Skip to content
1981
Volume 18, Issue 1
  • ISSN: 1751-1917
  • E-ISSN: 1751-1925

Abstract

The global need to reverse political disaffection has motivated researchers to seek ways of fostering citizenship engagement. This study focuses on the role adolescents’ citizenship self-efficacy plays in linking civic knowledge and classroom climate to civic engagement. We use data from 4838 Chilean students ( = 14.16) who participated in the International Civic and Citizenship Study (ICCS). Using structural equation modelling, a mediational model with multilevel clustering showed that civic knowledge positively affects formal participation, but not civil participation, while an open classroom climate increases both forms of engagement during adolescence. Citizenship self-efficacy mediates the relation between classroom climate and both types of participation. We discuss the implications of these findings for the design citizenship education curricula for youth who live in contexts of inequality.

Funding
This study was supported by the:
  • ANID/FONDECYT 1160151
  • The Interdisciplinary Center for Social Conflict and Cohesion Studies, COES (Award ANID/FONDAP 15130009)
  • The Chilean Government (Award ANID/FONDECYT 11190508 and FONDECYT project 1171448)
Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1386/ctl_00113_1
2023-03-22
2026-04-16

Metrics

Loading full text...

Full text loading...

References

  1. Ainley, J., and Schulz, W.. ( 2011;), ‘ Expected participation in protest activities among lower secondary students in 38 countries. ’, ICCS-ACER, 8–12 April, https://iccs.acer.org/files/AERA-ICCS-Protest-Activities-(NewOrleans2011).pdf. Accessed 25 January 2021.
    [Google Scholar]
  2. Alivernini, F., and Manganelli, S.. ( 2011;), ‘ Is there a relationship between openness in classroom discussion and students’ knowledge in civic and citizenship education?. ’, Procedia: Social and Behavioral Sciences, 15, pp. 344145.
    [Google Scholar]
  3. Bandura, A.. ( 1989;), ‘ Human agency in social cognitive theory. ’, American Psychologist, 44:9, pp. 117584.
    [Google Scholar]
  4. Bandura, A.. ( 1997), Self-Efficacy: The Exercise of Control, New York:: Worth Publishers;.
    [Google Scholar]
  5. Beaumont, E.. ( 2010;), ‘ Political agency and empowerment: Pathways for developing a sense of political efficacy in young adults. ’, in L. Sherrod,, J. Torney-Purta, and C. Flanagan. (eds), Handbook of Research on Civic Engagement in Youth, Hoboken, NJ:: Wiley-Blackwell;, pp. 52558.
    [Google Scholar]
  6. Blankenship, G.. ( 1990;), ‘ Classroom climate, global knowledge, global attitudes, political attitudes. ’, Theory and Research in Social Education, 18:4, pp. 36386.
    [Google Scholar]
  7. Brady, H. E.,, Verba, S., and Schlozman, K. L.. ( 1995;), ‘ Beyond SES: A resource model of political participation. ’, The American Political Science Review, 89:2, pp. 27194.
    [Google Scholar]
  8. Brault, M. C.,, Janosz, M., and Archambault, I.. ( 2014;), ‘ Effects of school composition and school climate on teacher expectations of students: A multilevel analysis. ’, Teaching and Teacher Education, 44:1, pp. 14859.
    [Google Scholar]
  9. Brown, T.. ( 2006), Confirmatory Factor Analysis for Applied Research, New York:: Guilford Press;.
    [Google Scholar]
  10. Campbell, D.. ( 2007;), ‘ Sticking together: Classroom diversity and civic education. ’, American Politics Research, 35:1, pp. 5778.
    [Google Scholar]
  11. Campbell, D.. ( 2008;), ‘ Voice in the classroom: How an open classroom climate fosters political engagement among adolescents. ’, Political Behavior, 30:4, pp. 43754.
    [Google Scholar]
  12. Caprara, G. V., and Cervone, D.. ( 2000), Personality: Determinants, Dynamics, and Potentials, Cambridge:: Cambridge University Press;.
    [Google Scholar]
  13. Caprara, G. V.,, Vecchione, M.,, Schwartz, S. H.,, Schoen, H.,, Bain, P. G.,, Silvester, J.,, Cieciuch, J.,, Pavlopoulos, V.,, Bianchi, G.,, Kirmanoglu, H.,, Baslevent, C.,, Mamali, C.,, Manzi, J.,, Katayama, M.,, Posnova, T.,, Tabernero, C.,, Torres, C.,, Verkasalo, M.,, Lönnqvist, J. E.,, Vondráková, E., and Caprara, M. G.. ( 2017;), ‘ Basic values, ideological self-placement, and voting: A cross-cultural study. ’, Cross-Cultural Research, 51:4, pp. 388411.
