Skip to content
1981
Enhancing a Sustainable Future with Music in Early Childhood ECME 2024
  • ISSN: 2516-1989
  • E-ISSN: 2516-1997

Abstract

This comprehensive review explores AI’s transformative potential in assisting parent–infant musical interactions, a critical component of early child development. The article explored multifaceted applications of AI within this domain, including personalized music recommendations, interactive learning platforms and dynamic assessment tools. It shows how AI can enable emotional bonding, optimize the musical environment and help understand infants’ developmental needs. However, the review also recognizes the ethical challenges and potential risks associated with AI integration, such as the potential for reduced authentic interaction, algorithmic biases and data security issues. Mitigating these challenges requires strong ethical frameworks and regulatory mechanisms around data ownership, algorithmic fairness and product safety. Ultimately, AI’s role in early childhood music education needs to be rigorously bounded: its technical functions (e.g. real-time feedback, content curation) should support, not overshadow, the irreplaceable human capacity for emotional attunement. Thus, ethical AI design should demarcate its operational scope to avoid conflating technical efficiency with emotional intimacy.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1386/ijmec_00078_1
2025-11-15
2026-04-11

Metrics

Loading full text...

Full text loading...

References

  1. Al-Kfairy, M., Mustafa, D., Kshetri, N., Insiew, M. and Alfandi, O. (2024), ‘Ethical challenges and solutions of generative AI: An interdisciplinary perspective’, Informatics, 11:3, p. 58, https://doi.org/10.3390/informatics11030058.
    [Google Scholar]
  2. Ananny, M. (2022), ‘Seeing like an algorithmic error: What are algorithmic mistakes, why do they matter, and how might they be public problems?’, Yale Journal of Law & Technology, 24, pp. 34764, https://yjolt.org/seeing-algorithmic-error-what-are-algorithmic-mistakes-why-do-they-matter-how-might-they-be-public. Accessed 2 August 2025.
    [Google Scholar]
  3. Anon. (2024), ‘NIH funds study to monitor infant sleep patterns and health using wearable tech’, Sleep Review, 28 October, https://sleepreviewmag.com/practice-management/money/grants/nih-funds-study-monitor-infant-sleep-patterns-health-using-wearable-tech/. Accessed 15 December 2024.
    [Google Scholar]
  4. Babu, T., Nair, R. R. and Geetha, A. (2023), ‘Emotion-aware music recommendation system: Enhancing user experience through real-time emotional context’, arXiv, 17 November, https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2311.10796.
  5. Beneteau, E., Boone, A., Wu, Y., Kientz, J. A., Yip, J. C. and Hiniker, A. (2020), ‘Parenting with Alexa: Exploring the introduction of smart speakers on family dynamics’, Proceedings of the 2020 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI ’20), Honolulu, HI, USA, 25–30 April, New York: Association for Computing Machinery, pp. 113.
    [Google Scholar]
  6. Bernier, A., Carlson, S. and Whipple, N. (2010), ‘From external regulation to self-regulation: Early parenting precursors of young children’s executive functioning’, Child Development, 81:1, pp. 32639, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2009.01397.x.
    [Google Scholar]
  7. Botha, N. N., Segbedzi, C. E., Dumahasi, V. K., Maneen, S., Kodom, R. V., Tsedze, I. S., Akoto, L. A., Atsu, F. S., Lasim, O. U. and Ansah, E. W. (2024), ‘Artificial intelligence in healthcare: A scoping review of perceived threats to patient rights and safety’, Archives of Public Health, 82:1, https://doi.org/10.1186/s13690-024-01414-1.
    [Google Scholar]
  8. Chaturvedi, V., Kaur, A., Varshney, V., Garg, A., Chhabra, G. and Kumar, M. (2021), ‘Music mood and human emotion recognition based on physiological signals: A systematic review’, Multimedia Systems, 28, pp. 2144, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00530-021-00786-6.
    [Google Scholar]
  9. Chen, C., Tang, Y., Xie, T. and Druga, S. (2019), ‘The Humming Box: AI-powered tangible music toy for children’, Extended Abstracts of the Annual Symposium on Computer-Human Interaction in Play Companion Extended Abstracts, pp. 8795, https://doi.org/10.1145/3341215.3356990.
