Skip to content
1981
Modern Popular Culture in Middle-Class Japan
  • ISSN: 2051-7084
  • E-ISSN: 2051-7092

Abstract

The article outlines the Taiwanese government’s strategy of using cute and humorous messages in its official communication via social media during the initial phase of COVID-19. Subjected to Chinese influence campaigns on social media, the government devised playful memes to ‘inoculate’ the public against disinformation and rumours. While the images contained important information, what made them appealing, memorable and spreadable as memes was their self-deprecating humour and cute aesthetics. Adopting the memetic logic of replication, the communication strategy devised such benign, non-aggressive humour as part of a broad, holistic approach towards improving Taiwan’s democracy with technology-assisted, consensus-based decision-making. This strategy entailed wider-reaching social effects. Informed by an analysis of memes as a genre of cultural artefacts, the article traces how government-sponsored cute aesthetics resonated in society through being shared, imitated and repurposed. For example, government representatives such as ‘digital minister’ Audrey Tang and Minister of Health and Welfare Chen Shih-chung became memetic icons animated through fan art. In this realm of increasingly self-referential social intimacy, ordinary citizens and the government co-created not only munity to misinformation but also an affective munity of Taiwanese national proportions.

Funding
This study was supported by the:
  • Republic of China’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs
  • Boston University
  • European Association of Taiwan Studies
  • East Asian Journal of Popular Culture
Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1386/eapc_00073_1
2022-09-01
2024-09-18
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

References

  1. Aspinwall, Nick. ( 2020;), ‘ Taiwan is exporting its coronavirus successes to the world. ’, Foreign Policy, 9 April, https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/04/09/taiwan-is-exporting-its-coronavirus-successes-to-the-world/. Accessed 12 July 2021.
    [Google Scholar]
  2. Banas, John A., and Rains, Stephen A.. ( 2010;), ‘ A meta-analysis of research on inoculation theory. ’, Communication Monographs, 77:3, pp. 281311.
    [Google Scholar]
  3. Bateson, Gregory. ( 1972), Steps to an Ecology of Mind: Collected Essays in Anthropology, Psychiatry, Evolution, and Epistemology, New York:: Ballantine;.
    [Google Scholar]
  4. Bennett, W. Lance, and Livingston, Steven. ( 2018;), ‘ The disinformation order: Disruptive communication and the decline of democratic institutions. ’, European Journal of Communication, 33:2, pp. 12239.
    [Google Scholar]
  5. Best, Lucy, and Huang, Yanzhong. ( 2020;), ‘ COVID-19 yields a sharper picture of China–Taiwan relations. ’, Georgetown Journal of International Affairs, 7 December, https://gjia.georgetown.edu/2020/12/07/covid-19-yields-a-sharper-picture-of-china-taiwan-relations/. Accessed 13 July 2021.
    [Google Scholar]
  6. Bischetti, Luca,, Canal, Paolo, and Bambini, Valentina. ( 2021;), ‘ Funny but aversive: A large-scale survey of the emotional response to COVID-19 humor in the Italian population during the lockdown. ’, Lingua, 249, pp. 116.
    [Google Scholar]
  7. Boyer, Dominic, and Yurchak, Alexei. ( 2010;), ‘ American stiob: Or, what late-socialist aesthetics of parody reveal about contemporary political culture in the West. ’, Cultural Anthropology, 25:2, pp. 179221.
    [Google Scholar]
  8. Burgess, Jean. ( 2007;), ‘ Vernacular creativity and new media. ’, Ph.D. thesis, Brisbane:: Queensland University of Technology.
    [Google Scholar]
  9. Cannizzaro, Sara. ( 2016;), ‘ Internet memes as internet signs: A semiotic view of digital culture. ’, Σημειωτκή: Sign Systems Studies, 44:4, pp. 56286.
    [Google Scholar]
  10. Cheung, Eric,, Ripley, Will, and Tsai, Gladys. ( 2021;), ‘ How Taiwan is trying to defend against a cyber “World War III”. ’, CNN, 23 July, https://www.cnn.com/2021/07/23/tech/taiwan-china-cybersecurity-intl-hnk/index.html. Accessed 10 November 2021.
    [Google Scholar]
  11. Chuang, Yin C.. ( 2011;), ‘ Kawaii in Taiwan politics. ’, International Journal of Asia Pacific Studies, 7:3, pp. 117.
