Disruptions and transformations of digital media in Africa: An interdisciplinary overview

References

1. Abubakar, N. H., and Dasuki, S. I.. ( 2018;), ‘ Empowerment in their hands: Use of WhatsApp by women in Nigeria. ’, Gender, Technology and Development, 22:2, pp. 164–83.
   [Google Scholar]
2. Accone, T.. ( 2000;), ‘ Digital dividends for journalism in Africa. ’, Nieman Reports, 54:4, pp. 67–69.
   [Google Scholar]
3. Achakpa-Ikyo, P., and Ogaba-Egba, R.. ( 2016;), ‘ Digital divide: A gap in interpersonal communication amongst Nigerian family relationships. ’, GSTF Journal on Media and Communication, 3:1, pp. 16–22.
   [Google Scholar]
4. Adegoke, Y.. ( 2017;), ‘ Social media has become the media in Africa. ’, Quartz Africa, 26 February, https://qz.com/africa/919213/social-media-has-become-the-media-in-africa/. Accessed 15 February 2021.
   [Google Scholar]
5. Adeoye, A.. ( 2019;), ‘ Google has opened its first Africa Artificial Intelligence lab in Ghana. ’, CNN, 16 April, https://www.cnn.com/2019/04/14/africa/google-ai-center-accra-intl/index.html. Accessed 15 February 2021.
   [Google Scholar]
6. Afrobarometer ( 2018;), ‘ Afrobarometer Rounds 3, 4, 5 and 6. ’, https://afrobarometer.org/data/merged-data. Accessed 18 March 2021.
7. Ahmed, S., and Cho, J.. ( 2019;), ‘ The Internet and political (in)equality in the Arab world: A multi-country study of the relationship between Internet news use, press freedom, and protest participation. ’, New Media and Society, 21:5, pp. 1065–84.
   [Google Scholar]
8. Aker, J. C., and Mbiti, I. M.. ( 2010;), ‘ Mobile phones and economic development in Africa. ’, Journal of Economic Perspectives, 24:3, pp. 207–32.
   [Google Scholar]
9. Akinfemisoye, M.. ( 2014;), ‘ Negotiating convergence “alternative” journalism and institutional practices of Nigerian journalists. ’, Digital Journalism, 2:1, pp. 62–76.
   [Google Scholar]
10. Alsop, R.. ( 2013;), ‘ Employers have put business schools on notice […] they don’t want to hire people who can’t talk. ’, BBC, 29 August, https://www.bbc.com/worklife/article/20130828-the-crucial-skill-new-hires-lack. Accessed 15 February 2021.
    [Google Scholar]
11. Anderson, A. A.,, Yeo, S. K.,, Brossard, D.,, Scheufele, D. A., and Xenos, M. A.. ( 2016;), ‘ Toxic talk: How online incivility can undermine perceptions of media. ’, International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 30:1, pp. 156–68.
    [Google Scholar]
12. Asogwa, N., and Ezeibe, C.. ( 2020;), ‘ The state, hate speech regulation and sustainable democracy in Africa: A study of Nigeria and Kenya. ’, African Identities, 7 September, https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14725843.2020.1813548?journalCode=cafi20. Accessed 18 February 2021.
    [Google Scholar]
13. Asongu, S. A.. ( 2015;), ‘ Conditional determinants of mobile phones penetration and mobile banking in sub-Saharan Africa. ’, Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 9:1, pp. 81–135.
    [Google Scholar]
14. Banda, F.. ( 2010), Citizen Journalism and Democracy in Africa: An Exploratory Study, Grahamstown:: Highway Africa;.
    [Google Scholar]
15. Beninger, S.,, Ajjan, H.,, Mostafa, R. B., and Crittenden, V. L.. ( 2016;), ‘ A road to empowerment: Social media use by women entrepreneurs in Egypt. ’, International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business, 27:2&3, pp. 308–32.
    [Google Scholar]
16. Berger, G.. ( 2005;), ‘ Powering African newsrooms: Theorizing how Southern African journalists make use of ICTs for newsgathering. ’, in G. Berger. (ed.), Doing Digital Journalism: How Southern Africa Newsgatherers Are Using ICTs, Grahamstown:: High Way Africa;, pp. 1–14.
    [Google Scholar]
17. Berger, G.. ( 2011;), ‘ Empowering the youth as citizen journalists: A South African experience. ’, Journalism, 12:6, pp. 708–26.
    [Google Scholar]
18. Bochner, A.. ( 1989;), ‘ Interpersonal communication. ’, in E. Barnouw,, G. Gerbner,, W. Schramm,, T. Worth, and L. Gross. (eds), International Encyclopedia of Communications, New York, Oxford:: Oxford University Press;, pp. 336–39.