    [Google Scholar]
  10. Chen, B., Huang, L. and Kurosu, M. (2022), ‘A systematic review of multimodal interaction in artificial intelligent systems supporting children to learn music’, in J. Abdelnour-Nocera, P. Campos, T. Clemmensen, A. Lopes and T. Ørngreen (eds), Human-Computer Interaction. Theoretical Approaches and Design Methods, virtual event, 26 June–1 July, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 54557, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-05311-5_38.
    [Google Scholar]
  11. Cirelli, L. K., Trehub, S. E. and Trainor, L. J. (2018), ‘Rhythm and melody as social signals for infants’, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1423:1, pp. 6672, https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.13580.
    [Google Scholar]
  12. Cirelli, L. K., Jurewicz, Z. B. and Trehub, S. E. (2020), ‘Effects of maternal singing style on mother-infant arousal and behavior’, Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 32:7, pp. 121320, https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_01402.
    [Google Scholar]
  13. Dange, V. and Bhosale, T. (2022), ‘Automatic detection of baby cry using machine learning with self-learning music player system for soothing’, International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology, 10:4, pp. 154146, https://doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.41433.
    [Google Scholar]
  14. Dignum, V., Penagos, M., Pigmans, K. and Vosloo, S. (2021), Policy Guidance on AI for Children, New York: United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), https://www.unicef.org/innocenti/reports/policy-guidance-ai-children. Accessed 4 November 2025.
    [Google Scholar]
  15. Doğdu, C., Kessler, T., Schneider, D., Shadaydeh, M. and Schweinberger, S. (2022), ‘A comparison of machine learning algorithms and feature sets for automatic vocal emotion recognition in speech’, Sensors, 22:19, https://doi.org/10.3390/s22197561.
    [Google Scholar]
  16. Dwi, M. and Hidayatullah, A. (2024), ‘Exploring AI’s role in supporting diversity and inclusion initiatives in multicultural marketplaces’, International Journal of Religion, 5:10, pp. 554982, https://doi.org/10.61707/apmwg008.
    [Google Scholar]
  17. Edu, J., Ferrer-Aran, X., Such, J. and Suarez-Tangil, G. (2021), ‘SkillVet: Automated traceability analysis of Amazon Alexa skills’, IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing, 20, pp. 16175, https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2103.02637.
    [Google Scholar]
  18. Erickson, N., Julian, M. and Muzik, M. (2019), ‘Perinatal depression, PTSD, and trauma: Impact on mother–infant attachment and interventions to mitigate the transmission of risk’, International Review of Psychiatry, 31:3, pp. 24563, https://doi.org/10.1080/09540261.2018.1563529.
    [Google Scholar]
  19. Feldman, R. (2007), ‘Parent-infant synchrony and the construction of shared timing: Physiological precursors, developmental outcomes, and risk conditions’, Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines, 48:3–4, pp. 32954, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2006.01701.x.
    [Google Scholar]
  20. Feldman, R. (2012), ‘Oxytocin and social affiliation in humans’, Hormones and Behavior, 61:3, pp. 38091, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yhbeh.2012.01.008.
    [Google Scholar]
  21. Fitzgerald, H. E. and Barton, L. R. (2000), ‘History of infant mental health: Origins and emergence of an interdisciplinary field’, in J. D. Osofsky and H. E. Fitzgerald (eds), WAIMH Handbook of Infant Mental Health, New York: John Wiley & Sons.
    [Google Scholar]
  22. Fulmer, R. and Zhai, Y. (2024), ‘Artificial intelligence in human growth and development: Applications through the lifespan’, The Family Journal, 33:1, pp. 513, https://doi.org/10.1177/10664807241282331.
    [Google Scholar]
  23. Gao, F., Ge, X., Li, J., Fan, Y., Li, Y. and Zhao, R. (2024), ‘Intelligent cockpits for connected vehicles: Taxonomy, architecture, interaction technologies, and future directions’, Sensors (Basel, Switzerland), 24:16, https://doi.org/10.3390/s24165172.