    [Google Scholar]
  12. Coser, Rose Laub. ( 1960;), ‘ Laughter among colleagues. ’, Psychiatry: Journal for the Study of Interpersonal Processes, 23:1, pp. 8189.
    [Google Scholar]
  13. Cowen, Tyler. ( 2020;), ‘ Audrey Tang on the technology of democracy (Ep. 106): How [lessons from] programming can improve our politics. ’, Conversations with Tyler, 7 October, https://conversationswithtyler.com/episodes/audrey-tang/. Accessed 9 July 2021.
    [Google Scholar]
  14. Craik, Kenneth H.,, Lampert, Martin D., and Nelson, Arvalea J.. ( 1996;), ‘ Sense of humor and styles of everyday humorous conduct. ’, Humor: International Journal of Humor Research, 9:3&4, pp. 273302.
    [Google Scholar]
  15. Daniels, Rorry. ( 2020;), ‘ Taiwan’s unlikely path to public trust provides lessons for the US. ’, Brookings Institution, 15 September, https://www.brookings.edu/blog/order-from-chaos/2020/09/15/taiwans-unlikely-path-to-public-trust-provides-lessons-for-the-us/. Accessed 26 November 2021.
    [Google Scholar]
  16. Davies, Christie. ( 2003;), ‘ Jokes that follow mass-mediated disasters in a global electronic age. ’, in P. Narváez. (ed.), Of Corpse: Death and Humor in Folklore and Popular Culture, Logan, UT:: Utah State University Press;, pp. 1534.
    [Google Scholar]
  17. Davis, Jessica Milner. ( 2013;), ‘ Humour and its cultural context: Introduction and overview. ’, in J. M. Davis, and J. Chey. (eds), Humour in Chinese Life and Culture: Resistance and Control in Modern Times, Hong Kong:: The University of Hong Kong Press;, pp. 122.
    [Google Scholar]
  18. Devlin, Kat,, Fagan, Moira, and Connaughton, Aidan. ( 2021;), ‘ People in advanced economies say their society is more divided than before pandemic: Publics disagree about whether restrictions on public activity have gone far enough to combat COVID-19. ’, Pew Research Center’s Global Attitudes Project, 23 June, https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2021/06/23/people-in-advanced-economies-say-their-society-is-more-divided-than-before-pandemic/. Accessed 26 June 2021.
    [Google Scholar]
  19. Dynel, Marta. ( 2016;), ‘ “I has seen image macros!” Advice animals memes as visual-verbal jokes. ’, International Journal of Communication, 10, pp. 66088.
    [Google Scholar]
  20. Dynel, Marta. ( 2021;), ‘ COVID-19 memes going viral: On the multiple multimodal voices behind face masks. ’, Discourse & Society, 32:2, pp. 17595.
    [Google Scholar]
  21. Fernandez, James W., and Huber, Mary Taylor. ( 2001;), ‘ Introduction: The anthropology of irony. ’, in J. W. Fernandez, and M. T. Huber. (eds), Irony in Action: Anthropology, Practice, and the Moral Imagination, Chicago, IL:: University of Chicago Press;, pp. 140.
    [Google Scholar]
  22. Gardner, Lauren. ( 2020;), ‘ Update January 31: Modeling the spreading risk of 2019-NCoV. ’, Center for Systems Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 31 January, https://systems.jhu.edu/research/public-health/ncov-model-2/. Accessed 20 January 2021.
    [Google Scholar]
  23. Grundlingh, L.. ( 2018;), ‘ Memes as speech acts. ’, Social Semiotics, 28:2, pp. 14768.
    [Google Scholar]
  24. Harold, Scott W.,, Beauchamp-Mustafaga, Nathan, and Hornung, Jeffrey W.. ( 2021), Chinese Disinformation Efforts on Social Media, Santa Monica, CA:: RAND Corporation;, https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RR4373z3.html. Accessed 11 July 2021.
    [Google Scholar]
  25. Herzfeld, Michael. ( 2016), Cultural Intimacy: Social Poetics and the Real Life of States, Societies, and Institutions, , 3rd ed.., London:: Routledge;.
    [Google Scholar]
  26. Hioe, Brian. ( 2020;), ‘ The aesthetics of the coronavirus in Taiwan. ’, New Bloom Magazine, 10 May, https://newbloommag.net/2020/05/10/coronavirus-aesthetics-taiwan/. Accessed 12 July 2021.
    [Google Scholar]
  27. Hjorth, Larissa. ( 2008;), ‘ Cybercute politics: The internet cyworld and gender performativity in Korea. ’, in Y. Kim. (ed.), Media Consumption and Everyday Life in Asia, New York:: Routledge;, pp. 20316.
