Skip to content
1981
2-3: Artistic Epistemologies: Black Cinema and the Idea of Africa
  • ISSN: 1754-9221
  • E-ISSN: 1754-923X

Abstract

This article attempts to foreground the Pan-African concerns in Souheil Ben-Barka’s (1982). This film has been consistently ignored in African cinema scholarship even though it documents one of the most authoritarian political regimes in South Africa, i.e. the Apartheid political system. Although the film was made in the 1980s, a time best known for the establishment of national African cinemas, its primary concern is beyond the notion of nationhood, opening up therefore the possibility of reading and thinking about African films beyond national boundaries. Grounded in the Pan-Africanist cinema agenda and deorbiting from narrowed national concerns, offers an intriguing way to explore African cinemas’ different trajectories. That said, the article focuses on how the film thematically and aesthetically reverberates with Pan-Africanism while concomitantly subscribing to the transnational cinematic turn. The article also examines how the film, given its time of production and transnational orientations, brings to the fore the limitedness of the current research on Moroccan cinema as a potential transnational film industry that started to take shape only at the turn of the century with no critical attention to earlier cinematic experiences despite their transnational underpinnings.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1386/jac_00115_1
2025-05-07
2026-04-13

Metrics

Loading full text...

Full text loading...

References

  1. Anon. (2019), ‘South African history online’, https://www.sahistory.org.za/article/union-soviet-socialist-republics-ussr-and-anti. Accessed 24 July 2024.
  2. Aabidou, Mohamed (2006), ‘al-sinima fi al-Maghreb: Bidayaat’ (‘Cinema in Morocco: Beginnings’), al-Hiwar al-Moutamaddin, https://www.ahewar.org/debat/show.art.asp?aid=73284. Accessed 2 October 2023.
    [Google Scholar]
  3. Adi, Hakim (2018), Pan-Africanism: A History, London: Bloomsbury.
    [Google Scholar]
  4. Appadurai, Arjun (1996), Modernity at Large, Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  5. Armes, Roy (2006), African Filmmaking: North and South of the Sahara, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  6. Audissino, Emilio (2017), ‘A gestalt approach to the analysis of music in film’, University of Derby, 2:1, pp. 6988.
    [Google Scholar]
  7. Bakari, Imruh and Cham, Mbye B. (ed.) (1996), African Experiences of Cinema, London: British Film Institute.
    [Google Scholar]
  8. Benamraoui, Mohamed Amin (2013), Adios Carmen, Morocco: Taziri Productions, Thank You & Good Night Productions and Azir Productions.
    [Google Scholar]
  9. Ben-Barka, Souheil (1972), Mille et une Mains, Morocco: Euro Maghreb Films.
    [Google Scholar]
  10. Ben-Barka, Souheil (1975), La Guerre du Pétrole n’aura pas Lieu, Morocco: Euro-Maghreb Film et Cinétéléma.
    [Google Scholar]
  11. Ben-Barka, Souheil (1977), Noces de Sang, Morocco: Euro-Maghreb Film et Centre Cinématographique.
    [Google Scholar]
  12. Ben-Barka, Souheil (1982), Amok, Morocco, Guinea and Senegal: Interfilms a.s. Casablanca, Sylicinema Conakry and M.C Dakar.
    [Google Scholar]
  13. Ben-Barka, Souheil (1990), Cavaliers de la Gloire, Morocco, Italy, Spain and USSR: Dawliz-CCM and M.G Films.
    [Google Scholar]
  14. Ben-Barka, Souheil (2002), Les Amants de Mogador, Morocco: Le Dawliz.
    [Google Scholar]
  15. Ben-Barka, Souheil (2019), Sand and Fire, Morocco: Jal’s Production and Flat Parioli.
    [Google Scholar]
  16. Bondanella, Peter (1983), Italian Cinema: From Neorealism to the Present, New York: Continuum.
    [Google Scholar]
  17. Boughedir, Ferid (2023), ‘A cinema fighting for its liberation’, in M. T. Martin and G. J.-M. Kaboré (eds), African Cinema: Manifesto and Practice for Cultural Decolonisation, Volume 1: Colonial Antecedents, Constituents, Theory, and Articulations, Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, pp. 16975.
