Skip to content
1981
10th Anniversary Special Issue: ‘Queer Style and Porn Chic’
  • ISSN: 2050-0726
  • E-ISSN: 2050-0734

Abstract

This article is concerned with fragile masculinity and its tendency towards authoritarianism and violence by focusing on the characteristics of a specific social group/online community of men called incels (voluntary ibates). Incels are men who have no sexual encounters, blame women for their exclusion from sexual contact and create toxic online communities to share their violent and deadly misogyny. This article will detail their typical characteristics, including a discussion of their idealized body appearances. These toxic body politics are sampled by National Socialist aesthetics and charged with homoerotic looks and body styles. Like other right-wing groups, incels are driven by homophobia and racism. In their world-view, they also understand their own non-beauty-compliant appearance according to the mainstream normative of beauty as a reason for their sexlessness. The article focuses on the strategy of the misogynistic online community to achieve ‘looksmaxxing’ through cosmetic surgery. Their idealized body images sampled from various set pieces, from pop culture to Nazi chic, display consistent body ideals which feed on ancient mythologies.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1386/fspc_00142_1
2023-02-27
2026-02-09
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

References

  1. Adorno, Theodor W. (2003), Minima Moralia: Reflexionen aus dem beschädigten Leben, Frankfurt: Suhrkamp.
    [Google Scholar]
  2. Amidon, Kevin S. and Krier, Daniel A. (2009), ‘On rereading Klaus Theweleit’s male’, Men and Masculinities, 11:4, pp. 48896.
    [Google Scholar]
  3. Anon. (2014), ‘2014 Isla Vista killings’, Wikipedia, https://www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Isla_Vista_killings. Accessed 1 February 2022.
    [Google Scholar]
  4. Anon. (2020), ‘Der Anschlag von Halle’, bpb: Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung, 5 October, https://www.bpb.de/politik/hintergrund-aktuell/316638/der-anschlag-von-halle. Accessed 1 February 2022.
    [Google Scholar]
  5. Anon. (2021), ‘Plymouth shooting: Who were the victims?’, BBC News, 19 August, https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-58202760. Accessed 1 February 2022.
    [Google Scholar]
  6. Anon. (2022a), ‘Femoid’, Incelwiki, 5 April, https://incels.wiki/w/Femoid. Accessed 19 June 2022.
    [Google Scholar]
  7. Anon. (2022b), ‘Online forum’, Looksmax, 10 June, https://looksmax.org/threads/under-eye-area-and-under-chin-area-maxxing.514485/. Accessed 19 June 2022.
    [Google Scholar]
  8. Anon. (2022c), ‘GigaChads’, 13 May, https://incels.wiki/w/Gigachad. Accessed 19 June 2022.
  9. Anon. (2021d), ‘Online forum’, https://looksmax.org/threads/rate-me-ascend-me.519413/. Accessed 19 June 2022.
  10. Ayyadi, Kira (2018), ‘Incel: Der tödliche Wahn der Frauenhasser’, Belltower News: Netz für digitale Zivilgesellschaft, 11 May, https://www.belltower.news/incel-der-toedliche-wahn-der-frauenhasser-47732/. Accessed 1 February 2022.
    [Google Scholar]
  11. Bates, Laura (2020), Men Who Hate Women: From Incels to Pickup Artists, the Truth About Extreme Misogyny and How it Affects Us All, Naperville, IL: Sourcebooks.
    [Google Scholar]
  12. Big Mouth (2018–present, USA: Danger Goldberg Productions, Good at Bizness, Inc. and Fathouse Industries).
  13. Casciani, Donimic and De Simone, Daniel (2021), ‘Incels: A new terror threat to the UK?’, BBC News, 13 August, https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-58207064. Accessed 1 February 2022.
    [Google Scholar]
  14. Chapoutot, Johann ([2008] 2014), Der Nationalsozialismus und die Antike (Le national-socialisme et l’Antiquité), Darmstadt: WBG.
    [Google Scholar]