    [Google Scholar]
  14. Castillo, J. C.,, Miranda, D., and Bonhomme, M.. ( 2015a;), ‘ Desigualdad social y cambios en las expectativas de participación política de los estudiantes en Chile. ’, in C. Cox, and J. C. Castillo. (eds), Aprendizaje de la Ciudadanía: Contextos, Experiencias y Resultados, Santiago de Chile:: Ediciones Universidad Católica de Chile;, pp. 45986.
    [Google Scholar]
  15. Castillo, J. C.,, Miranda, D.,, Bonhomme, M.,, Cox, C., and Bascopé, M.. ( 2015b;), ‘ Mitigating the political participation gap from the school: The roles of civic knowledge and classroom climate. ’, Journal of Youth Studies, 18:1, pp. 1635.
    [Google Scholar]
  16. Castillo, J. C.,, Miranda, D.,, Bonhomme, M.,, Cox, C., and Bascopé, M.. ( 2014;), ‘ Social inequality and changes in students’ expected political participation in Chile. ’, Education, Citizenship and Social Justice, 9:2, pp. 14056.
    [Google Scholar]
  17. Cho, J., and McLeod, D. M.. ( 2007;), ‘ Structural antecedents to knowledge and participation: Extending the knowledge gap concept to participation. ’, Journal of Communication, 57:2, pp. 20528.
    [Google Scholar]
  18. Cohen, J.,, McCabe, L.,, Michelli, N. M., and Pickeral, T.. ( 2009;), ‘ School climate: Research, policy, practice, and teacher education. ’, Teachers College Record, 111:1, pp. 180213.
    [Google Scholar]
  19. Corvalan, A., and Cox, P.. ( 2013;), ‘ Class-biased electoral participation: The youth vote in Chile. ’, Latin American Politics and Society, 55:3, pp. 4768.
    [Google Scholar]
  20. Cox, C., and Castillo, J. C.. (eds) ( 2015), Aprendizaje de la ciudadanía: Contextos, experiencias y resultados, Santiago de Chile:: Ediciones Universidad Católica de Chile;.
    [Google Scholar]
  21. Debarbieux, É.. ( 2015;), ‘ Du «climat scolaire»: Définitions, effets et politiques publiques. ’, Éducation et Formations, 88–89, pp. 1127, https://archives-statistiques-depp.education.gouv.fr/Default/digital-viewer/c-10351. Accessed 23 March 2022.
    [Google Scholar]
  22. Del Rey, R.,, Ruiz, R. O., and Feria, I.. ( 2009;), ‘ Convivencia escolar: Fortaleza de la comunidad educativa y protección ante la conflictividad escolar. ’, Revista Interuniversitaria de Formación Del Profesorado, 66, pp. 15980, https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=3098226. Accessed 23 March 2022.
    [Google Scholar]
  23. Dewey, J.. ( 1916), Democracy and Education. An Introduction to the Philosophy of Education, New York:: Free Press;.
    [Google Scholar]
  24. DeWitt, J.. ( 2012;), ‘ Political sophistication and presidential candidate considerations: Disentangling the effects of knowledge, interest, and media exposure. ’, The American Review of Politics, 33, winter, pp. 27193.
    [Google Scholar]
  25. Durkheim, É.. ( 1961), Moral Education: A Study in the Theory & Application of the Sociology of Education, New York:: Free Press;.
    [Google Scholar]
  26. Ekman, J., and Amnå, E.. ( 2012;), ‘ Political participation and civic engagement: Towards a new typology. ’, Human Affairs, 22:3, pp. 283300.
    [Google Scholar]
  27. Flanagan, C., and Faison, N.. ( 2001;), ‘ Youth civic development: Implications of research for social policy and programs. ’, Social Policy Report, 15:1, pp. 315, https://digitalcommons.unomaha.edu/slceciviceng/11. Accessed 25 January 2021.
    [Google Scholar]
  28. Flanagan, C., and Levine, P.. ( 2010;), ‘ Civic engagement and the transition to adulthood. ’, Future of Children, 20:1, pp. 15979.