    [Google Scholar]
  18. Bright, Simon (1987), Corridors of Freedom, UK: Zimmedia and Trade Films Co-Production.
    [Google Scholar]
  19. Canclini, Garcia N. (2001), Consumers and Citizens, Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  20. Carter, Sandra (2009), What Moroccan Cinema? A Historical and Critical Study 1956–2006, Plymouth: Lexington Books.
    [Google Scholar]
  21. Carter-Ényì, Quintina and Carter-Ényì, Aaron (2019), ‘Decolonizing the mind through song’, Performance Research, 24:1, pp. 5865, https://doi.org/10.1080/13528165.2019.1593737.
    [Google Scholar]
  22. Crofts, Stephen (1998), ‘Concepts of national cinema’, in J. Hill and P. C. Dixon (eds), The Oxford Guide to Film Studies, Oxford: Oxford University, pp. 38594.
    [Google Scholar]
  23. Daoud, Zakya (2007), Les Années Lamalif: 1958–1988, trente ans de journalisme au Maroc, Casablanca: Tarik Editions.
    [Google Scholar]
  24. De Certeau, Michel (1984), The Practice of Everyday Life, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  25. Diawara, Manthia (1992), African Cinema: Politics and Culture, Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  26. Donald, James (1999), Imagining the Modern City, London: The Anthelone Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  27. Dovey, Lindiwe (2010), ‘Towards interpretation of screen media in Africa’, Journal of African Media Studies, 2:1, pp. 37, https://doi.org/10.1386/jams.2.1.3/2.
    [Google Scholar]
  28. Fisher, Austin and Smith, I. Robert (2016), ‘Transnational cinemas: A critical roundtable’, Frames Cinema Journal, 9, pp. 128, https://www.framescinemajournal.com. Accessed 20 July 2024.
    [Google Scholar]
  29. Frindéthié, K. Martial (2009), Francophone African Cinema: History, Culture, Politics and Theory, Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company.
    [Google Scholar]
  30. Hanlon, Joseph (1986), Beggar Your Neighbours, London: James Curry.
    [Google Scholar]
  31. Harrow, Kenneth W. (2022), Space and Time in African Cinema and Cinespaces, New York: Routledge.
    [Google Scholar]
  32. Harrow, Kenneth (2024), African Cinema in a Global Age, New York: Routledge.
    [Google Scholar]
  33. Higbee, Will and Lim, Song H. (2010), ‘Concepts of transnational cinema: Towards a critical transnationalism in film studies’, Transnational Cinemas, 1:1, pp. 721, https://doi.org/10.1386/trac.1.1.7/1.
    [Google Scholar]
  34. Higbee, Will, Martin, Florence and Bahmad, Jamal (eds) (2020), Moroccan Cinema Uncut: Decentered Voices, Transnational Perspectives, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  35. Higson, Andrew (2000), ‘The limiting imagination of national cinema’, in M. Hjort and S. MacKenzie (eds), Cinema and Nation, London: Routledge, pp. 5769.
    [Google Scholar]
  36. Hjort, Mette (2009), ‘On the plurality of cinematic transnationalism’, in N. Durovicová and K. Newman (eds), World Cinemas, Transnational Perspectives, Abingdon: Routledge, pp. 1233.
    [Google Scholar]
  37. Housni, M’barek (2008), ‘De l’Auteurisme Engagé à la Superproduction’, Africine.org, http://www.africine.org/analyse/de-lauteurisme-engage-a-la-superproduction/7617. Accessed 27 September 2023.
  38. Langley, J. Ayodele (1973), Pan-Africanism and Nationalism in West Africa, 1900–1945, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  39. Laxe, Oliver (2017), Mimosas, Morocco: Zeitun Films, La Prod and Rouge International.
    [Google Scholar]
  40. Murphy, David and Williams, Patrick (2007), Postcolonial African Cinema: Ten Directors, Manchester: Manchester University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  41. Nejjar, Narjiss (2018), Stateless, Morocco, France and Qatar: La Prod, Moonadeal and Michel Merkt.
    [Google Scholar]
