Skip to content
1981
Volume 16, Issue 2
  • ISSN: 2040-3275
  • E-ISSN: 2040-3283

Abstract

is a found footage horror web series that pioneered media adaptations of the Slender Man online folklore. The series dramatizes psychological trauma through both its narrative and its engagement with digital culture. Characters experience and recall trauma via recording devices and online networks, mirroring the alienation of the Digital Age. The Slender Man’s role in the series evokes real-life trauma descriptions – as an unsettling mental absence paired with an inexpressible presence – highlighted by characters’ inability to discuss or document him despite constant threats. The active, subjective camera gaze intensifies this psychic ambiguity, reflecting metatextual uncertainty and paratextual framing. Furthermore, explores how the internet facilitates traumatic experiences and their circulation: originating on a message board and propagating through YouTube and social media, it embeds the viewer’s own interface in the narrative. Slender Man thus serves as an allegory for online-perpetuated trauma, including cyberbullying, alienation and radicalization, implicating audience complicity.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1386/host_00101_1
2025-10-31
2026-04-16

Metrics

Loading full text...

Full text loading...

References

  1. Alava, Séraphin, Frau-Meigs, Divina and Hassan, Ghayda (2017), Youth and Violent Extremism on Social Media: Mapping the Research, Paris: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation.
    [Google Scholar]
  2. American Psychiatric Association (2013), Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: DSM-5, Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association.
    [Google Scholar]
  3. Aronson, Elliot, Wilson, Timothy D., Akert, Robin M. and Sommers, Samuel R. (2015), Social Psychology, London: Pearson.
    [Google Scholar]
  4. Bloom, Sandra L. (1999), ‘Trauma theory abbreviated’, Community Works, 1 October, https://strengthcounselling.ca/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/trauma-theory-abbreviated.pdf. Accessed 28 July 2025.
  5. Burger, Christoph and Bachmann, Lea (2021), ‘Perpetration and victimization in offline and cyber contexts: A variable- and person-oriented examination of associations and differences regarding domain-specific self-esteem and school adjustment’, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18:19, https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph181910429.
    [Google Scholar]
  6. Caruth, Cathy (1995), Trauma: Explorations in Memory, Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  7. Chess, Shira (2012), ‘Open-sourcing horror: The Slender Man, Marble Hornets, and genre negotiations’, Information, Communication & Society, 15:3, pp. 37493, https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118x.2011.642889.
    [Google Scholar]
  8. Crossley, James (2021), ‘The apocalypse and political discourse in an age of COVID’, Journal for the Study of the New Testament, 44:1, pp. 93111, https://doi.org/10.1177/0142064x211025464.
    [Google Scholar]
  9. Daniel, Adam (2016), ‘“Always watching”: The interface of horror and digital cinema in Marble Hornets’, Global Media Journal: Australian Edition, 10:1, https://www.hca.westernsydney.edu.au/gmjau/?p=2310. Accessed 28 July 2025.
    [Google Scholar]
  10. Diomidous, Marianna, Chardalias, Kostis, Magita, Adrianna, Koutonius, Panagiotis, Panagiotopoulou, Paraskevi and Mantas, John (2016), ‘Social and psychological effects of the internet use’, Acta Informatica Medica, 24:1, pp. 6668, https://doi.org/10.5455/aim.2016.24.66-69.
    [Google Scholar]
  11. Doyne, Shannon (2014), ‘What are your experiences with internet-based urban legends?’, New York Times, 9 June, https://archive.nytimes.com/learning.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/06/09/what-are-your-experiences-with-internet-based-urban-legends/. Accessed 29 July 2025.
    [Google Scholar]
  12. Ebert, Roger (@ebertchicago) (2009), ‘“Marble Hornet”, a YouTube serial…’, Twitter, 7 November, https://twitter.com/ebertchicago/status/5495205792. Accessed 29 July 2025.
  13. Gent, Edd (2019), ‘The plight of Japan’s modern hermits’, BBC News, 29 January, https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20190129-the-plight-of-japans-modern-hermits. Accessed 29 July 2025.
  14. Heller-Nicholas, Alexandra (2014a), Found Footage Horror Films: Fear and the Appearance of Reality, Jefferson, NC: McFarland and Company.
    [Google Scholar]