    [Google Scholar]
  29. Fonseca, J.,, Valente, M. O., and Conboy, J.. ( 2011;), ‘ Student characteristics and PISA science performance: Portugal in cross-national comparison. ’, Procedia: Social and Behavioral Sciences, 12, pp. 32229.
    [Google Scholar]
  30. Fox, S.. ( 2014;), ‘ Is it time to update the definition of political participation?. ’, Parliamentary Affairs, 67:2, pp. 495505.
    [Google Scholar]
  31. Galobardes, B.,, Shaw, M.,, Lawlor, D. A.,, Lynch, J. W., and Davey Smith, G.. ( 2006;), ‘ Indicators of socioeconomic position (part 1). ’, Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 60:1, pp. 712.
    [Google Scholar]
  32. Galston, W.. ( 2001;), ‘ Political knowledge, political engagement, and civic education. ’, Annual Review of Political Science, 4:1, pp. 21734.
    [Google Scholar]
  33. Galston, W.. ( 2004;), ‘ Civic education and political participation. ’, Political Science and Politics, 37:2, pp. 26366.
    [Google Scholar]
  34. Galston, W.. ( 2007;), ‘ Civic knowledge, civic education, and civic engagement: A summary of recent research. ’, International Journal of Public Administration, 30:6&7, pp. 62342.
    [Google Scholar]
  35. García, G.. ( 2014), Young People’s Political Participation in Western Europe: Continuity or Generational Change?, Basingstoke:: Palgrave Macmillan;.
    [Google Scholar]
  36. Godfrey, E. B., and Grayman, J. K.. ( 2014;), ‘ Teaching citizens: The role of open classroom climate in fostering critical consciousness among youth. ’, Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 43:11, pp. 180117.
    [Google Scholar]
  37. Gomez, B. T., and Wilson, J. M.. ( 2001;), ‘ Political sophistication and economic voting in the American electorate: A theory of heterogeneous attribution. ’, American Journal of Political Science, 45:4, pp. 899914.
    [Google Scholar]
  38. Hauser, S.. ( 2000;), ‘ Education, ability, and civic engagement in the contemporary United States. ’, Social Science Research, 29:4, pp. 55682.
    [Google Scholar]
  39. Henrich, J.,, Heine, S., and Norenzayan, A.. ( 2010;), ‘ The weirdest people in the world?. ’, Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 33:2&3, pp. 6183.
    [Google Scholar]
  40. Homana, G.,, Barber, C. H., and Torney-Purta, J.. ( 2006;), ‘ Assessing school citizenship education climate: Implications for the social studies. ’, working paper, University of Maryland, Maryland, MD: CIRCLE (The Center for Information & Research on Civic Learning & Engagement), https://circle.tufts.edu/sites/default/files/2019-12/WP48_SchoolCitizenshipImplicationsfortheSocialStudies_2006.pdf. Accessed 25 January 2021.
    [Google Scholar]
  41. Hooghe, M., and Dassonneville, R.. ( 2011;), ‘ The effects of civic education on political knowledge. A two year panel survey among Belgian adolescents. ’, Educational Assessment, Evaluation and Accountability, 23:4, pp. 32139.
    [Google Scholar]
  42. Hoyle, R.. ( 2014), Handbook of Structural Equation Modeling, New York:: Guilford Publications;.
    [Google Scholar]
  43. Ichilov, O.. ( 2003;), ‘ Teaching civics in a divided society: The case of Israel. ’, International Studies in Sociology of Education, 13:3, pp. 21942.
    [Google Scholar]
  44. Ichilov, O.. ( 2004;), ‘ Becoming citizens in Israel: A deeply divided society: Civic orientations in Hebrew and Arab schools. ’, IEA, 10–13 May, https://www.iea.nl/sites/default/files/2019-03/IRC2004_Ichilov.pdf. Accessed 25 January 2021.
    [Google Scholar]
  45. Ichilov, O.. ( 2007;), ‘ Civic knowledge of high school students in Israel: Personal and contextual determinants. ’, Political Psychology, 28:4, pp. 41740.
    [Google Scholar]
  46. Isac, M. M.,, Maslowski, R.,, Creemers, B., and Werf, G. van der. ( 2014;), ‘ The contribution of schooling to secondary-school students’ citizenship outcomes across countries. ’, School Effectiveness and School Improvement, 25:1, pp. 2963.