    [Google Scholar]
  24. Google (2024), ‘Motion sense on Nest Hub‘, Google Nest Help, 22 December, https://support.google.com/googlenest/answer/10388741?hl=en-GB&sjid=15116187368106015664-NC. Accessed 10 December 2024.
  25. Gros-Louis, J., West, M. J., Goldstein, M. H. and King, A. P. (2006), ‘Mothers provide differential feedback to infants’ prelinguistic sounds’, International Journal of Behavioral Development, 30:6, pp. 50916, https://doi.org/10.1177/0165025406071914.
    [Google Scholar]
  26. Howe, W. and Yampolskiy, R. V. (2021), ‘Impossibility of unambiguous communication as a source of failure in AI systems’, Johns Hopkins University and University of Louisville, December, https://aisecure.cispa.saarland/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/Howe-AISec21.pdf. Accessed 14 December 2024.
  27. Ilari, B. (2018), ‘Musical parenting and music education: Integrating research and practice’, Update: Applications of Research in Music Education, 36:2, pp. 4552, https://doi.org/10.1177/8755123317717053.
    [Google Scholar]
  28. Jabbar, W. A., Kian, T. K., Ramli, R. M., Zubir, S. N., Zamrizaman, N. S. M., Balfaqih, M., Shepelev, V. and Alharbi, S. (2019), ‘Design and fabrication of smart home with Internet of Things enabled automation system’, IEEE Access, 7, pp. 14405974, https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2942846.
    [Google Scholar]
  29. Javed, Y., Sethi, S. and Jadoun, A. (2019), ‘Alexa’s voice recording behavior: A survey of user understanding and awareness’, Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Availability, Reliability and Security, Canterbury, 26–29 August, New York: Association for Computing Machinery, https://doi.org/10.1145/3339252.3340330.
    [Google Scholar]
  30. Jiang, J. (2022), ‘Using pitch feature matching to design a music tutoring system based on deep learning’, Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience, 1, https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/4520953.
    [Google Scholar]
  31. Kanders, K., Stepple-Harris, L., Smith, L. and Gibson, J. L. (2024), ‘Perspectives on the impact of generative AI on early-childhood development and education’, Infant and Child Development, 33:4, https://doi.org/10.1002/icd.2514.
    [Google Scholar]
  32. Kewalramani, S., Kidman, G. and Palaiologou, L. (2021), ‘Using artificial intelligence (AI)-interfaced robotic toys in early childhood settings: A case for children’s inquiry literacy’, European Early Childhood Education Research Journal, 29, pp. 65268, https://doi.org/10.1080/1350293X.2021.1968458.
    [Google Scholar]
  33. Lai, V., Zhang, Y., Chen, C., Liao, Q. and Tan, C. (2023), ‘Selective explanations: Leveraging human input to align explainable AI’, Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction, 7:CSCW2, https://doi.org/10.1145/3610206.
    [Google Scholar]
  34. Lau, J., Zimmerman, B. and Schaub, F. (2018), ‘Alexa, are you listening?’, Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction, 2:CSCW, pp. 131, https://doi.org/10.1145/3274371.
    [Google Scholar]
  35. Lee, B., Park, D., Yoon, J. and Kim, J. (2023), ‘Better data from AI users: A field experiment on the impacts of robot self-disclosure on the utterance of child users in home environments’, Sensors, 23:6, https://doi.org/10.3390/s23063026.
    [Google Scholar]
  36. Leong, Y. M., Lim, E. H. and Lim, L. K. (2023), ‘A review of potential AI-based automation for IoT-enabled smart homes’, 2023 IEEE 13th International Conference on System Engineering and Technology (ICSET), Selangor, Malaysia, 11–12 December, Piscataway, NJ: IEEE, https://doi.org/10.1109/ICSET59111.2023.10295156.
    [Google Scholar]
  37. de l’Etoile, S. K. (2006), ‘Infant behavioral responses to infant-directed singing and other maternal interactions’, Infant Behavior and Development, 29:3, pp. 45670, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infbeh.2006.03.002.
