Feedback: The impact of textual channel variance on student learning

The current study examined the impact of the medium and valence of feedback on student learning. Three textual media – handwritten, printed and computer-mediated – were employed as well as two forms of valence – positive and negative. Using a 3×2 factorial design a MANOVA was calculated to determine if there is a main effect for textual medium or valence, as well as if any interaction effect between the two variables existed. Such work parallels an earlier study by Edmund Carpenter and Marshall McLuhan. The results of this study are useful to better understand textual feedback and have pragmatic value.