    [Google Scholar]
  47. Korkmaz, H. E., and Gümüşeli, A. İ.. ( 2013;), ‘ Development of the democratic education environment scale. ’, International Journal of Educational Sciences, 5:1, pp. 8298.
    [Google Scholar]
  48. Krampen, G.. ( 2000;), ‘ Transition of adolescent political action orientations to voting behavior in early adulthood in view of a social-cognitive action theory model of personality. ’, Political Psychology, 21:2, pp. 27799.
    [Google Scholar]
  49. Levinson, M.. ( 2010;), ‘ Chapter 13: The civic empowerment gap: Defining the problem and locating solutions. ’, in L. R. Sherrod,, J. Torney-Purta, and C. A. Flanagan. (eds), Handbook of Research on Civic Engagement in Youth, Hoboken, NJ:: Wiley;, pp. 33161.
    [Google Scholar]
  50. Luengo Kanacri, B. P.,, González, R.,, Valdenegro, D.,, Jiménez-Moya, G.,, Saavedra, P.,, Mora, E. A.,, Miranda, D.,, Didier, L., and Pastorelli, C.. ( 2016;), ‘ Civic engagement and giving behaviors: The role of empathy and beliefs about poverty. ’, The Journal of Social Psychology, 156:3, pp. 25671.
    [Google Scholar]
  51. Maiello, C.,, Oser, F., and Biedermann, H.. ( 2003;), ‘ Civic knowledge, civic skills and civic engagement. ’, European Educational Research Journal, 2:3, pp. 38495.
    [Google Scholar]
  52. Manganelli, S.,, Lucidi, F., and Alivernini, F.. ( 2015;), ‘ Italian adolescents’ civic engagement and open classroom climate: The mediating role of self-efficacy. ’, Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 41, pp. 818.
    [Google Scholar]
  53. Mardones, R.,, Cox, C.,, Farías, A., and García, C.. ( 2014;), ‘ Currículos comparados, percepciones docentes y formación de profesores para la educación ciudadana: Tendencias y proposiciones de mejoramiento. ’, in I. Irarrázaval,, C. Pozo, and M. Letelier. (eds), Propuestas para Chile: Concurso de Políticas Públicas, Santiago de Chile:: Centro de Políticas Públicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile;, pp. 21546.
    [Google Scholar]
  54. Marien, S.,, Hooghe, M., and Quintelier, E.. ( 2010;), ‘ Inequalities in non-institutionalised forms of political participation: A multi-level analysis of 25 countries. ’, Political Studies, 58:1, pp. 187213.
    [Google Scholar]
  55. Martens, A. M., and Gainous, J.. ( 2012;), ‘ Civic education and democratic capacity: How do teachers teach and what works?. ’, Social Science Quarterly, 94:4, pp. 95676.
    [Google Scholar]
  56. McAvoy, P., and Hess, D.. ( 2013;), ‘ Classroom deliberation in an era of political polarization. ’, Curriculum Inquiry, 43:1, pp. 1447.
    [Google Scholar]
  57. Miranda, D.,, Castillo, J. C., and Sandoval-Hernandez, A.. ( 2015;), ‘ Desigualdad y conocimiento cívico: Chile en comparación internacional. ’, in C. Cox, and J. C. Castillo. (eds), Aprendizaje de la Ciudadanía: Contextos, Experiencias y Resultados, Santiago de Chile:: Ediciones Universidad Católica de Chile;, pp. 487524.
    [Google Scholar]
  58. Miranda, D.,, Castillo, J. C., and Sandoval-Hernandez, A.. ( 2020;), ‘ Young citizens participation: Empirical testing of a conceptual model. ’, Youth & Society, 52:2, pp. 25171.
    [Google Scholar]
  59. Mistry, R. S.,, Vandewater, E. A.,, Houston, A. C., and McLoyd, V. C.. ( 2002;), ‘ Economic well-being and children’s social adjustment: The role of family process in an ethnically diverse low-income sample. ’, Child Development, 73:3, pp. 93551.
    [Google Scholar]
  60. Muthén, B., and Muthén, L.. ( 2015), Mplus User’s Guide, , 7th ed.., Los Angeles, CA:: Muthén & Muthén;.
    [Google Scholar]
  61. National School Climate Council ( 2007;), ‘ The school climate challenge: Narrowing the gap between school climate Research and school climate policy, practice guidelines and teacher education policy. ’, 1 July, https://schoolclimate.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/school-climate-challenge-web.pdf. Accessed 1 March 2021.