    [Google Scholar]
19. Bosch, T.. ( 2014;), ‘ Social media and community radio journalism in South Africa. ’, Digital Journalism, 2:1, pp. 29–43.
    [Google Scholar]
20. Bosch, T.. ( 2019;), ‘ Social media protest movements in South Africa: #FeesMustFall and #ZumamustFall. ’, in M. Dwyer, and T. Molony. (eds), Social Media and Politics in Africa: Democracy, Censorship and Security, London:: Zed Books;, pp. 66–83.
    [Google Scholar]
21. de Bruijn, M.,, Nyamnjoh, F., and Brinkman, I.. ( 2009), Mobile Phones in Africa: The New Talking Drums in Everyday Life, Bamenda:: Langaa;.
    [Google Scholar]
22. Buskens, I., and Webb, A.. ( 2009), African Women and ICTs: Investigating Technology, Gender and Empowerment, London:: Zed Books;.
    [Google Scholar]
23. Cheruiyot, D., and Uppal, C.. ( 2019;), ‘ Pan-Africanism as a laughing matter: (Funny) expressions of African identity on Twitter. ’, Journal of African Media Studies, 11:2, pp. 257–74.
    [Google Scholar]
24. Chikaipa, V., and Gunde, A. M.. ( 2020;), ‘ The role of community radio in promotion of indigenous minority languages and cultures in Malawi. ’, Journal of Radio and Audio Media, https://doi.org/10.1080/19376529.2020.1751633. Accessed 10 March 2021.
    [Google Scholar]
25. Cohen, M., and McIntyre, K.. ( 2021;), ‘ Tweeter-in-chief: Rwandan president Paul Kagame’s use of Twitter. ’, Journal of African Media Studies, 13:1, pp. 17–33.
    [Google Scholar]
26. Dimitrakopoulou, D., and Boukala, S.. ( 2018;), ‘ Exploring democracy and violence in Burundi: A multi-methodical analysis of hegemonic discourses on Twitter. ’, Media, War and Conflict, 11:1, pp. 125–48.
    [Google Scholar]
27. Dwyer, M.,, Hitchen, J., and Molony, T.. ( 2019;), ‘ Between excitement and skepticism: The role of WhatsApp in Sierra Leone’s 2018 elections. ’, in M. Dwyer, and T. Molony. (eds), Social Media and Politics in Africa: Democracy, Censorship and Security, London:: Zed Books;, pp. 105–28.
    [Google Scholar]
28. Dwyer, M., and Molony, T.. (eds) ( 2019), Social Media and Politics in Africa, London:: Zed Books;.
    [Google Scholar]
29. Elliot, R.. ( 2019;), ‘ Mobile phone penetration throughout sub-Saharan Africa. ’, GeoPoll, 8 July, https://www.geopoll.com/blog/mobile-phone-penetration-africa/. Accessed 18 February 2021.
    [Google Scholar]
30. Eunson, B.. ( 2012), Communicating in the 21st Century, Hoboken:: Wiley;.
    [Google Scholar]
31. Ezeibe, C.. ( 2020;), ‘ Hate speech and election violence in Nigeria. ’, Journal of Asian and African Studies, September, https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0021909620951208. Accessed 18 February 2021.
    [Google Scholar]
32. Gustafsson, J.. ( 2016;), ‘ Community radio and peace-building in Kenya. ’, Journal of Alternative and Community Media, 1:1, pp. 114–27.
    [Google Scholar]
33. Jozuka, E.. ( 2016;), ‘ As more work moves online, the threat of “digital sweat- shops” looms. ’, Vice, 22 March, https://www.vice.com/en/article/qkjk35/as-more-work-moves-online-the-threat-of-digital-sweatshops-looms. Accessed 15 February 2021.
    [Google Scholar]
34. Keller, M.. ( 2013;), ‘ Social media and interpersonal communication. ’, Social Work Today, 13:3, p. 10.
    [Google Scholar]
35. Lerner, D.. ( 1958), The Passing of Traditional Society: Modernizing the Middle East, New York:: Free Press;.
    [Google Scholar]
36. Lewis, D.,, Tigist, S. H., and van Vuuren, M.. ( 2013;), ‘ Exploring new media technologies among young South African women. ’, Feminist Africa, 18, pp. 43–63.
    [Google Scholar]
37. Mabweazara, H.. ( 2010;), ‘ “New” technologies and journalism practice in Africa: Towards a critical sociological approach. ’, in N. Hyde-Clarke. (ed.), The Citizen in Communication: Re-Visiting Traditional, New and Community Media Practices in South Africa, Cape Town:: Juta and Co;., pp. 11–30.
