Disloyal audiences and usage of alternative media content

References

1. Andersen, Kim, Shehata, Adam and Andersson, Dennis (2023), ‘Alternative news orientation and trust in mainstream media: A longitudinal audience perspective’, Digital Journalism, 11:5, pp. 833–52, https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2021.1986412.
   [Google Scholar]
2. Atton, Chris (2015), ‘Problems and positions in alternative and community media’, in C. Atton (ed.), The Routledge Companion to Alternative and Community Media, London: Routledge, pp. 1–18.
   [Google Scholar]
3. Buyens, Willem and Van Aelst, Peter (2021), ‘Alternative media, alternative voices? A quantitative analysis of actor diversity in alternative and mainstream news outlets’, Digital Journalism, 10:2, pp. 337–59, https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2021.1929366.
   [Google Scholar]
4. Chan, Michael ([2016] 2017), ‘Media use and the social identity model of collective action: Examining the roles of online alternative news and social media news’, Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 94:3, pp. 663–81, https://doi.org/10.1177/1077699016638837.
   [Google Scholar]
5. Cissel, Margaret (2012), ‘Media framing: A comparative content analysis on mainstream and alternative news coverage of Occupy Wall Street’, The Elon Journal of Undergraduate Research in Communications, 3:1, pp. 67–77.
   [Google Scholar]
6. Demir, Deniz (2023), ‘A user research on alternative media’, Athens Journal of Mass Media and Communications, 9:1, pp. 39–56, https://doi.org/10.30958/ajmmc.9-1-3.
   [Google Scholar]
7. Downing, John D. H. (2003), ‘Audiences and readers of alternative media: The absent lure of the virtually unknown’, Media, Culture & Society, 25:5, pp. 625–45, https://doi.org/10.1177/01634437030255004.
   [Google Scholar]
8. Frischlich, Lena, Eldridge, Scott A. II, Figenschou, Tine U., Ihlebæk, Karoline A., Holt, Kristoffer and Cushion, Stephen (2023), ‘Contesting the mainstream: Towards an audience-centered agenda of alternative news research’, Digital Journalism, 11:5, pp. 727–40, https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2023.2214791.
   [Google Scholar]
9. Galletta, Anne (2012), Mastering the Semi-structured Interview and Beyond: From Research Design to Analysis and Publication, New York: New York University Press.
   [Google Scholar]
10. Griffin, Em, Ledbetter, Andrew and Sparks, Glenn (2019), ‘Uses and gratifications of Elihu Katz’, in E. Griffin, A. Ledbetter and G. Sparks (eds), A First Look at Communication Theory, 8th ed., New York: McGraw-Hill Companies, pp. 346–55.
    [Google Scholar]
11. Guo, Lei (2017), ‘Exploring the link between community radio and the community: A study of audience participation in alternative media practices’, Communication, Culture and Critique, 10:1, pp. 112–30, https://doi.org/10.1111/cccr.12141.
    [Google Scholar]
12. Haas, Tanni (2004), ‘Research note: Alternative media, public journalism and the pursuit of democratization’, Journalism Studies, 5:1, pp. 115–21, https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670032000174783.
    [Google Scholar]
13. Hendrickx, Jonathan, Ballon, Pieter and Ranaivoson, Heritiana (2020), ‘Dissecting news diversity: An integrated conceptual framework’, Journalism, 23:8, pp. 1751–69, https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884920966881.
    [Google Scholar]
14. Holt, Kristoffer (2018), ‘Alternative media and the notion of anti-systemness: Towards an analytical framework’, Media and Communication, 6:4, pp. 49–57, https://doi.org/10.17645/mac.v6i4.1467.
    [Google Scholar]
15. Ihlebæk, Karolina Andrea, Figenschou, Tine Ustad, Eldridge, Scott A., Frischlich, Lena, Cushion, Stephen and Holt, Kristoffer (2022), ‘Understanding alternative news media and its contribution to diversity’, Digital Journalism, 10:8, pp. 1267–82, https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2022.2134165.
    [Google Scholar]
16. Jeppesen, Sandra (2016), ‘Understanding alternative media power: Mapping content & practice to theory, ideology, and political action’, Democratic Communiqué, 27:1, pp. 54–77, https://doi.org/10.7275/democratic-communique.185.