  15. Connell, Reawyn ([1995] 2005), Masculinities, Berkeley, CA and Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  16. Degele, Nina (2004), Sich schön machen: Zur Soziologie von Geschlecht und Schönheitshandeln, Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften.
    [Google Scholar]
  17. Dijkstra, Bram (1999), Das Böse ist eine Frau: Männliche Gewaltphantasien und die Angst vor der weiblichen Sexualität, Reinbek: Rowohlt.
    [Google Scholar]
  18. Duribe, Jazmine (2019), ‘The “clitoris has 8000 nerve endings” is the most savage meme of 2019’, PopBuzz, 28 January, www.popbuzz.com/internet/viral/clitoris-has-8-000-nerve-endings-meme/. Accessed 1 February 2022.
    [Google Scholar]
  19. Gaugele, Elke and Held, Sarah (2021), ‘Rechte Angriffe, Toxische Effekte, neue Unübersichtlichkeiten’, in E. Gaugele and S. Held (eds), Rechte Angriffe: Toxische Effekte: Umformierungen extrem Rechter in Mode, Feminismus und Popkultur, Bielefeld: Transcript, pp. 1137.
    [Google Scholar]
  20. Graf, Eva Theresa and Schiefeneder, Franziska (2020), ‘Propaganda für einen “gesunden Volkskörper” im Nationalsozialismus’, in D. Reifegerste and C. Sammer (eds), Gesundheitskommunikation und Geschichte: Interdisziplinäre Perspektiven, Stuttgart: Deutsche Gesellschaft für Publizistik- und Kommunikationswissenschaft e.V., pp. 123, https://doi.org/10.21241/ssoar.70274. Accessed 1 February 2022.
    [Google Scholar]
  21. Halpin, Michael (2021), ‘Incels are surprisingly diverse but united by hate’, The Conversation, 7 July, https://theconversation.com/incels-are-surprisingly-diverse-but-united-by-hate-163414. Accessed 1 February 2022.
    [Google Scholar]
  22. Held, Sarah (2021a), ‘Frauenhass: Fremdenangst, Gewaltformen von Incels und pseudofeministische Strategien Rechtsextremer aus affekttheoretischer Perspektive’, in E. Gaugele and S. Held (eds), Rechte Angriffe: Toxische Effekte: Umformierungen extrem Rechter in Mode, Feminismus und Popkultur, Bielefeld: Transcript, pp. 17798.
    [Google Scholar]
  23. Held, Sarah (2021b), ‘Feldbericht: Nazi-Reenactment: Vom Kriegspielen und autoritären Ermächtigungsfantasien’, in E. Gaugele and S. Held (eds), Rechte Angriffe: Toxische Effekte: Umformierungen extrem Rechter in Mode, Feminismus und Popkultur, Bielefeld: Transcript, pp. 21526.
    [Google Scholar]
  24. Hines, Alice (2019), ‘How many bones would you break to get laid? “Incels” are going under the knife to reshape their faces, and their dating prospects’, The Cut, 28 May, https://www.thecut.com/2019/05/incel-plastic-surgery.html. Accessed 1 February 2022.
    [Google Scholar]
  25. hooks, bell (2004), The Will to Change: Men Masculinity, and Love, New York: Washington Square Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  26. Jäckel, Julia, Pfeiffer, Zara S., Sanitter, Nadine, Steckert, Ralf and Villa, Paula-Irene (2012), ‘Banale Kämpfe: Perspektiven auf Popkultur und Geschlecht: Eine Einleitung’, in P.-I. Villa, J. Jäckel, Z. Pfeiffer, N. Sanitter and R. Steckert (eds), Banale Kämpfe: Perspektiven auf Popkultur und Geschlecht, Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, pp. 722.
    [Google Scholar]
  27. Jazo, Jelena (2017), Postnazismus und Populärkultur: Das Nachleben faschistoider ästhetik in Bilder der Gegenwart, Bielefeld: Transcript.
    [Google Scholar]
  28. Jazo, Jelena (2021), ‘Hitler-Memes, Nazi-Ponys und Fashwave: NS-ästhetik in Internetbildern’, in E. Gaugele and S. Held (eds), Rechte Angriffe: Toxische Effekte: Umformierungen extrem Rechter in Mode, Feminismus und Popkultur, Bielefeld: Transcript, pp. 22742.
    [Google Scholar]
  29. Kaiser, Susanne (2020), Politische Männlichkeit: Wie Incels, Fundamentalisten und Autoritäre für das Patriarchat mobilmachen, Frankfurt: Suhrkamp.
    [Google Scholar]