    [Google Scholar]
  38. Li, L., Liu, J., Zhang, W., Tan, S. and Liu, Y. (2024), ‘Personalized music recommendation based on knowledge graphs and social circles’, 2024 43rd Chinese Control Conference (CCC), Dalian, China, 19–21 July, Piscataway, NJ: IEEE.
    [Google Scholar]
  39. Little, H. (2023), ‘Tonies Toniebox review: Screen-free goodness’, Natural Beauty with Baby, 7 May, https://www.naturalbeautywithbaby.com/2023/05/07/tonies-toniebox-review-screen-free-goodness/. Accessed 30 November 2024.
  40. Liu, J., Kong, X., Xia, F., Bai, X., Wang, L., Qing, Q. and Lee, I. (2018), ‘Artificial intelligence in the 21st century’, IEEE Access, 6, pp. 3440321, https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2018.2819688.
    [Google Scholar]
  41. Luo, W., He, H., Gao, M. and Li, H. (2024), ‘Safety, identity, attitude, cognition, and capability: The “SIACC” framework of early childhood AI literacy’, Education Sciences, 14:8, https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci14080871.
    [Google Scholar]
  42. Lutz, R. (2023), ‘Fairlearn: Assessing and improving fairness of AI systems’, arXiv, 7 August, https://arxiv.org/abs/2308.04162. Accessed 16 December 2023.
  43. Malloch, S. and Trevarthen, C. (2009), Communicative Musicality: Exploring the Basis of Human Companionship, New York: Oxford University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  44. Markova, G., Nguyen, T. and Hoehl, S. (2019), ‘Neurobehavioral interpersonal synchrony in early development: The role of interactional rhythms’, Frontiers in Psychology, 10, https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02078.
    [Google Scholar]
  45. Martineau, K. (2022), ‘What is federated learning?’, IBM Research, 24 August, https://research.ibm.com/blog/what-is-federated-learning. Accessed 28 December 2024.
  46. Mascheroni, G. (2024), ‘A new family member or just another digital interface? Smart speakers in the lives of families with young children’, Human-Machine Communication, 7, pp. 4563, https://doi.org/10.30658/hmc.7.3.
    [Google Scholar]
  47. Matchton, J. (2024), ‘Raised by machines: Children’s collection of information as a catalyst for the creation of AI complaisant consumers’, Family Court Review, 62:3, pp. 71630, https://doi.org/10.1111/fcre.12813.
    [Google Scholar]
  48. Miao, D., Lee, R., Shen, F., Sun, A., Cheng, M., Ho, M., Fang, M., Hu, H. and Fang, C. (2023), ‘Formulating emotion graphs through the lens of advanced AI models’, 2023 IEEE 14th Annual Ubiquitous Computing, Electronics & Mobile Communication Conference (UNMCON), New York, 12–14 October, Piscataway, NJ: IEEE, pp. 48794.
    [Google Scholar]
  49. Molloy, S. (2024), ‘“Touch it”: Creepy thing home assistant told child, exposing the risks of AI technology’, News.com.au, 11 July, https://www.news.com.au/lifestyle/parenting/kids/touch-it-creepy-thing-home-assistant-told-child-exposing-the-risks-of-ai-technology/news-story/95f3086dd127c9ca6339c29a81e87329. Accessed 28 December 2024.
    [Google Scholar]
  50. Montecchio, N., Roy, P., Pachet, F. and Zhao, J. (2020), ‘The skipping behavior of users of music streaming services and its relation to musical structure’, PLOS One, 15:9, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0239418.
    [Google Scholar]
  51. Naughton, A., Perkins, L., McMinn, B. and Kemp, A. (2019), ‘Using an observation tool (Parent-Infant Interaction Observation Scale) to assess parent-infant interaction in the first 2 weeks of life: A feasibility study’, Child: Care, Health & Child: Care, Health and Development, 45:2, pp. 27185, https://doi.org/10.1111/cch.12637.
    [Google Scholar]
  52. Neugnot-Cerioli, M. and Laurenty, O. (2024), ‘The future of child development in the AI era: Cross-disciplinary perspectives between AI and child development experts’, arXiv, https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2405.19275.