    [Google Scholar]
17. Katz, Elihu, Blumler, Jay G. and Gurevitch, Michael (1973–74), ‘Uses and gratifications research’, The Public Opinion Quarterly, 37:4, pp. 509–23, https://doi.org/10.1086/268109.
    [Google Scholar]
18. Kenix, Linda J. (2011), Alternative and Mainstream Media: The Converging Spectrum, London: Bloomsbury Academic.
    [Google Scholar]
19. Kidd, Dorothy (1999), ‘The value of alternative media’, Peace Review, 11:1, pp. 113–19, https://doi.org/10.1080/10402659908426238.
    [Google Scholar]
20. Lee, Angela M. (2013), ‘News audiences revisited: Theorizing the link between audience motivations and news consumption’, Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 57:3, pp. 300–17, https://doi.org/10.1080/08838151.2013.816712.
    [Google Scholar]
21. Lindell, Johan (2020), ‘Battle of the classes: News consumption inequalities and symbolic boundary work’, Critical Studies in Media Communication, 37:5, pp. 480–96, https://doi.org/10.1080/15295036.2020.1829670.
    [Google Scholar]
22. Loader, Brian D. and Mercea, Dan (2011), ‘Networking democracy?’, Information, Communication & Society, 14:6, pp. 757–69, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2011.592648.
    [Google Scholar]
23. McDowell-Naylor, Declan, Cushion, Stephen and Thomas, Richard (2023), ‘A typology of alternative online political media in the United Kingdom: A longitudinal content analysis (2015–2018)’, Journalism, 24:1, pp. 41–61, https://doi.org/10.1177/14648849211059585.
    [Google Scholar]
24. Mourão, Rachel R. and Robertson, Craig T. (2019), ‘Fake news as discursive integration: An analysis of sites that publish false, misleading, hyperpartisan and sensational information’, Journalism Studies, 20:14, pp. 2077–95, https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670x.2019.1566871.
    [Google Scholar]
25. Müller, Phillip and Schulz, Anne (2019), ‘Alternative media for a populist audience? Exploring political and media use predictors of exposure to Breitbart, Sputnik, and Co’, Information, Communication & Society, 24:2, pp. 277–93, https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118x.2019.1646778.
    [Google Scholar]
26. Napoli, Phillip. M. (2011), Audience Evolution: New Technologies and the Transformation of Media Audiences, New York: Columbia University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
27. Nelson, Jacob L. and Taneja, Harsh (2018), ‘The small, disloyal fake news audience: The role of audience availability in fake news consumption’, New Media & Society, 20:10, pp. 3720–37, https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444818758715.
    [Google Scholar]
28. Noppari, Elina, Hiltunen, Ilmari and Ahva, Laura (2019), ‘User profiles for populist counter-media websites in Finland’, Journal of Alternative & Community Media, 4:1, pp. 23–37, https://doi.org/10.1386/joacm_00041_1.
    [Google Scholar]
29. Plattner, Marc F. (2012), ‘Media and democracy: The long view’, Journal of Democracy, 23:4, pp. 62–73, https://doi.org/10.1353/jod.2012.0081.
    [Google Scholar]
30. Polit, Denise F. and Beck, Cheryl Tatano (2010), ‘Generalization in quantitative and qualitative research: Myths and strategies’, International Journal of Nursing Studies, 47:11, pp. 1451–58, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2010.06.004.
    [Google Scholar]
31. Prior, Marcus (2013), ‘Media and political polarization’, Annual Review of Political Science, 16:1, pp. 101–27, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-polisci-100711-135242.
    [Google Scholar]
32. Rauch, Jennifer (2007), ‘Activists as interpretive communities: Rituals of consumption and interaction in an alternative media audience’, Media, Culture & Society, 29:6, pp. 994–1013, https://doi.org/10.1177/0163443707084345.
    [Google Scholar]
33. Rauch, Jeniffer (2015), ‘Exploring the alternative-mainstream dialectic: What “alternative media” means to a hybrid audience’, Communication, Culture & Critique, 8:1, pp. 124–43, https://doi.org/10.1111/cccr.12068.
    [Google Scholar]
34. Rauch, Jeniffer (2016), ‘Are there still alternatives? Relationships between alternative media and mainstream media in a converged environment: Reconceiving alternative and mainstream media’, Sociology Compass, 10:9, pp. 756–67, https://doi.org/10.1111/soc4.12403.
