Skip to content
1981
Design and Interdisciplinarity
  • ISSN: 2055-2106
  • E-ISSN: 2055-2114

Abstract

This project reviewed the application of an innovative pedagogical approach, the virtual flipped classroom (VFC), in postgraduate design education. The VFC is an integration of the flipped classroom (FC) and virtual canvas. It enables teachers to proactively engage students in design thinking processes and activities to achieve active learning and better learning outcomes. To investigate the effect of VFC, the core research team implemented it to postgraduate programmes across three Australian universities, including a Master of Design Strategies course in the School of Design and the Built Environment at the Faculty of Arts and Design, University of Canberra (UC), a Master of Design course in the School of Arts and Humanities, Edith Cowan University (ECU) and a Master of Design course in the Creative Unit, University of South Australia (UniSA). The core research team observed and reflected on students’ learning achievements and motivation during their design thinking process across three Australian universities in two states (South Australia and West Australia) and the Australian Capital Territory (ACT), between 2020 and 2022. This study also explored postgraduate design students’ perceptions towards the idea of studying design online via the Interface Student Experience Questionnaire (ISEQ) and student evaluation questionnaire. It helped to identify and verify whether VFC could provide a transitional middle ground to a fully online design course. This study provides insights into student and staff reservations about online delivery and identifies the barriers and opportunities to study design within an entirely virtual environment.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1386/dbs_00045_1
2023-04-25
2026-04-14

Metrics

Loading full text...

Full text loading...

