Far-right virtual communities: Exploring users and uses of far-right pages on social media

References

1. Adams, Josh and Roscigno, Vincent J. (2005), ‘White supremacists, oppositional culture and the world wide web’, Social Forces, 84:2, pp. 759–78.
   [Google Scholar]
2. Åkerlund, Mathilda (2020), ‘The importance of influential users in (re)producing Swedish far-right discourse on Twitter’, European Journal of Communication, 35:6, pp. 613–28.
   [Google Scholar]
3. Atton, Chris (2006), ‘Far-right media on the internet: Culture, discourse and power’, New Media & Society, 8:4, pp. 573–87.
   [Google Scholar]
4. Baker, Stephanie Alice (2022), ‘Alt. health influencers: How wellness culture and web culture have been weaponised to promote conspiracy theories and far-right extremism during the COVID-19 pandemic’, European Journal of Cultural Studies, 25:1, pp. 3–24.
   [Google Scholar]
5. Berntzen, Lars Erik and Weisskircher, Manès (2016), ‘Anti-Islamic PEGIDA beyond Germany: Explaining differences in mobilisation’, Journal of Intercultural Studies, 37:6, pp. 556–73.
   [Google Scholar]
6. Bliuc, Ana-Maria, Betts, John, Vergani, Matteo, Iqbal, Muhammad and Dunn, Kevin (2019), ‘Collective identity changes in far-right online communities: The role of offline intergroup conflict’, New Media & Society, 21:8, pp. 1770–86.
   [Google Scholar]
7. Busher, Joel (2016), The Making of Anti-Muslim Protest: Grassroots Activism in the English Defence League, London: Routledge.
   [Google Scholar]
8. Chadwick, Andrew (2017), The Hybrid Media System: Politics and Power, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   [Google Scholar]
9. Donovan, Joan, Lewis, Becca and Friedberg, Brian (2019), ‘Parallel ports: Sociotechnical change from the alt-right to alt-tech’, in M. Fielitz and N. Thurston (eds), Post-Digital Cultures of the Far Right: Online Actions and Offline Consequences in Europe and the US, Transcript Verlag: Bielefeld, pp. 49–65.
   [Google Scholar]
10. Ekman, Mattias (2014), ‘The dark side of online activism: Swedish right-wing extremist video activism on YouTube’, MedieKultur: Journal of Media and Communication Research, 30:56, pp. 79–99.
    [Google Scholar]
11. Ekman, Mattias (2018), ‘Anti-refugee mobilization in social media: The case of Soldiers of Odin’, Social Media + Society, 4:1, pp. 1–11.
    [Google Scholar]
12. Ekman, Mattias (2019), ‘Anti-immigration and racist discourse in social media’, European Journal of Communication, 34:6, pp. 606–18.
    [Google Scholar]
13. Ellinas, Antonis A. (2021), ‘The interview method in comparative politics: The process of interviewing far-right actors’, Government and Opposition, pp. 1–21.
    [Google Scholar]
14. Figenschou, Tine Ustad and Ihlebæk, Karoline Andrea (2019), ‘Challenging journalistic authority’, Journalism Studies, 20:9, pp. 1221–37.
    [Google Scholar]
15. Forchtner, Bernhard and Kølvraa, Christoffer (2017), ‘Extreme right images of radical authenticity: Multimodal aesthetics of history, nature, and gender roles in social media’, European Journal of Cultural and Political Sociology, 4:3, pp. 252–81.
    [Google Scholar]
16. Gagnon, Audrey (2020), ‘Far-right framing processes on social media: The case of the Canadian and Quebec chapters of soldiers of Odin’, Canadian Review of Sociology, 57:3, pp. 356–78.
    [Google Scholar]
17. Gaudette, Tiana, Scrivens, Ryan, Davies, Garth and Frank, Richard (2020), ‘Upvoting extremism: Collective identity formation and the extreme right on reddit’, New Media & Society, 23:12, pp. 3491–508.
    [Google Scholar]
18. Gerbaudo, Paolo (2018), ‘Social media and populism: An elective affinity?’, Media, Culture & Society, 40:5, pp. 745–53.
