The Paradise Theater (1941–1951): African American Movie Palaces and the 1943 Racial Uprising in Detroit

References

1. “ 200 Veterans Given Certificates by Chronicle-Paradise. .” Michigan Chronicle, 27 Apr. 1946, p. 16.
   [Google Scholar]
2. Allen, Robert.. “ Moviegoing in Early 20th-Century North Carolina. .” Documenting the American South, https://docsouth.unc.edu/highlights/moviegoing.html. Accessed Jan. 2021.
   [Google Scholar]
3. “ Armstrong Opener for Colored Vaude. .” The Billboard, 29 Nov. 1941, p. 21.
   [Google Scholar]
4. “ At Paradise. .” Detroit Tribune, 13 Apr. 1946, p. 12.
   [Google Scholar]
5. “ Barnet, Negro Bill Novelty for Detroit. .” The Billboard, 9 Jan. 1943, p. 19.
   [Google Scholar]
6. “ Basie’s 17G Tops for Detroit House. .” The Billboard, 5 Dec. 1942, p. 15.
   [Google Scholar]
7. Booking Contracts. Balaban and Katz Collection. Theater Historical Society of America;, 1936-1954.
   [Google Scholar]
8. “ The Boys Who Sell ’Em See Combos Hogging Theaters. .” The Billboard, 10 Aug. 1946, p. 39.
   [Google Scholar]
9. “ Cab Calloway and His Cotton Club Orchestra. .” Detroit Tribune, 5 Dec. 1942, p. 9.
   [Google Scholar]
10. Carbine, Mary.. “ The Finest Outside the Loop: Motion Picture Exhibition in Chicago’s Black Metropolis, 1905–1928. .” Camera Obscura, vol. 8, no. 2, 1990, pp. 8–41. doi: 10.1215/02705346-8-2_23. Accessed Jan. 2021.
    [Google Scholar]
11. “ Colored Names on the up in Detroit. .” The Billboard, 14 Nov. 1942, p. 18.
    [Google Scholar]
12. “ Colored Names Set for Detroit House. .” The Billboard, 13 Dec. 1941, p. 19.
    [Google Scholar]
13. “ Cosmopolitan Activities in Detroit. .” Detroit Free Press, 3 Jan. 1943, p. 8.
    [Google Scholar]
14. “ Detroit Downtown Biz in Unexpected Holiday Upswing. .” The Billboard, 29 Dec. 1945, p. 38.
    [Google Scholar]
15. “ Detroit House to Try Colored Shows. .” The Billboard, 5 Sept. 1942, p. 11.
    [Google Scholar]
16. “ Detroit’s Vaude Next Fall. .” Variety, 22 Apr. 1942, p. 45.
    [Google Scholar]
17. “ Earl ‘Father’ Hines to Open Show. .” Detroit Tribune, 31 Aug. 1946, p. 9.
    [Google Scholar]
18. “ Ellington Jazz to Be Broadcast. .” Detroit Free Press, 23 Jan. 1947, p. 14.
    [Google Scholar]
19. Erenberg, Lewis A.. Swingin’ the Dream: Big Band Jazz and the Rebirth of American Culture. University of Chicago Press;, 1999.
    [Google Scholar]
20. “ Erroll Garner Returns, This Time to Head Stage Bill at Paradise: Gene Ammons’ Band Savannah Churchill and Teddy Hale Add Sparkle to Gemlike Stage Fair. .” Michigan Chronicle, 11 Nov. 1950, p. 22.
    [Google Scholar]
21. “ Ethel Waters. .” Detroit Free Press, 25 Nov. ber 1943, p. 17.
    [Google Scholar]
22. The Film Daily Yearbook. . The Film Daily, 1 Jan. 1943, Media History Digital Library;, https://mediahistoryproject.org/.
    [Google Scholar]
23. The Film Daily Yearbook. . The Film Daily, 1 Jan. 1945, Media History Digital Library;, https://mediahistoryproject.org/.
    [Google Scholar]
24. The Film Daily Yearbook. . The Film Daily, 1 Jan. 1949, Media History Digital Library;, https://mediahistoryproject.org/.
    [Google Scholar]
25. “ Former Cleveland Minister Leads in Fight Against Restrictive Covenants. .” Cleveland Call and Post, 29 Mar. 1947, p. 14 A .
    [Google Scholar]
26. Gomery, Douglas.. Shared Pleasures: A History of Movie Presentation in the United States. The University of Wisconsin Press;, 1992.
    [Google Scholar]
27. “ Hines 16G in Det.: Colonial Still Off. .” The Billboard, 21 Mar. 1942, p. 19.