  62. Oakes, J., and Lipton, M.. ( 2007), Teaching to Change the World, New York:: McGraw-Hill;.
    [Google Scholar]
  63. Owen, D.,, Soule, S., and Chalif, R.. ( 2011;), ‘ Civic education and knowledge of government and politics. ’, Civiced, 1–4 September, https://www.civiced.org/pdfs/Civic%20Education%20and%20Knowledge%20of%20Government%20and%20Politics.pdf. Accessed 25 January 2021.
    [Google Scholar]
  64. Perry, A.. ( 2009), The Management of a City School, New York:: Cornell University Library;.
    [Google Scholar]
  65. Quintelier, E., and Hooghe, M.. ( 2012;), ‘ Political attitudes and political participation: A panel study on socialization and self-selection effects among late adolescents. ’, International Political Science Review, 33:1, pp. 6381.
    [Google Scholar]
  66. Reichert, F.. ( 2016;), ‘ Students’ perceptions of good citizenship: A person-centred approach. ’, Social Psychology of Education, 19:3, pp. 66193.
    [Google Scholar]
  67. Reichert, F.,, Chen, J., and Torney-Purta, J.. ( 2018;), ‘ Profiles of adolescents’ perceptions of democratic classroom climate and students’ influence: The effect of school and community contexts. ’, Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 47:6, pp. 127998.
    [Google Scholar]
  68. Schlozman, K. L.,, Verba, S., and Brady, H. E.. ( 2012a), The Unheavenly Chorus: Unequal Political Voice and the Broken Promise of American Democracy, Princeton, NJ:: Princeton University Press;.
    [Google Scholar]
  69. Schlozman, K. L.,, Verba, S.,, Brady, H. E., and Burns, N.. ( 2012b;), ‘ Unequal at the starting line: The intergenerational persistence of political inequality. ’, in K. L. Schlozman,, S. Verba, and H. E. Brady. (eds), The Unheavenly Chorus: Unequal Political Voice and the Broken Promise of American Democracy, Princeton, NJ and Oxford:: Princeton University Press;, pp. 17798.
    [Google Scholar]
  70. Schneider, S.. ( 2008), The International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED-97): An Evaluation of Content and Criterion Validity for 15 European Countries, Mannheim:: MZES;, http://www.mzes.uni-mannheim.de/publications/books/isced97.html. Accessed 25 January 2021.
    [Google Scholar]
  71. Schulz, W.,, Ainley, J.,, Cox, C., and Friedman, T.. ( 2018a;), ‘ Students’ perceptions of public institutions and government. ’, in W. Schulz,, J. Ainley,, C. Cox, and T. Friedman. (eds), Young People’s Views of Government, Peaceful Coexistence, and Diversity in Five Latin American Countries: IEA International Civic and Citizenship Education Study 2016 Latin American Report, Cham:: Springer International Publishing;, pp. 2738.
    [Google Scholar]
  72. Schulz, W.,, Ainley, J.,, Fraillon, J.,, Losito, B.,, Agrusti, G., and Friedman, T.. ( 2018b), Becoming Citizens in a Changing World: IEA International Civic and Citizenship Education Study 2016 International Report, Cham:: Springer;.
    [Google Scholar]
  73. Schulz, W.,, Ainley, J.,, Fraillon, J.,, Kerr, D., and Losito, B.. ( 2010), ICCS 2009 International Report: Civic Knowledge, Attitudes, and Engagement among Lower-Secondary Students in 38 Countries, Amsterdam:: IEA;.
    [Google Scholar]
  74. Schulz, W.,, Fraillon, J.,, Ainley, J.,, Losito, B., and Kerr, D.. ( 2008), International Civic and Citizenship Education Study, Amsterdam:: IEA;.
    [Google Scholar]
  75. Sherrod, L. R.,, Torney-Purta, J., and Flanagan, C. A.. ( 2010), Handbook of Research on Civic Engagement in Youth, Hoboken, NJ:: Wiley;.
    [Google Scholar]
  76. Solhaug, T.. ( 2006;), ‘ Knowledge and self-efficacy as predictors of political participation and civic attitudes: With relevance for educational practice. ’, Policy Futures in Education, 4:3, pp. 26578.