    [Google Scholar]
  28. Ho, Ming-sho. ( 2019), Challenging Beijing’s Mandate of Heaven: Taiwan’s Sunflower Movement and Hong Kong’s Umbrella Movement, Philadelphia, PA:: Temple University Press;.
    [Google Scholar]
  29. Ho, Ming-sho. ( 2021;), ‘ “Dried mango”: Taiwan’s fiercely democratic young voters. ’, The Journal of the European Association for Chinese Studies, 2021:2, pp. 197203.
    [Google Scholar]
  30. Hsieh, Chih-Wei,, Wang, Mao,, Wong, Natalie W. M., and Ho, Lawrence Ka-ki. ( 2021;), ‘ A whole-of-nation approach to COVID-19: Taiwan’s national epidemic prevention team. ’, International Political Science Review, 42:3, pp. 30015.
    [Google Scholar]
  31. Hsieh, Chin Ho. (謝金河) ( 2020;), ‘ Touxi Chen Shizhong xianxiang. ’ (‘ Analyzing the Chen Shizhong phenomenon. ’), Caixun, 31 March, https://www.wealth.com.tw/home/articles/25013. Accessed 13 July 2021.
    [Google Scholar]
  32. Hsu, Ya-mian. (許雅綿) ( 2020;), ‘ Kao Xiaobian Jianpan Zhiguo? Gongbumen Shequn Jingying de San Da Xingsi. ’ (‘ Governing through social media editors’ keyboards? Three thoughts on the public sector’s community management. ’), Yuanjian Zazhi, 7 May, https://www.gvm.com.tw/article/72596. Accessed 16 February 2022.
    [Google Scholar]
  33. Humprecht, Edda,, Esser, Frank, and Van Aelst, Peter. ( 2020;), ‘ Resilience to online disinformation: A framework for cross-national comparative research. ’, The International Journal of Press/Politics, 25:3, pp. 493516.
    [Google Scholar]
  34. Jenkins, Henry,, Ford, Sam, and Green, Joshua. ( 2013), Spreadable Media: Creating Value and Meaning in a Networked Culture, New York:: New York University Press;.
    [Google Scholar]
  35. Kemp, Simon. ( 2021;), ‘ Digital in Taiwan: All the statistics you need in 2021. ’, DataReportal: Global Digital Insights, 11 February, https://datareportal.com/reports/digital-2021-taiwan. Accessed 12 November 2021.
    [Google Scholar]
  36. Khoo, Hui-lu. ( 2019;), ‘ The dynamics of Southern Min in Taiwan: From Southern Min dialects to “Taigi”. ’, in C. Shei. (ed.), The Routledge Handbook of Chinese Discourse Analysis, London:: Routledge;, pp. 596610.
    [Google Scholar]
  37. Kinsella, Sharon. ( 1995;), ‘ Cuties in Japan. ’, in L. Skov, and B. Moeran. (eds), Women, Media and Consumption in Japan, Honolulu, HI:: University of Hawai’i Press;, pp. 22054.
    [Google Scholar]
  38. Kong, Dejun Tony,, Cooper, Cecily D., and Sosik, John J.. ( 2019;), ‘ The state of research on leader humor. ’, Organizational Psychology Review, 9:1, pp. 340.
    [Google Scholar]
  39. Kuipers, Giselinde. ( 2005;), ‘ “Where was King Kong when we needed him?” Public discourse, digital disaster jokes, and the functions of laughter after 9/11. ’, The Journal of American Culture, 28:1, pp. 7084.
    [Google Scholar]
  40. Li, Jenny. ( 2021;), ‘ #LetTaiwanHelp: What Taiwan’s hashtag diplomacy is about. ’, The News Lens International Edition, 29 April, https://international.thenewslens.com/article/150349. Accessed 23 June 2021.
    [Google Scholar]
  41. Lin, Ya-Ying. (林疋愔) ( 2021;), ‘ Zhonggong renzhizhan caozuo celüe yu wo guo yinying zuowei. ’ (‘ China’s cognitive warfare strategy and Taiwan’s countermeasures. ’), Guofang zazhi, 36:1, pp. 122.