  15. Heller-Nicholas, Alexandra (2014b), ‘Found footage #2: Textures of silence and decay: Marble Hornets and the haunted archive’, Bright Lights Film Journal, 15 May, https://brightlightsfilm.com/found-footage-2-textures-silence-decay-marble-hornets-haunted-archive/#.X-QBmBZS8aE. Accessed 29 July 2025.
    [Google Scholar]
  16. Herman, Judith Lewis (1992), Trauma and Recovery: The Aftermath of Violence – From Domestic Abuse to Political Terror, New York: Basic Books.
    [Google Scholar]
  17. Kaplan, E. Ann (2008), ‘Global trauma and public feelings: Viewing images of catastrophe’, Consumption Markets & Culture, 11:1, pp. 324, https://doi.org/10.1080/10253860701799918.
    [Google Scholar]
  18. Karen-Marie, Yust (2014), ‘Digital power: Exploring the effects of social media on children’s spirituality’, International Journal of Children’s Spirituality, 19:2, pp. 13343, https://doi.org/10.1080/1364436X.2014.924908.
    [Google Scholar]
  19. Kato, Takahiro A., Sartorius, Norman and Shinfuku, Naotaka (2020), ‘Forced social isolation due to COVID-19 and consequent mental health problems: Lessons from Hikikomori’, Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 74:9, pp. 50607, https://doi.org/10.1111/pcn.13112.
    [Google Scholar]
  20. Le Bon, Gustave (1986), The Crowd: A Study of the Popular Mind, New York: Macmillan.
    [Google Scholar]
  21. ‘Marble Hornets’ (2014), YouTube, 21 June, https://www.youtube.com/@MarbleHornets/,introductionandentries#1-87. Accessed 28 July 2025.
  22. Marble Hornets (@marblehornets) (2021), ‘Received this text message from an unknown number’, Twitter, 27 June, https://twitter.com/marblehornets/status/1408928201057968130. Accessed 29 June 2025.
  23. Myrick, Daniel and Sánchez, Eduardo (1999), The Blair Witch Project, USA: Artisan Entertainment.
    [Google Scholar]
  24. Newton, Casey (2019), ‘The trauma floor: The secret lives of Facebook moderators in America’, The Verge, 25 February, https://www.theverge.com/2019/2/25/18229714/cognizant-facebook-content-moderator-interviews-trauma-working-conditions-arizona. Accessed 29 July 2025.
  25. Peli, Oren (2009), Paranormal Activity, USA: Paramount Pictures.
    [Google Scholar]
  26. Prensky, Marc (2001), ‘Digital natives, digital immigrants part 1’, On the Horizon, 9:5, https://doi.org/10.1108/10748120110424816.
    [Google Scholar]
  27. Ramdhonee, Karishma, S. (n.d.), ‘Psychological impact of internet usage on children/adolescents’, Ministry of Gender Equality, Child Develpment and Family Welfare, https://web.archive.org/web/20170329122208/http://www.govmu.org:80/portal/sites/cert/sid2012/Psychological%20Impact%20of%20Internet%20usage%20on%20Children.pdf. Accessed 30 July 2025.
  28. Rees, Gavin (2017), ‘Handling traumatic imagery: Developing a standard operating procedure’, Dart Center for Journalism & Trauma, 4 April, https://gcjt.org/resources/handling-traumatic-imagery-developing-standard-operating-procedure. Accessed 29 July 2025.
  29. Reeves, Matt (2008), Cloverfield, USA: Paramount Pictures.
    [Google Scholar]
  30. Roy, Jessica (2014), ‘Behind creepypasta, the internet community that allegedly spread a killer meme’, Time, 3 June, https://time.com/2818192/creepypasta-copypasta-slender-man/. Accessed 29 July 2025.
  31. Smith, Peter K., Mahdavi, Jess, Carvalho, Manuel, Fisher, Sonja, Russell, Shanette and Tippett, Neil (2008), ‘Cyberbullying: Its nature and impact in secondary school pupils’, The Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 49:4, pp. 37685, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2007.01846.x.
    [Google Scholar]
  32. Something Awful (2009), ‘Create paranormal images’, 1 May, https://forums.somethingawful.com/showthread.php?threadid=3150591. Accessed 29 July 2025.
  33. Suler, John (2004), ‘The online disinhibition effect’, Cyberpsychology & Behavior, 7:3, pp. 32126, https://doi.org/10.1089/1094931041291295.
    [Google Scholar]
  34. ‘totheark’ (2014), YouTube, 21 February, https://www.youtube.com/@totheark/. Accessed 29 July 2025.
  35. Turner, Peter (2019), Found Footage Horror Films: A Cognitive Approach, New York: Routledge.
    [Google Scholar]
  36. Wayne, Teddy (2016), ‘The trauma of violent news on the internet’, New York Times, 10 September, https://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/11/fashion/the-trauma-of-violent-news-on-the-internet.html. Accessed 28 July 2025.
  37. Zielenziger, Michael (2007), Shutting Out the Sun: How Japan Created Its Own Lost Generation, New York: Vintage Books.
    [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/10.1386/host_00101_1
Loading
This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a success
Invalid data
An error occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error
Please enter a valid_number test