    [Google Scholar]
35. Ruggiero, Thomas E. (2000), ‘Uses and gratifications theory in the 21st century’, Mass Communication and Society, 3:1, pp. 3–37, https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327825mcs0301_02.
    [Google Scholar]
36. Ryan, Charlotte, Carragee, Kevin M. and Schwerner, Cassie (1998), ‘Media, movements, and the quest for social justice’, Journal of Applied Communication Research, 26:2, pp. 165–81, https://doi.org/10.1080/00909889809365500.
    [Google Scholar]
37. Schulze, Heidi (2020), ‘Who uses right-wing alternative online media? An exploration of audience characteristics’, Politics and Governance, 8:3, pp. 6–18, https://doi.org/10.17645/pag.v8i3.2925.
    [Google Scholar]
38. Schwarzenegger, Christian (2021), ‘Communities of darkness? Users and uses of anti-system alternative media between audience and community’, Media and Communication, 9:1, pp. 99–109, https://doi.org/10.17645/mac.v9i1.3418.
    [Google Scholar]
39. Siudikienė, Daiva (2014), ‘Medijų auditorijų aktyvumo raiška daugiaterpėje medijų aplinkoje’, Information & Media, 69, pp. 43–58, https://doi.org/10.15388/im.2014.69.5097.
    [Google Scholar]
40. Spohr, Dominik (2017), ‘Fake news and ideological polarization: Filter bubbles and selective exposure on social media’, Business Information Review, 34:3, pp. 150–60, https://doi.org/10.1177/0266382117722446.
    [Google Scholar]
41. Sundar, S. Shyam and Limperos, Anthony M. (2013), ‘Uses and grats 2.0: New gratifications for new media’, Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 57:4, pp. 504–25, https://doi.org/10.1080/08838151.2013.845827.
    [Google Scholar]
42. Thorbjørnsrud, Kjersti and Figenschou, Tine U. (2022), ‘The alarmed citizen: Fear, mistrust, and alternative media’, Journalism Practice, 16:5, pp. 1018–35, https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2020.1825113.
    [Google Scholar]
43. Van Aelst, Peter, Strömbäck, Jesper, Aalberg, Toril, Esser, Frank, Vreese, Claes de, Matthes, Jorg, Hopmann, David, Salgado, Susana, Hubé, Nicolas, Stępińska, Agnieszka, Papathanassopoulos, Stylianos, Berganza, Rosa, Legnante, Guido, Reinemann, Carsten, Sheafer, Tamir and Stanyer, James (2017), ‘Political communication in a high-choice media environment: A challenge for democracy?’, Annals of the International Communication Association, 41:1, pp. 3–27, https://doi.org/10.1080/23808985.2017.1288551.
    [Google Scholar]
44. Xu, Min (2022), ‘How mainstream and alternative media shape online mobilization: A comparative study of news coverages in post-colonial Macau’, Journalism and Media, 3:3, pp. 453–70, https://doi.org/10.3390/journalmedia3030032.
    [Google Scholar]
45. Holt, Kristoffer, Ustad Figenschou, Tine and Frischlich, Lena (2019), ‘Key dimensions of alternative news media’, Digital Journalism, 7:7, pp. 860–69, https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2019.1625715.
    [Google Scholar]
46. Kalogeropoulos, Antonis, Suiter, Jane, Udris, Linards and Eisenegger, Mark (2019), ‘News media trust and news consumption: Factors related to trust in news in 35 countries’, International Journal of Communication, 13, pp. 3672–93, https://doi.org/10.5167/uzh-175863.
    [Google Scholar]
47. Marwick, Alice and Lewis, Rebecca (2017), ‘Media manipulation and disinformation online’, Data & Society Research Institute, 15 May, https://datasociety.net/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/DataAndSociety_MediaManipulationAndDisinformationOnline-1.pdf. Accessed 15 October 2023.
48. Whiting, Anita and Williams, David (2013), ‘Why people use social media: A uses and gratifications approach’, Qualitative Market Research: An International Journal, 16:4, pp. 362–69, https://doi.org/10.1108/qmr-06-2013-0041.
    [Google Scholar]