    [Google Scholar]
  53. Oranç, C. and Ruggeri, A. (2021), ‘“Alexa, let me ask you something different”: Children’s adaptive information search with voice assistants’, Human Behavior and Emerging Technologies, 3:4, pp. 595605, https://doi.org/10.1002/hbe2.270.
    [Google Scholar]
  54. Papoušek, M. (1996), ‘Intuitive parenting: A hidden source of musical stimulation in infancy’, in I. Deliège and J. Sloboda (eds), Musical Beginnings: Origins and Development of Musical Competence, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 88112.
    [Google Scholar]
  55. Papoušek, H. and Papoušek, M. (1987), ‘Intuitive parenting: A dialectic counterpart to the infant’s integrative competence’, in J. D. Osofsky (ed.), Handbook of Infant Development, 2nd ed., New York: Wiley, pp. 669720.
    [Google Scholar]
  56. Parsons, C. E., Young, K. S., Murray, L., Stein, A. and Kringelbach, M. L. (2010), ‘The functional neuroanatomy of the evolving parent–infant relationship’, Progress in Neurobiology, 91:3, pp. 22041, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pneurobio.2010.03.001.
    [Google Scholar]
  57. Radesky, J. S., Niko, K. and Weeks, H. M. (2023), ‘Longitudinal associations between use of mobile devices for calming and emotional reactivity and executive functioning in children aged 3 to 5 years’, JAMA Pediatrics, 177:1, pp. 6270, https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2022.4793.
    [Google Scholar]
  58. Raju, M. (2022), ‘Observations of a child’s movement response to music and their interaction with a musical toy robot’, International Journal of Music in Early Childhood, 17:2, pp. 14967, https://doi.org/10.1386/ijmec_00049_1.
    [Google Scholar]
  59. Rathod, M., Dalvi, C., Kaur, K., Patil, S., Gite, S., Kamat, P., Kotecha, K., Abraham, A. and Gabralla, L. A. (2022), ‘Kids’ emotion recognition using various deep-learning models with explainable AI’, Sensors, 22:20, https://doi.org/10.3390/s22208066.
    [Google Scholar]
  60. Rogoff, B. (2003), The Cultural Nature of Human Development, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  61. Salhab, W., Ameyed, D., Jaafar, F. and Mcheick, H. (2024), ‘A systematic literature review on AI safety: Identifying trends, challenges, and future directions’, IEEE Access, 12, pp. 13176284, https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3440647.
    [Google Scholar]
  62. Shigetomi, R., Nishida, H., Sawai, H. and Ushiama, T. (2024), ‘Integrating repeat listening patterns for enhanced music recommendation’, 2024 18th International Conference on Ubiquitous Information Management and Communication (IMCOM), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 3–5 January, Piscataway, NJ: IEEE, pp. 17.
    [Google Scholar]
  63. Shneiderman, B. (2022), Human-centered AI, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  64. Shonkoff, J. P. (2017), ‘Breakthrough impacts: What science tells us about supporting early childhood development’, Young Children, 72:2, pp. 816, https://www.jstor.org/stable/90004117. Accessed 8 October 2025.
    [Google Scholar]
  65. Singh, S. and Sharma, R. K. (2024), ‘Reinforcement learning from AI feedback: A review’, International Journal of Scientific Research in Computer Science Engineering and Information Technology, 10:4, pp. 30611, https://doi.org/10.32628/CSEIT24104135.
    [Google Scholar]
  66. Smith, K. and Shade, L. (2018), ‘Children’s digital playgrounds as data assemblages: Problematics of privacy, personalization, and promotional culture’, Big Data & Society, 5, pp. 112, https://doi.org/10.1177/2053951718805214.
    [Google Scholar]
  67. So, A. (2018), ‘Amazon Echo Dot Kids Edition: Cute but unnecessary’, WIRED, 29 June, https://www.wired.com/review/review-amazon-echo-dot-kids-edition/. Accessed 2 January 2025.
    [Google Scholar]
  68. Stern, D. N. (1985), The Interpersonal World of the Infant: A View from Psychoanalysis and Developmental Psychology, New York: Basic Books.