  42. Niang, Sad (2023), ‘FEPACI and its artistic legacies’, in M. T. Martin and G. J.-M. Kaboré (eds), African Cinema: Manifesto and Practice for Cultural Decolonisation, Volume 1 – Colonial Antecedents, Constituents, Theory, and Articulations, Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, pp. 184210.
    [Google Scholar]
  43. Ong, Aihwa (1999), Flexible Citizenship: The Cultural Logics of Transnationality, Durham: Duke University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  44. Osemene, O. James (2021), ‘New transnational Pan-Africanism and its nationalist limitations’, in F. Jacob and C. Schapkow (eds), Nationalism in a Transnational Age: Irrational Fears and the Strategic Abuse of Nationalist Pride, Boston, MA: De Gruyter Oldenbourg, pp. 91115.
    [Google Scholar]
  45. Paton, Alan ([1948] 1958), Cry, The Beloved Country, Victoria: Penguin Books Ltd.
    [Google Scholar]
  46. Rabaka, Reiland (ed.) (2020), Routledge Handbook of Pan-Africanism, Abingdon: Routledge.
    [Google Scholar]
  47. Rawle, Steven (2018), Transnational Cinema: An Introduction, London: Palgrave.
    [Google Scholar]
  48. Rice, Tom (2019), Films for the Colonies: Cinema and the Preservation of the British Empire, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  49. Said, Edward W. (1979), Orientalism, New York: Vintage Books.
    [Google Scholar]
  50. Said, Edward W. (1983), The World, the Text, and the Critic, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  51. Shaka, F. Okiremuete (2004), Modernity and the African Cinema, Trenton and Asmara: Africa World Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  52. Stam, Robert (2019), World Literature, Transnational Cinema, and Global Media: Towards a Transatlantic Commons, Abingdon: Routledge.
    [Google Scholar]
  53. Tcheuyap, Alexie (2011), Postnationalist African Cinemas, Manchester: Manchester University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  54. Ukadike, F. Nwachukwu (1994), Black African Cinema, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  55. Wa-Thiong’o, Ngu-gı (1981), Decolonising the Mind, Portsmouth: Heinemann.
    [Google Scholar]
  56. Willemen, Paul and Vitali, Valentina (2006), Theorizing National Cinema, London: BFI.
    [Google Scholar]
  57. Williams, S. James (2019), Ethics and Aesthetics in Contemporary African Cinema: The Politics of Beauty, London: Bloomsbury Publishing.
    [Google Scholar]
  58. Young, Kurt B. (2010), ‘Towards a holistic review of Pan-Africanism: Linking the idea and the movement’, Nationalism and Ethnic Politics, 16:2, pp. 14163, https://doi.org/10.1080/13537113.2010.490733.
    [Google Scholar]
  59. Botha, Martin P. (1994), ‘African cinema: A historical, theoretical and analytical exploration’, South African Journal for Communication Theory and Research, 20:1, pp. 28.
    [Google Scholar]
  60. Gabriel, Techome H. (2000), Third Cinema in the Third World: Towards an Aesthetics of Liberation, Michigan, MI: University of Microfilms International Research Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  61. Gellner, Ernest (2006), Nations and Nationalism, Oxford: Blackwell.
    [Google Scholar]
  62. Hjort, Mette (2005), Small Nation: Global Cinema: The New Danish Cinema, Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  63. Teresa, H. (2003), ‘Featuring African cinemas’, World Literature Today, 77:4, pp. 1418.
    [Google Scholar]
  64. Van Elteren, Mel (2011), ‘Cultural globalization and transnational flows of things American’, in P. Pachura (ed.), The Systemic Dimension of Globalization, Rijeka and Vienna: Intech, pp. 13962.
    [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/10.1386/jac_00115_1
Loading
This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a success
Invalid data
An error occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error
Please enter a valid_number test