    [Google Scholar]
28. “ In Person Andy Kirk and His Clouds of Joy. .” Detroit News , 3 January 1942, p. 5, infoweb.newsbank.com/apps/news/documentview?p=WORLDNEWS&docref=image/v2%3A143B808DB2B45FAC%40WHNPX-1659E183D25DC23A%402430363-1658EB72E58C002B%404-1658EB72E58C002B%40. Accessed 24 May 2021.
29. “ Inside Stuff: Vaude-Nitery. .” Variety, 2 Dec. 1942, p. 44.
    [Google Scholar]
30. “ Jane Withers Pulls $28,500: Basie’s Ork Looks for $32,000. .” The Billboard, 17 Mar. 1945, p. 28.
    [Google Scholar]
31. “ Lack of Top Talent Shuts Paradise, Detroit, 8 Weeks. .” The Billboard, 1 Dec. 1945, p. 35.
    [Google Scholar]
32. Michigan Chronicle, 28 Oct. 1944, p. 16.
    [Google Scholar]
33. “ Motor City Easier Now. .” The Billboard, 12 Dec. 1943, pp. 23–26.
    [Google Scholar]
34. “ Movie Theaters in Detroit, MI. .” Cinema Treasures, http://cinematreasures.org/theaters/united-states/michigan/detroit. Accessed Jan. 2021.
    [Google Scholar]
35. “ NAACP Makes Plans for Anniversary Ball. .” Michigan Chronicle, 22 Jan. 1944, p. 2.
    [Google Scholar]
36. “ Paradise Opens Next Friday. .” Detroit Free Press, 22 Dec. 1941, p. 21.
    [Google Scholar]
37. “ Paradise Opens Season with Fast Musical. .” Detroit Free Press, 25 Sept. 1943, p. 8.
    [Google Scholar]
38. “ Paradise Parade of 1942. .” Detroit Free Press, 16 Feb. 1942, p. 11.
    [Google Scholar]
39. “ Paradise Plans Special Cancer Night Program. .” Detroit Free Press, 26 Apr. 1948, p. 17.
    [Google Scholar]
40. “ Paradise Will Sponsor Gala Amateur Night. .” Michigan Chronicle, 6 Apr. 1946, p. 17.
    [Google Scholar]
41. “ Plan Vet Program for the Paradise Monday, April 15. .” Michigan Chronicle, 6 Apr. 1946, p. 16.
    [Google Scholar]
42. Ricketson Jr, Frank H.. The Management of Motion Picture Theaters. McGraw-Hill;, 1938.
    [Google Scholar]
43. Semmes, Clovis E.. The Regal Theater and Black Culture. Palgrave Macmillan;, 2006.
    [Google Scholar]
44. “ Shaw’s Detroit Take One of 3 Best at House. .” The Billboard, 20 Jan. 1945, p. 26.
    [Google Scholar]
45. Smith, Eric Ledell.. African American Theater Buildings: An Illustrated Historical Directory. McFarland;, 2003.
    [Google Scholar]
46. Snelson, Tim.. “ ‘They’ll Be Dancing in the Aisles!’: Youth Audiences, Cinema Exhibition and the Mid-1930s Swing Boom. .” Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television, vol. 37, no. 3, 2017, pp. 455–474.
    [Google Scholar]
47. “ The Spectator. .” Michigan Chronicle, 28 Jan. 1950, p. 8.
    [Google Scholar]
48. “ Sponsor Benefit for Willa Mae Lane: Detroit Clubs Support Plans, Show Girl Blinded by Throwing of Lye. .” New York Amsterdam News, 17 Oct. 1942, p. 10.
    [Google Scholar]
49. “ Stars to Aid Dimes Drive. .” Detroit Free Press, 23 Jan. 1947, p. 14.
    [Google Scholar]
50. Stryker, Mark.. Destiny: 100 Years of Music, Magic, and Community at Orchestra Hall in Detroit. Detroit Symphony Orchestra;, 2019.
    [Google Scholar]
51. Sugrue, Thomas J.. The Origins of the Urban Crisis: Race and Inequality in Postwar Detroit. Princeton University Press;, 2014.
    [Google Scholar]
52. “ Three Sixes Technique. .” The Billboard, 3 July 1943, p. 14.
    [Google Scholar]
53. “ Town Talk. .” Michigan Chronicle, 22 May 1943, p. 18.
    [Google Scholar]
54. Waller, Gregory A.. Main Street Amusements: Movies and Commercial Entertainment in a Southern City, 1896-1930. Smithsonian Institution Press;, 1995.
    [Google Scholar]