  30. Kassam, Ashifa (2018), ‘Woman behind “incel” says angry men hijacked her word “as a weapon of war”’, The Guardian, 26 April, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/apr/25/woman-who-invented-incel-movement-interview-toronto-attack. Accessed 1 February 2022.
    [Google Scholar]
  31. Love Not Anger (2019), ‘Home page’, https://www.lovenotanger.org/about/. Accessed 1 February 2022.
  32. Miller, Janice (2019), ‘Manscaping and after: Power, parody and the hairy chest’, Fashion Theory, 22:6, pp. 64155, https://doi.org/10.1080/1362704X.2018.1533341. Accessed 1 February 2022.
    [Google Scholar]
  33. Nagle, Angela (2017), Kill All Normies: Online Culture Wars from 4Chan and Tumblr to Trump and the Alt-Right, e-book ed., New Alresford: Zero Books.
    [Google Scholar]
  34. Riefenstahl, Leni (1938), Olympia: Fest der Völker, Germany: Anon.
    [Google Scholar]
  35. Robinson, Sally (2006), Marked Men: White Masculinity in Crisis, New York: Columbia Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  36. Schiele, Katharina (2019), ‘Halle reiht sich in die Serie frauenfeindlicher Attentate ein’, Panorama, 31 October, https://daserste.ndr.de/panorama/archiv/2019/Halle-reiht-sich-in-die-Serie-frauenfeindlicher-Attentate-ein,frauenhass120.html. Accessed 1 February 2022.
    [Google Scholar]
  37. Schlegel, Linda (2020), ‘The cultivated extremist? How the Identitarian Movement frames its ideology’, Global Network on Extremism and Technology, 17 July, https://gnet-research.org/2020/07/17/the-cultivated-extremist-how-the-identitarian-movement-frames-its-ideology/. Accessed 1 February 2022.
    [Google Scholar]
  38. Schmid, Lea, Diamond, Darla and Pflaster, Petra (2017), Lookismus: Normierte Körper, Diskriminierende Mechanismen, (Self-)Empowerment, Münster: Unrast.
    [Google Scholar]
  39. Segal, Lynne (2006), Slow Motion: Changing Masculinities, Changing Men, New York: Springer.
    [Google Scholar]
  40. Sex Education (2019–present, UK: Eleven Film).
    [Google Scholar]
  41. Solomon-Godeau, Abigail (1997), Male Trouble: A Crisis in Representation, London: Thames and Hudson.
    [Google Scholar]
  42. Speit, Andreas and Baeck, Jean-Phillip (2020), Rechte Egoshooter: Von der virtuellen Hetze zum Livestream-Attentat, Berlin: Christoph Links Verlag GmbH.
    [Google Scholar]
  43. Stiglegger, Marcus (2011), Nazi-Chic und Nazi-Trash: Faschistische ästhetik in der populären Kultur, Berlin: Bertz + Fischer.
    [Google Scholar]
  44. Strobl, Natascha (2021), Radikalisierter Konservatismus: Eine Analyse, Frankfurt: Suhrkamp.
    [Google Scholar]
  45. Theweleit, Klaus (2014), Das Lachen der Täter: Breivik u.a. Psychogramm der Tötungslust, Salzburg: Residenz.
    [Google Scholar]
  46. Theweleit, Klaus ([1977] 2019), Männerphantasien: 1. Frauen, Fluten, Körper, Geschichte. 2. Männerkörper. Zur Psychoanalyse des weißen Terrors, Berlin: Matthes & Seitz.
    [Google Scholar]
  47. Thorleifson, Cathrine (2021), ‘From cyberfascism to terrorism: On 4chan/pol/culture and the transnational production of memetic violence’, Nations and Nationalism, 28:1, pp. 116, https://doi.org/10.1111/nana.12780. Accessed 1 February 2022.
    [Google Scholar]
  48. Held, Sarah (2023), ‘incels://cheeks/jaws: On fragile masculinity, fatal body ideals, homophobic homoeroticism and National Socialist aesthetics revisited’, Fashion, Style & Popular Culture, Special Issue: ‘Queer Style and Porn Chic’, 10:1&2, pp. 4766, https://doi.org/10.1386/fspc_00142_1
    [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/10.1386/fspc_00142_1
Loading
/content/journals/10.1386/fspc_00142_1
Loading

Data & Media loading...

  • Article Type: Article
Keyword(s): body politics; femicides; fragile masculinity; incels; misogyny; NS aesthetics
This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a success
Invalid data
An error occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error
Please enter a valid_number test