    [Google Scholar]
19. Gualda, Estrella (2021), ‘Metaphors of invasion: Imagining Europe as endangered by Islamisation’, in A. Önnerfors and A. Krouwel (eds), Europe: Continent of Conspiracies, London: Routledge, pp. 53–75.
    [Google Scholar]
20. Haller, André and Holt, Kristoffer (2019), ‘Paradoxical populism: How PEGIDA relates to mainstream and alternative media’, Information, Communication & Society, 22:12, pp. 1665–80.
    [Google Scholar]
21. Hameleers, Michael (2020), ‘Populist disinformation: Exploring intersections between online populism and disinformation in the US and the Netherlands’, Politics and Governance, 8:1, pp. 146–57.
    [Google Scholar]
22. Hameleers, Michael (2021), ‘They are selling themselves out to the enemy! The content and effects of populist conspiracy theories’, International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 33:1, pp. 38–56.
    [Google Scholar]
23. Hameleers, Michael (2022), ‘Empowering the people’s truth through social media? (De)legitimizing truth claims of populist politicians and citizens’, Politics and Governance, 10:1, pp. 210–19.
    [Google Scholar]
24. Holt, Kristoffer (2018), ‘Alternative media and the notion of anti-systemness: Towards an analytical framework’, Media and Communication, 6:4, pp. 49–57.
    [Google Scholar]
25. Jackob, Nikolaus Georg Edmund (2010), ‘No alternatives? The relationship between perceived media dependency, use of alternative information sources, and general trust in mass media’, International Journal of Communication, 4:0, p. 18.
    [Google Scholar]
26. Jasser, Greta, McSwiney, Jordan, Pertwee, Ed and Zannettou, Savvas (2021), ‘“Welcome to #GabFam”: Far-right virtual community on Gab’, New Media & Society, pp. 1–18.
    [Google Scholar]
27. Kisić Merino, Pasko and Kinnvall, Catarina (2023), ‘Governing emotions: Hybrid media, ontological insecurity and the normalisation of far-right fantasies’, Alternatives, 48:1, pp. 54–73.
    [Google Scholar]
28. Klein, Ofra and Muis, Jasper (2019), ‘Online discontent: Comparing Western European far-right groups on Facebook’, European Societies, 21:4, pp. 540–62.
    [Google Scholar]
29. Koster, Willem De and Houtman, Dick (2008), ‘Stormfront is like a second home to me’, Information, Communication & Society, 11:8, pp. 1155–76.
    [Google Scholar]
30. Krämer, Benjamin (2017), ‘Populist online practices: The function of the internet in right-wing populism’, Information, Communication & Society, 20:9, pp. 1293–309.
    [Google Scholar]
31. Krämer, Benjamin, Fernholz, Tobias, Husung, Tobias, Meusel, Julia and Voll, Magdalena (2021), ‘Right-wing populism as a worldview and online practice: Social media communication by ordinary citizens between ideology and lifestyles’, European Journal of Cultural and Political Sociology, 8:3, pp. 235–64.
    [Google Scholar]
32. Mattoni, Alice and Ceccobelli, Diego (2018), ‘Comparing hybrid media systems in the digital age: A theoretical framework for analysis’, European Journal of Communication, 33:5, pp. 540–57.
    [Google Scholar]
33. Mills, Jane, Bonner, Ann and Francis, Karen (2006), ‘The development of constructivist grounded theory’, International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 5:1, pp. 25–35.
    [Google Scholar]
34. Mudde, Cas (2004), ‘The populist zeitgeist’, Government and Opposition, 39:4, pp. 541–63.
    [Google Scholar]
35. Mudde, Cas (2007), Populist Radical Right Parties in Europe, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
36. Mudde, Cas (2019), The Far Right Today, Cambridge: Polity Press.
    [Google Scholar]
37. Müller, Philipp and Schulz, Anne (2021), ‘Alternative media for a populist audience? Exploring political and media use predictors of exposure to Breitbart, Sputnik, and Co.’, Information, Communication & Society, 24:2, pp. 277–93.
    [Google Scholar]
38. Noppari, Elina, Hiltunen, Ilmari and Ahva, Laura (2019), ‘User profiles for populist counter-media websites in Finland’, Journal of Alternative & Community Media, 4:1, pp. 23–37.