    [Google Scholar]
  42. Liu, Zhi-xin. (劉致昕) ( 2021;), ‘ “Zhenxiang Zhizao” Shu Zhai: “Shengliang Jiu Shi Yiqie!”: Zhengfu Xiaobian de Jinhua Yu Ceyi de Jinji. ’ (‘ Book excerpt of “reality is business”: “Voice is everything!”: The evolution of government social media editors and flanking attacks. ’), Caishichang Zhengzhixue, 24 July, https://whogovernstw.org/2021/07/24/jsliu1/. Accessed 1 February 2022.
    [Google Scholar]
  43. Lo, Ming-Cheng M., and Hsieh, Hsin-Yi. ( 2020;), ‘ The “societalization” of pandemic unpreparedness: Lessons from Taiwan’s COVID response. ’, American Journal of Cultural Sociology, 8:3, pp. 384404.
    [Google Scholar]
  44. Maertens, Rakoen,, Roozenbeek, Jon,, Basol, Melisa, and van der Linden, Sander. ( 2021;), ‘ Long-term effectiveness of inoculation against misinformation: Three longitudinal experiments. ’, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 27:1, pp. 116.
    [Google Scholar]
  45. Milner, Ryan M.. ( 2016), The World Made Meme: Public Conversations and Participatory Media, Cambridge, MA:: MIT Press;.
    [Google Scholar]
  46. Muyard, Frank. ( 2015;), ‘ Voting shift in the November 2014 local elections in Taiwan. ’, China Perspectives, 2015:1, pp. 5561.
    [Google Scholar]
  47. National Development Council ( 2019), Survey on 2019 Individual/Household Digital Opportunity Survey in Taiwan Executive Summary, Taipei:: National Development Council;, November, https://ws.ndc.gov.tw/001/administrator/11/relfile/5813/33668/01760447-c67c-4e49-a263-38805ccb5291.pdf. Accessed 15 July 2021.
    [Google Scholar]
  48. Neylan, Julian. ( 2021;), ‘ The impact of online disinformation on democracy in Taiwan. ’, in Proceedings of the 54th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, Maui, HI, 5 January, Maui, HI:: University of Hawai’i;, pp. 258593.
    [Google Scholar]
  49. Norrick, Neal R.. ( 1993), Conversational Joking: Humor in Everyday Talk, Bloomington, IN:: Indiana University Press;.
    [Google Scholar]
  50. Quirk, Sean P.. ( 2021;), ‘ Lawfare in the disinformation age: Chinese interference in Taiwan’s 2020 elections. ’, Harvard International Law Journal, 62:2, pp. 52567.
    [Google Scholar]
  51. Robbins, Sam. ( 2021;), ‘ Fun politics and the politics of fun in Taiwan’s G0v Community. ’, Taiwan Insight, 20 May, https://taiwaninsight.org/2021/05/20/fun-politics-and-the-politics-of-fun-in-taiwans-g0v-community/. Accessed 24 June 2021.
    [Google Scholar]
  52. Schafferer, Christian. ( 1998;), ‘ The 1997 city mayor and county magistrate elections in Taiwan. ’, in C. Aspalter, and C. Schafferer. (eds), The 1997 Local Elections in Taiwan: Two Studies on the Campaign, Results, and Major Policy Issues, Bochum:: Ruhr-Universität;, pp. 744.
    [Google Scholar]
  53. Sebba-Elran, Tsafi. ( 2021;), ‘ A pandemic of jokes? The Israeli COVID-19 meme and the construction of a collective response to risk. ’, Humor: International Journal of Humor Research, 34:2, pp. 22957.
    [Google Scholar]
  54. Shifman, Limor. ( 2013), Memes in Digital Culture, Cambridge, MA:: MIT Press;.
    [Google Scholar]
  55. Silvio, Teri. ( 2019), Puppets, Gods, and Brands: Theorizing the Age of Animation from Taiwan, Honolulu, HI:: University of Hawai’i Press;.
    [Google Scholar]
  56. Steinmüller, Hans. ( 2011;), ‘ The state of irony in China. ’, Critique of Anthropology, 31:1, pp. 2142.
    [Google Scholar]
  57. Strick, Madelijn. ( 2021;), ‘ Funny and meaningful: Media messages that are humorous and moving provide optimal consolation in corona times. ’, Humor: International Journal of Humor Research, 34:2, pp. 15576.
    [Google Scholar]
  58. Sunstein, Cass R.. ( 2017), #Republic: Divided Democracy in the Age of Social Media, Princeton, NJ:: Princeton University Press;.
    [Google Scholar]
  59. Tang, Audrey. ( 2020;), ‘ The key to Taiwan’s pandemic success: Fast, fair … and fun. ’, Global Asia, 15:3, pp. 2325.