References

  1. Abeysekera, L., and Dawson, P.. ( 2015;), ‘ Motivation and cognitive load in the flipped classroom: Definition, rationale and a call for research. ’, Higher Education Research & Development, 34:1, pp. 114.
    [Google Scholar]
  2. Al Zahrani, A. M.. ( 2015;), ‘ From passive to active: The impact of the flipped classroom through social learning platforms on higher education students’ creative thinking. ’, British Journal of Educational Technology, 46:6, pp. 113348, https://doi.org/10.1111/bjet.12353.
    [Google Scholar]
  3. Bennett, R., and McIntyre, S.. ( 2004;), ‘ Post the eLearning goldrush: Encouraging purpose and quality in new online art and design courses. ’, in S. Jones. (ed.), Proceedings of the Australian Council of University Art and Design Schools Conference, Canberra, Australia, 23–25 September, Melbourne:: ACUADS;, pp. 17.
    [Google Scholar]
  4. Bishop, J. L., and Verleger, M. A.. ( 2013;), ‘ The flipped classroom: A survey of the research. ’, 120th ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition Proceedings, Atlanta, GA, USA, 23–26 June, Washington, DC:: ASEE;, 30:9, pp. 118.
    [Google Scholar]
  5. Comunian, R., and Brook, S.. ( 2019;), ‘ Accounting for creative graduates: (Online) creative industries policy and evidence centre. ’, Creative Industries: Policy & Evidence Centre , 11 April, https://pec.ac.uk/blog/accounting-for-creative-graduates. Accessed 19 February 2023.
  6. Comunian, R., and England, L.. ( 2020;), ‘ Creative and cultural work without filters: COVID-19 and exposed precarity in the creative economy. ’, Cultural Trends, 29:2, pp. 11228.
    [Google Scholar]
  7. Comunian, R.,, Faggian, A., and Jewell, S.. ( 2014;), ‘ Embedding arts and humanities in the creative economy: The role of graduates in the UK. ’, Environment and Planning C, 32:3, pp. 42650.
    [Google Scholar]
  8. Comunian, R.,, Faggian, A., and Jewell, S.. ( 2015;), ‘ Digital technology and creative arts career patterns in the UK creative economy. ’, Journal of Education and Work, 28:4, pp. 34668.
    [Google Scholar]
  9. Comunian, R., and Gilmore, A.. (eds) ( 2016), Higher Education and the Creative Economy: Beyond the Campus, London:: Routledge;.
    [Google Scholar]
  10. Dewey, J.. ( 1933), How We Think, New York:: D. C. Heath;.
    [Google Scholar]
  11. Dorst, K.. ( 2011;), ‘ The core of “design thinking” and its application. ’, Design Studies, 32:6, pp. 52132.
    [Google Scholar]
  12. Fleischmann, K.. ( 2020;), ‘ Online design education: Searching for a middle ground. ’, Arts and Humanities in Higher Education, 19:1, pp. 3657.
    [Google Scholar]
  13. Fleischmann, K.. ( 2021;), ‘ Hands-on versus virtual: Reshaping the design classroom with blended learning. ’, Arts and Humanities in Higher Education, 20:1, pp. 87112.
    [Google Scholar]
  14. Freeman, S.,, Eddy, S. L.,, McDonough, M.,, Smith, M. K.,, Okoroafor, N.,, Jordt, H., and Wenderoth, M. P.. ( 2014;), ‘ Active learning increases student performance in science, engineering, and mathematics. ’, in B. Alberts. (ed.), Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 111:23, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1319030111.
    [Google Scholar]
  15. Friedman, K.. ( 2000;), ‘ Creating design knowledge: From research into practice. ’, in E. Norman, and P. Roberts. (eds), IDATER 2000 Conference, Loughborough University, Loughborough, 21–23 August, Loughborough:: Loughborough University;, pp. 532.
    [Google Scholar]
  16. Gray, C. M., and Kou, Y.. ( 2019;), ‘ Co-producing, curating, and defining design knowledge in an online practitioner community. ’, CoDesign, 15:1, pp. 4158.
    [Google Scholar]
  17. Hmelo-Silver, C. E.. ( 2004;), ‘ Problem-based learning: What and how do students learn?. ’, Educational Psychology Review, 16:3, pp. 23566.
    [Google Scholar]
  18. IBISWorld ( 2022;), ‘ Online education in Australia: Market size 2007–2027. ’, Industry Statistics Australia , 25 May, https://www.ibisworld.com/au/market-size/online-education/. Accessed 3 May 2022.
  19. Infiniti Research Limited ( 2021;), ‘ Global academic e-learning market 2021–2025. ’, ReportLinker , https:/www.reportlinker.com/p05770968/Global-Academic-E-Learning-Market.html?utm_source=GNW. Accessed 3 November 2021.
  20. Ismail, S. S., and Abdulla, S. A.. ( 2019;), ‘ Virtual flipped classroom: New teaching model to grant the learners knowledge and motivation. ’, Journal of Technology and Science Education, 9:2, pp. 16883.
    [Google Scholar]
  21. Kwan, K. B.. ( 2010;), ‘ A proposal for the Web 2.0 revolution in online design education: Opportunities for virtual design learning using social networking technologies. ’, in D. Durling,, L. L. Chen,, T. Poldma,, S. Roworth-Stokes, and E. Stolterman. (eds), DRS Conference (Design Research Society), Montreal, Canada, 7–9 July, London:: DRS;, pp. 122.
    [Google Scholar]
  22. McKenney, S.,, Kali, Y.,, Markauskaite, L., and Voogt, J.. ( 2015;), ‘ Teacher design knowledge for technology enhanced learning: An ecological framework for investigating assets and needs. ’, Instructional Science, 43:2, pp. 181202.
    [Google Scholar]
  23. Park, J. Y.. ( 2011;), ‘ Design education online: Learning delivery and evaluation. ’, International Journal of Art and Design Education (iJADE), 30:2, pp. 17687.
    [Google Scholar]
  24. Pektaş, S., and Demirkan, H.. ( 2011;), ‘ Experiences with Moodle as a communication tool for design teamwork: A users’ perspective. ’, METU Journal of the Faculty of Architecture, 28, pp. 227241, https://www.doi.org/10.4305/METU.JFA.2011.2.12.
    [Google Scholar]
  25. Peng. F.. ( 2021;), ‘ Design as a meta-mode of inquiry for advancing social innovation: Problem-based learning in service design pedagogy. ’, Amps (Architecture Media Politics Society) 2020 Conference, Teaching-Learning-Research: Design and Environments, Manchester School of Architecture, Manchester, UK, 2–4 December.
    [Google Scholar]
  26. Peng, F.,, Chow, L., and Tran, N.. ( 2020;), ‘ Service design thinking for social good. ’, Fusion Journal, 18, pp. 7182, https://fusion-journal.com/service-design-thinking-for-social-good/. Accessed 6 November 2022.
