fake news: Assessing university faculty’s fragmented definition of fake news and its impact on teaching critical thinking’, International Journal for Educational Integrity, 16:1, pp. 1–30, https://doi.org/10.1007/s40979-019-0049-x.
    [Google Scholar]
35. Wilson, Carolyn, Grizzle, Alton, Tauzon, Ramon, Akyempong, Kwame and Cheung, Chi K. (2011), Media and Information Literacy Curriculum for Teachers, Paris: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, https://bit.ly/36YnAGw. Accessed 10 January 2024.
    [Google Scholar]
36. Xu, Fan, Sheng, Victor S. and Wang, Mingwen (2023), ‘A unified perspective for disinformation detection and truth discovery in social sensing: A survey’, ACM Computing Surveys, 55:1, https://doi.org/10.1145/3477138.
    [Google Scholar]
37. Konstantinovskiy, Lev, Price, Oliver, Babakar, Mevan and Zubiaga, Arkaitz (2021), ‘Toward automated factchecking: Developing an annotation schema and benchmark for consistent automated claim detection’, Digital Threats: Research and Practice, 2:2, https://doi.org/10.1145/3412869.
    [Google Scholar]