    [Google Scholar]
  60. Tang, Audrey. ( 2021;), ‘Zoom conversation with Audrey Tang, Taiwan’s digital minister. ’, SOAS Centre of Taiwan Studies Summer School, 29 June.
    [Google Scholar]
  61. Tang, Audrey, and Kloiber, Julia. ( 2019;), ‘ Digital social innovation. ’, Re:Publica 2019, Berlin, 8 May, https://19.re-publica.com/en/session/digital-social-innovation. Accessed 10 July 2021.
    [Google Scholar]
  62. Teng, Cathy. ( 2020;), ‘ Government goes viral: The rising star of social media editors. ’, Taiwan Panorama Magazine, September, http://www.taiwan-panorama.com/en-us/Articles/Details?Guid=d41cc671-3b62-40a5-868f-b265e53046d0. Accessed 5 February 2022.
    [Google Scholar]
  63. Ting, TJ. ( 2020;), ‘ Miyin zhi guo: Ni shi bu shi ye ba xiaobian de shouzhi, dangcheng buzhang de naozi?. ’ (‘ Governing with memes: Do you also take the social media editor’s fingers for the minister’s brain?. ’), The News Lens, 8 May, https://www.thenewslens.com/article/134789. Accessed 27 February 2022.
    [Google Scholar]
  64. Tsai, Ing-wen. ( 2020;), ‘ President of Taiwan: How my country prevented a major outbreak of COVID-19. ’, Time Magazine, 16 April, https://time.com/collection/finding-hope-coronavirus-pandemic/5820596/taiwan-coronavirus-lessons/. Accessed 15 January 2021.
    [Google Scholar]
  65. TVBS ( 2020;), ‘ Yiqing chongji! Cai Ingwen zui xin zhizheng manyidu chulu. ’ (‘ Epidemic shock! Tsai Ing-wen government’s newest satisfaction ratings released. ’), TVBS News, 26 March, https://news.tvbs.com.tw/politics/1299282. Accessed 12 July 2021.
    [Google Scholar]
  66. Vosoughi, Soroush,, Roy, Deb, and Aral, Sinan. ( 2018;), ‘ The spread of true and false news online. ’, Science, 359:6380, pp. 114651.
    [Google Scholar]
  67. Wei, Katherine. ( 2020;), ‘ Health minister gains fans even as Taiwan grapples with evacuation quandary, new coronavirus cases. ’, The Straits Times, 6 February, https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/east-asia/health-minister-gains-fans-even-as-taiwan-grapples-with-evacuation-quandary-new. Accessed 13 July 2021.
    [Google Scholar]
  68. Wiggins, Bradley E., and Bowers, G. Bret. ( 2015;), ‘ Memes as genre: A structurational analysis of the memescape. ’, New Media & Society, 17:11, pp. 1886906.
    [Google Scholar]
  69. Wilson, Ara. ( 2016;), ‘ The infrastructure of intimacy. ’, Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 41:2, pp. 24780.
    [Google Scholar]
  70. Woods, Heather Suzanne, and Hahner, Leslie Ann. ( 2019), Make America Meme Again: The Rhetoric of the Alt-Right, New York:: Peter Lang;.
    [Google Scholar]
  71. World Health Organization ( n.d.;), ‘ Infodemic. ’, https://www.who.int/westernpacific/health-topics/infodemic. Accessed 14 July 2021.
  72. Yueh, Hsin-I Sydney. ( 2016), Identity Politics and Popular Culture in Taiwan: A Sajiao Generation, Lanham, MD:: Lexington Books;.
    [Google Scholar]
  73. Yueh, Hsin-I Sydney. ( 2021;), ‘ President Tsai’s celebrity marketing. ’, Taiwan Insight, 29 November, https://taiwaninsight.org/2021/11/29/president-tsais-celebrity-marketing/. Accessed 13 December 2021.
    [Google Scholar]
  74. Žižek, Slavoj. ( 1989), The Sublime Object of Ideology, London:: Verso;.
    [Google Scholar]
  75. Tischer, Jacob F.. ( 2022;), ‘ Panmemic inoculation: How Taiwan is nerfing the pandemic with cute humour. ’, East Asian Journal of Popular Culture, 8:2, pp. 183204, https://doi.org/10.1386/eapc_00073_1
    [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/10.1386/eapc_00073_1
Loading
/content/journals/10.1386/eapc_00073_1
Loading

Data & Media loading...

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a success
Invalid data
An error occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error