    [Google Scholar]
  27. Prince, M.. ( 2004;), ‘ Does active learning work? A review of the research. ’, Journal of Engineering Education, 93:3, pp. 22331, https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2168-9830.2004.tb00809.x.
    [Google Scholar]
  28. Richardson, M.,, Abraham, C., and Bond, R.. ( 2012;), ‘ Psychological correlates of university students’ academic performance: A systematic review and meta-analysis. ’, Psychological Bulletin, 138:2, pp. 35387.
    [Google Scholar]
  29. Sander, P.,, Stevenson, K.,, King, M., and Coates, D.. ( 2000;), ‘ University students’ expectations of teaching. ’, Studies in Higher Education, 25:3, pp. 30923, https://doi.org/10.1080/03075070050193433.
    [Google Scholar]
  30. Sanders, E.. ( 2017;), ‘ Design research at the crossroads of education and practice. ’, She Ji: The Journal of Design, Economics, and Innovation, 3:1, pp. 315.
    [Google Scholar]
  31. Sanders, E., and Stappers, P. J.. ( 2008;), ‘ Co-creation and the new landscapes of design. ’, CoDesign, 4:1, pp. 518.
    [Google Scholar]
  32. Sanders, E., and Stappers, P. J.. ( 2013), Convivial Toolbox: Generative Research for the Front End of Design, Amsterdam:: BIS Publishers;.
    [Google Scholar]
  33. Sanders, E., and Stappers, P. J.. ( 2014;), ‘ Probes, toolkits and prototypes: Three approaches to making in codesigning. ’, CoDesign, 10:1, pp. 514, https://doi.org/10.1080/15710882.2014.888183.
    [Google Scholar]
  34. Schon, D. A.. ( 1991), The Reflective Practitioner: How Professionals Think in Action, Farnham:: Ashgate Publishing Limited;.
    [Google Scholar]
  35. Shreeve, A.. ( 2011;), ‘ The way we were? Signature pedagogies under threat. ’, E. Bohemia,, B. Borja de Mozota, and L. Collina. (eds), 1st International Symposium for Design Education Researchers, Paris, France, 18–19 May, London:: Cumulus Association/DRS;.
    [Google Scholar]
  36. Strelan, P.,, Osborn, A., and Palmer, E.. ( 2020;), ‘ The flipped classroom: A meta-analysis of effects on student performance across disciplines and education levels. ’, Educational Research Review, 30, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.edurev.2020.100314.
    [Google Scholar]
  37. Studio Teaching Project (STP) ( 2009;), ‘ Curriculum development in studio teaching: Volume One: STP final report. ’, Studio Teaching Project , http://www.studioteaching.org/?pagekey_findings. Accessed 20 December 2020.
  38. Sun, J. C. Y., and Wu, Y. T.. ( 2016;), ‘ Analysis of learning achievement and teacher–student interactions in flipped and conventional classrooms. ’, The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning, 17:1, pp. 7999, https://doi.org/10.19173/irrodl.v17i1.2116.
    [Google Scholar]
  39. Sun, J. C. Y.,, Wu, Y. T., and Lee, W. I.. ( 2017;), ‘ The effect of the flipped classroom approach to open course ware instruction on students’ self-regulation. ’, British Journal of Educational Technology, 48:3, pp. 71329, https://doi.org/10.1111/bjet.12444.
    [Google Scholar]
  40. Sun, Q.. ( 2020;), ‘ Towards a new agenda for service design research. ’, The Design Journal, 23:1, pp. 4970.
    [Google Scholar]
  41. Syngene Research ( 2019;), ‘ Global e-learning market analysis 2019. ’, Research and Markets , https://www.researchandmarkets.com/reports/4769385/global-e-learning-market-analysis-2019. Accessed 3 November 2021.
  42. Szarek, J. L.,, Boardman, J. M.,, White, M., and Holt, J. T.. ( 2016;), ‘ Integrated and flipped: 5 years’ experience of integrating active learning in an integrated course. ’, Medical Science Educator, 26:1, pp. 15967, https://doi.org/10.1007/s40670-015-0214-7.
    [Google Scholar]
  43. Taşlı-Pektaş, Ş., and Demirkan, H.. ( 2011;), ‘ Experiences with Moodle as a communication tool for design teamwork: A users’ perspective. ’, Orta Doğu Teknik Üniversitesi Mimarlık Fakültesi Dergisi, 28:2, pp. 22741.
    [Google Scholar]
  44. Technavio ( 2022;), ‘ E-learning market in Europe by product, end-user, and geography: Forecast and analysis 2020-2024. ’, Technavio , August, https://www.technavio.com/report/e-learning-market-size-in-europe-industry-analysis. Accessed 3 November 2020.
  45. Wanner, T., and Palmer, E.. ( 2016;), ‘ From flipped to flopped to flexible classrooms in higher education? Critical reflections from Australia. ’, in S. Barker,, S. Dawson,, A. Pardo, and C. Colvin. (eds), Show Me The Learning, Proceedings ASCILITE 2016, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia, 27–30 November, Adelaide:: University of South Australia;. pp. 60510.
    [Google Scholar]
  46. Wrigley, C., and Mosely, G.. ( 2022), Design Thinking Pedagogy: Facilitating Innovation and Impact in Tertiary Education, Abingdon:: Taylor & Francis;.
    [Google Scholar]
  47. Wrigley, C.,, Mosely, G., and Tomitsch, M.. ( 2018;), ‘ Design thinking education: A comparison of massive open online courses. ’, She Ji: The Journal of Design, Economics, and Innovation, 4:3, pp. 27592, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sheji.2018.06.002.
    [Google Scholar]
  48. Wrigley, C., and Straker, K.. ( 2017;), ‘ Design thinking pedagogy: The educational design ladder. ’, Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 54:4, pp. 37485, https://doi.org/10.1080/14703297.2015.1108214.
    [Google Scholar]
  49. Peng, Fanke,, Kueh, Christopher, and Cetinkaya Sendas, Mehves. ( 2023;), ‘ Design pedagogy in a time of change: Applying virtual flipped classroom in design higher education. ’, Journal of Design, Business & Society, Special Issue: ‘Design and Interdisciplinarity’ , 9:1, pp. 4156, https://doi.org/10.1386/dbs_00045_1
    [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/10.1386/dbs_00045_1
Loading
/content/journals/10.1386/dbs_00045_1
Loading

Data & Media loading...

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a success
Invalid data
An error occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error
Please enter a valid_number test