    [Google Scholar]
  69. Stone, T. (2020), ‘Study results: Voice control set to make in-car systems safer’, Traffic Technology Today, 30 April, https://www.traffictechnologytoday.com/news/safety/study-results-voice-control-set-to-make-in-car-systems-safer.html. Accessed 13 December 2024.
  70. Su, H., Simon, L. and Schoppe-Sullivan, S. (2021), ‘What is the role of music in infant-parent relationships?’, International Journal of Birth and Parent Education, 8:4, pp. 2428.
    [Google Scholar]
  71. Su, J., Yang, W., Yim, L. H. Y., Li, H. and Hu, X. (2024), ‘Early artificial intelligence education: Effects of cooperative play and direct instruction on kindergarteners’ computational thinking, sequencing, self-regulation, and theory of mind skills’, Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 40:6, pp. 291725, https://doi.org/10.1111/jcal.13040.
    [Google Scholar]
  72. Su, H., Du, M. and Luo, Y. (2025), ‘Preparing for infants’ musicking: A tracking case study of a Chinese family’s musical environment’, Music Education Research, 27:1, pp. 10720, https://doi.org/10.1080/14613808.2025.2454636.
    [Google Scholar]
  73. Sudhakaran, P., Nair, P. and Suraj, A. (2022), ‘Music recommendation using emotion recognition’, 2022 IEEE 2nd Mysore Sub Section International Conference, Mysuru, India, 16–17 December, Piscataway, NJ: IEEE, pp. 17.
    [Google Scholar]
  74. Taka, E., Nakao, Y., Sonoda, R., Yokota, T., Luo, L. and Stumpf, S. (2024), ‘Human-in-the-loop fairness: Integrating stakeholder feedback to incorporate fairness perspectives in responsible AI’, arXiv, 15 December 2023, https://arxiv.org/abs/2312.08064. Accessed 12 December 2024.
  75. Thomas, S. (2024), ‘Anant Vijay: Singh product lead at Proton’, TIME, 5 September, https://time.com/7012728/anant-vijay-singh/. Accessed 8 December 2024.
  76. Trehub, S. E. and Cirelli, L. K. (2018), ‘Precursors to the performing arts in infancy and early childhood’, in J. F. Christensen and A. Gomila (eds), Progress in Brain Research, vol. 237, Amsterdam: Elsevier, pp. 22542.
    [Google Scholar]
  77. Trigo, A., Stein, N. and Belfo, F. P. (2024), ‘Strategies to improve fairness in artificial intelligence: A systematic literature review’, Education and Information Technologies, 40, pp. 32346, https://doi.org/10.3233/efi-240045.
    [Google Scholar]
  78. Tsang, C. D., Falk, S. and Hessel, A. (2017), ‘Infants prefer infant-directed song over speech’, Child Development, 88:4, pp. 120715, https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12647.
    [Google Scholar]
  79. Turnbull, D. R., McQuillan, S., Crabtree, V., Hunter, J. and Zhang, S. (2022), ‘Exploring popularity bias in music recommendation models and commercial streaming services’, arXiv, https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2208.09517.
    [Google Scholar]
  80. Vistorte, A., Deroncele-Acosta, A., Ayala, J., Barrasa, A., López-Granero, C. and Martí-González, M. (2024), ‘Integrating artificial intelligence to assess emotions in learning environments: A systematic literature review’, Frontiers in Psychology, 15, https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1387089.
    [Google Scholar]
  81. Wang, D. (2022a), ‘Analysis of sentiment and personalized recommendation in musical performance’, Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience, 2022, https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/2778181.
    [Google Scholar]
  82. Wang, X. (2022b), ‘Design of vocal music teaching system platform for music majors based on artificial intelligence’, Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing, 2022:2, pp. 111, https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/5503834.
    [Google Scholar]
  83. Zhao, F., Liu, G. Z., Zhou, J. and Yin, C. (2023), ‘A learning analytics framework based on human-centered artificial intelligence for identifying the optimal learning strategy to intervene in learning behavior’, Educational Technology & Society, 26:1, pp. 13246, https://doi.org/10.30191/ETS.202301_26(1).0010.
    [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/10.1386/ijmec_00078_1
Loading
This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a success
Invalid data
An error occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error
Please enter a valid_number test