    [Google Scholar]
  77. The World Bank ( 2017;), ‘ World development indicators 2017. ’, Washington, DC:, https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/26447. Accessed 16 August 2018.
    [Google Scholar]
  78. Torney-Purta, J.. ( 2010;), ‘ The school’s role in developing civic engagement: A study of adolescents in twenty-eight countries. ’, Applied Developmental Science, 6:4, pp. 20312.
    [Google Scholar]
  79. Torney-Purta, J.,, Lehmann, R.,, Oswald, H., and Schulz, W.. ( 2001), Citizenship and Education in Twenty-Eight Countries: Civic Knowledge and Engagement at Age Fourteen, Amsterdam:: International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement;, https://www.iea.nl/publications/study-reports/international-reports-iea-studies/citizenship-and-education-twenty-eight. Accessed 20 August 2019.
    [Google Scholar]
  80. Treviño, E.,, Donoso, F., and Bonhomme, M.. ( 2009;), ‘ ¿Cómo las escuelas pueden mejorar el aprendizaje en Ciencias?. ’, in L. Cariola,, G. Cares, and E. Lagos. (eds), ¿Qué nos dice PISA sobre la educación de los jóvenes en Chile?: Nuevos análisis y perspectivas sobre los resultados en PISA 2006, Santiago:: Ministerio de Educación;, pp. 71104.
    [Google Scholar]
  81. Valenzuela, J. P.,, Bellei, C., and de los Ríos, D.. ( 2013;), ‘ Socioeconomic school segregation in a market-oriented educational system: The case of Chile. ’, Journal of Education Policy, 29:2, pp. 21741.
    [Google Scholar]
  82. van Deth, J.. ( 2014;), ‘ A conceptual map of political participation. ’, Acta Politica, 49:3, pp. 34967.
    [Google Scholar]
  83. Vecchione, M., and Caprara, G. V.. ( 2009;), ‘ Personality determinants of political participation: The contribution of traits and self-efficacy beliefs. ’, Personality and Individual Differences, 46:4, pp. 48792.
    [Google Scholar]
  84. Verba, S.,, Burns, N., and Schlozman, K. L.. ( 2003;), ‘ Unequal at the starting line: Creating participatory inequalities across generations and among groups. ’, The American Sociologist, 34:1&2, pp. 4569.
    [Google Scholar]
  85. Verba, S.,, Schlozman, K. L., and Brady, H. E.. ( 1995), Voice and Equality: Civic Voluntarism in American Politics, vol. 4, Cambridge:: Cambridge University Press;.
    [Google Scholar]
  86. Verba, S.,, Schlozman, K. L., and Burns, N.. ( 2005;), ‘ Family ties: Understanding the intergenerational transmission of political participation. ’, in A. Zuckerman. (ed.), The Social Logic of Politics, Philadelphia, PA:: Temple University Press;, pp. 95114.
    [Google Scholar]
  87. Wray-Lake, L., and Flanagan, C. A.. ( 2012;), ‘ Parenting practices and the development of adolescents’ social trust. ’, Journal of Adolescence, 35:3, pp. 54960.
    [Google Scholar]
  88. Yates, M., and Youniss, J.. ( 1996;), ‘ A developmental perspective on community service in adolescence. ’, Social Development, 5:1, pp. 85111.
    [Google Scholar]
  89. Youniss, J.,, Bales, S.,, Christmas-Best, V.,, Diversi, M.,, McLaughlin, M., and Silbereisen, R.. ( 2002;), ‘ Youth civic engagement in the twenty-first century. ’, Journal of Research on Adolescence, 12:1, pp. 12148.
    [Google Scholar]
  90. Zimmerman, B.. ( 1989;), ‘ A social cognitive view of self-regulated academic learning. ’, Journal of Educational Psychology, 81:3, pp. 32939.
    [Google Scholar]
  91. Luengo-Kanacri, Bernadette Paula,, Jiménez-Moya, Gloria,, Miranda, Daniel, and Marinovic, Alejandra. ( 2023;), ‘ When civic knowledge matters but is not enough: The role of classroom climate and citizenship self-efficacy on different facets of civic engagement. ’, Citizenship Teaching & Learning, 18:1, pp. 11940, https://doi.org/10.1386/ctl_00113_1
    [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/10.1386/ctl_00113_1
Loading
/content/journals/10.1386/ctl_00113_1
Loading

Data & Media loading...

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a success
Invalid data
An error occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error
Please enter a valid_number test