    [Google Scholar]
38. Mabweazara, H.. ( 2011;), ‘ The Internet in the print newsroom: Trends, practices and emerging cultures in Zimbabwe. ’, in D. Domingo, and C. Peterson. (eds), Making Online News Newsroom Ethnographies on the Second Decade of Internet Journalism, New York:: Peter Lang;, pp. 57–69.
    [Google Scholar]
39. Mabweazara, H.. ( 2014;), ‘ Introduction: “Digital technologies and the evolving African newsroom”: Towards an African digital journalism epistemology. ’, Digital Journalism, 2:1, pp. 2–11.
    [Google Scholar]
40. Mabweazara, H.,, Mudhai, O., and Whittaker, J.. ( 2014), Online Journalism in Africa: Trends, Practices and Emerging Cultures, London:: Routledge;.
    [Google Scholar]
41. Madrid-Morales, D.. ( 2017;), ‘ China’s digital public diplomacy towards Africa: Actors, messages and audiences. ’, in K. Batchelor, and X. Zhang. (eds), China-Africa Relations: Building Images Through Cultural Co-Operation, Media Representation and on the Ground Activities, London:: Routledge;, pp. 129–46.
    [Google Scholar]
42. Marchant, E., and Stremlau, N.. ( 2020;), ‘ The changing landscape of Internet shutdowns in Africa. ’, International Journal of Communication, 14, pp. 4126–223.
    [Google Scholar]
43. Mare, A.. ( 2014;), ‘ New media technologies and Internal newsroom creativity in Mozambique: The case of @verdade. ’, Digital Journalism, 2:1, pp. 12–28.
    [Google Scholar]
44. Mare, A.,, Mabweazara, H. M., and Moyo, D.. ( 2019;), ‘ “Fake news” and cyber-propaganda in sub-Saharan Africa: Recentering the research agenda. ’, African Journalism Studies, 40:4, pp. 1–12.
    [Google Scholar]
45. Media Council of Kenya ( 2016), The Impact of Digital Technologies and Internet on Media and Kenyan Journalism, Nairobi:: Media Council of Kenya;.
    [Google Scholar]
46. Misra, S.,, Cheng, L.,, Genevie, J., and Yuan, M.. ( 2014;), ‘ The iPhone effect: The quality of in-person social interactions in the presence of mobile devices. ’, Environment and Behavior, 48:2, pp. 275–98.
    [Google Scholar]
47. Moore, P.. ( 2009;), ‘ From the Bogside to Namibia: The place of community broadcasting in post-conflict cultural reconstruction. ’, Radio Journal: International Studies in Broadcast and Audio Media, 6:1, pp. 45–58.
    [Google Scholar]
48. Muindi, B.. ( 2018;), ‘ Negotiating the balance between speed and credibility in deploying Twitter as journalistic tool at the Daily Nation newspaper in Kenya. ’, African Journalism Studies, 39:1, pp. 111–28.
    [Google Scholar]
49. Mutsvairo, B.. ( 2013;), ‘ Are new media technologies positively influencing democratic participation: Evidence from the 2008 elections in Zimbabwe. ’, Global Media Journal, 7:2, pp. 181–200.
    [Google Scholar]
50. Mutsvairo, B., and Rønning, H.. ( 2020), ‘The Janus face of social media and democracy? Reflections on Africa’, Media, Culture & Society, 42:3, pp. 317–28.
    [Google Scholar]
51. Ndlela, M. N.. ( 2015;), ‘ Social media and elections in Kenya. ’, in A. Bruns,, G. Enli,, E. Skogerbø,, A. O. Larsson, and C. Christensen. (eds), The Routledge Companion to Social Media and Politics, London:: Routledge;, pp. 460–70.
    [Google Scholar]
52. Ngomba, T.. ( 2015;), ‘ Social media and election campaigns in sub-Saharan Africa: Insights from Cameroon. ’, in A. Bruns,, G. Enli,, E. Skogerbø,, A. O. Larsson, and C. Christensen. (eds), The Routledge Companion to Social Media and Politics, London:: Routledge;, pp. 447–59.
    [Google Scholar]
53. Nyamnjoh, F.. ( 1999;), ‘ African cultural studies, cultural studies on Africa: How to make a useful difference. ’, Critical Arts: A Journal of Cultural Studies in Africa, 13:1, pp. 15–39.
    [Google Scholar]
54. Nyamnjoh, F.. ( 2005), Africa’s Media: Democracy and the Politics of Belonging, London:: Zed Books;.
    [Google Scholar]
55. Obonyo, L.. ( 2011;), ‘ Towards a theory of communication for Africa: The challenges for emerging democracies. ’, Communicatio, 37:1, pp. 1–20.