    [Google Scholar]
39. Nouri, Lella and Lorenzo-Dus, Nuria (2019), ‘Investigating reclaim Australia and Britain first’s use of social media: Developing a new model of imagined political communities online’, Journal for Deradicalization, 18, March, pp. 1–37.
    [Google Scholar]
40. Perry, Barbara and Scrivens, Ryan (2019), Right-Wing Extremism in Canada, Cham: Springer International Publishing.
    [Google Scholar]
41. Pilkington, Hilary (2016), Loud and Proud: Passion and Politics in the English Defence League, Manchester: Manchester University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
42. Potvin, Maryse (2017), ‘Discours racistes et propagande haineuse: Trois groupes populistes identitaires au Québec’, Diversité urbaine, 17, pp. 49–72.
    [Google Scholar]
43. Rauch, Jennifer (2007), ‘Activists as interpretive communities: Rituals of consumption and interaction in an alternative media audience’, Media, Culture & Society, 29:6, pp. 994–1013.
    [Google Scholar]
44. Robertson, David G. and Amarasingam, Amarnath (2022), ‘How conspiracy theorists argue: Epistemic capital in the QAnon social media sphere’, Popular Communication, 20:3, pp. 193–207.
    [Google Scholar]
45. Schulze, Heidi (2020), ‘Who uses right-wing alternative online media? An exploration of audience characteristics’, Politics and Governance, 8:3, pp. 6–18.
    [Google Scholar]
46. Schwarzenegger, Christian (2021), ‘Communities of darkness? Users and uses of anti-system alternative media between audience and community’, Media and Communication, 9:1, pp. 99–109.
    [Google Scholar]
47. Scrivens, Ryan and Amarasingam, Amarnath (2020), ‘Haters gonna “like”: Exploring Canadian far-right extremism on Facebook’, in M. Littler and B. Lee (eds), Digital Extremisms: Readings in Violence, Radicalisation and Extremism in the Online Space, Palgrave Studies in Cybercrime and Cybersecurity, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 63–89.
    [Google Scholar]
48. Stier, Sebastian, Kirkizh, Nora, Froio, Caterina and Schroeder, Ralph (2020), ‘Populist attitudes and selective exposure to online news: A cross-country analysis combining web tracking and surveys’, The International Journal of Press/Politics, 25:3, pp. 426–46.
    [Google Scholar]
49. Sunstein, Cass R. (2007), Republic.Com 2.0, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
50. Tanner, Samuel and Campana, Aurélie (2020), ‘“Watchful citizens” and digital vigilantism: A case study of the far right in Quebec’, Global Crime, 21:3&4, pp. 262–82.
    [Google Scholar]
51. Thorbjørnsrud, Kjersti and Figenschou, Tine Ustad (2022), ‘The alarmed citizen: Fear, mistrust, and alternative media’, Journalism Practice, 16:5, pp. 1018–35.
    [Google Scholar]
52. Urman, Aleksandra and Katz, Stefan (2022), ‘What they do in the shadows: Examining the far-right networks on telegram’, Information, Communication & Society, 25:7, pp. 904–23.
    [Google Scholar]
53. Valaskivi, Katja and Robertson, David G. (2022), ‘Introduction: Epistemic contestations in the hybrid media environment’, Popular Communication, 20:3, pp. 153–61.
    [Google Scholar]
54. Volk, Sabine (2020), ‘“Wir Sind Das Volk!”: Representative claim-making and populist style in the PEGIDA movement’s discourse’, German Politics, 29:4, pp. 599–616.
    [Google Scholar]
55. Wahlström, Mattias and Törnberg, Anton (2021), ‘Social media mechanisms for right-wing political violence in the 21st century: Discursive opportunities, group dynamics, and co-ordination’, Terrorism and Political Violence, 33:4, pp. 766–87.
    [Google Scholar]
56. Gagnon, Audrey (2022), ‘Far-right virtual communities: Exploring users and uses of far-right pages on social media’, Journal of Alternative & Community Media, 7:2, pp. 117–35, https://doi.org/10.1386/jacm_00108_1
    [Google Scholar]