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This paper examines the magnitude and consequences of children's placements in institutions and disappearances during the dictatorship of Francisco Franco. The article analyses the nature of these disappearances, arguing that their origins were to be found in the regeneration of the Spanish race as defined by Antonio Vallejo Ngera. The article explores the different strategies implemented by the Francoist state and the Falange in order to ensure the annihilation of dissidence in the immediate postwar period, and to consolidate the dominance of the State the victors by segregating, institutionalising and re-educating the children of the vanquished of the Spanish Civil War.