    [Google Scholar]
56. Onyeator, I., and Okpara, N.. ( 2019;), ‘ Human communication in a digital age: Perspectives on interpersonal communication in the family. ’, New Media and Mass Communication, 78, pp. 30–34.
    [Google Scholar]
57. Orji, K.. ( 2019;), ‘ Social media and elections in Nigeria: Digital influence on election observation, campaigns and administration. ’, in M. Dwyer, and T. Molony. (eds), Social Media and Politics in Africa: Democracy, Censorship and Security, London:: Zed Books;, pp. 152–72.
    [Google Scholar]
58. People Daily ( 2019;), ‘ Ten African countries with the highest mobile phone penetration. ’, People Daily Online, 8 October, https://www.pd.co.ke/lifestyle/ten-african-countries-with-the-highest-mobile-phone-penetration-8763/. Accessed 18 February 2021.
    [Google Scholar]
59. Peprah, A. A., and Giachetti, C.. ( 2017;), ‘ Business model adaptation to institutional voids: The case of Jumia, the Amazon of Africa. ’, Academy of Management Proceedings, 2017:1, https://journals.aom.org/doi/abs/10.5465/AMBPP.2017.13620abstract. Accessed 18 February 2021.
    [Google Scholar]
60. Pew Review Center ( 2019;), ‘ Mobile fact sheet. ’, Pew Review Center, 12 June, https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/fact-sheet/mobile/. Accessed 27 February 2021.
    [Google Scholar]
61. Rainie, L., and Zickuhr, K.. ( 2015), Americans’ Views on Mobile Etiquette, Washington:: Pew Research Center;, https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/wp-content/uploads/sites/9/2015/08/2015-08-26_mobile-etiquette_FINAL.pdf. Accessed 18 February 2021.
62. Riley, E.. ( 2019;), ‘ Chaos and comedy: Social media, activism, and democracy in Senegal. ’, in M. Dwyer, and T. Molony. (eds), Social Media and Politics in Africa, London:: Zed Books;, pp. 129–51.
    [Google Scholar]
63. Rogers, E. M., and Shoemaker, F. F.. ( 1971), Communication of Innovation, New York:: The Free Press;.
    [Google Scholar]
64. Schoon, A., and Strelitz, L.. ( 2017;), ‘ Mixing with MXit when you’re “mix”: Mobile phones and identity in a small South African town. ’, in W. Willems, and W. Mano. (eds), Everyday Media Culture in Africa: Audiences and Users, New York:: Routledge;, pp. 180–97.
    [Google Scholar]
65. Scott, M.. ( 2019), Media and Development, London:: Zed Books;.
    [Google Scholar]
66. Shah, H.. ( 2011), The Production of Modernization: Daniel Lerner, Mass Media, and the Passing of Traditional Society, Philadelphia:, PA:: Temple University Press;.
    [Google Scholar]
67. Svensson, J., and Wamala Larsson, C.. ( 2015;), ‘ Situated empowerment: Mobile phones practices among market women in Kampala. ’, Mobile Media and Communication, 4:2, pp. 205–20.
    [Google Scholar]
68. Tully, M.. ( 2011;), ‘ Ushahidi and the Kenyan blogosphere: Alternative online media in the 2007 post-election crisis in Kenya. ’, in B. A. Musa, and J. K. Domatob. (eds), Communication, Culture, and Human Rights in Africa, Lanham, MD:: University Press of America;, pp. 153–71.
    [Google Scholar]
69. Umeh, E.. ( 2019;), ‘ Three reasons why African mobile connectivity is misleading. ’, The Africa Report, 27 June, https://www.theafricareport.com/14567/three-reasons-why-african-mobile-connectivity-is-misleading/. Accessed 18 February 2021.
    [Google Scholar]
70. Vokes, R.. ( 2018), Media and Development, Milton Park:: Routledge;.
    [Google Scholar]
71. Wasserman, H., and Madrid-Morales, D.. ( 2019;), ‘ An exploratory study of “fake news” and media trust in Kenya, Nigeria and South Africa. ’, African Journalism Studies, 40:1, pp. 107–23.
    [Google Scholar]
72. World Bank Group and China Development Bank ( 2017;), ‘ Leapfrogging: The key to Africa’s development? From constraints to investment opportunities. ’, Open Knowledge Repository, 20 September, http://hdl.handle.net/10986/28440. Accessed 18 February 2021.
    [Google Scholar]
73. Madrid-Morales, Dani, and Ireri, Kioko. ( 2021;), ‘ Disruptions and transformations of digital media in Africa: An interdisciplinary overview. ’, Journal of African Media Studies, 13:1, pp. 3–16, doi: https://doi.org/10.1386/jams_00030_2
    [Google Scholar]