Skip to content
1981
Platform Governance: Power, Diversity and Accountability
  • ISSN: 2516-3523
  • E-ISSN: 2516-3531

Abstract

Unlike many other countries around the world, the United States has taken relatively little substantive action in the realm of platform governance, despite the United States being directly impacted by occurrences such as Russian interference in the 2016 election, domestic disinformation related to the 2020 election, the Cambridge Analytica data breach scandal and the ‘infodemic’ of misinformation that has accompanied the Coronavirus pandemic. Yet the past four years have involved numerous Congressional hearings on various aspects of platform governance and a multitude of bills have been introduced addressing a similarly wide range of platform governance issues. With so many indicators of potential government action over the past half-decade, but so few actual policy interventions, platform governance appears to be a prime example of a policy-making context in which symbolic actions are taking precedence over substantive actions. This article illustrates this dynamic through an analysis of recent platform governance developments in the United States.

Funding
This study was supported by the:
  • Carnegie Corporation of New York
Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1386/jdmp_00060_1
2021-06-01
2026-04-14

Metrics

Loading full text...

Full text loading...

References

  1. Barrett, Bridget, and Kreiss, Daniel. ( 2019;), ‘ Platform transience: Changes in Facebook’s policies, procedures, and affordances in global electoral politics. ’, Internet Policy Review, 8:4, pp. 122.
    [Google Scholar]
  2. Benkler, Yochai,, Faris, Robert, and Roberts, Hal. ( 2018), Network Propaganda: Manipulation, Disinformation, and Radicalization in American Politics, New York:: Oxford University Press;.
    [Google Scholar]
  3. Benner, Katie, and Kang, Cecilia. ( 2020;), ‘ Justice Department plans to file antitrust charges against Google in the coming weeks. ’, New York Times, 20 October, https://www.nytimes.com/2020/09/03/us/politics/google-antitrust-justice-department.html. Accessed 18 May 2021.
    [Google Scholar]
  4. Bergen, Mark. ( 2019;), ‘ YouTube executives ignored warnings, letting toxic videos run rampant. ’, Bloomberg, 2 April, https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2019-04-02/youtube-executives-ignored-warnings-letting-toxic-videos-run-rampant. Accessed 18 May 2021.
    [Google Scholar]
  5. Bode, Karl. ( 2020;), ‘ Bill Barr’s Google “antitrust inquiry” is a weaponized farce. ’, TechDirt , 20 October, https://www.techdirt.com/articles/20201020/09563045541/bill-barrs-google-antitrust-inquiry-is-weaponized-farce.shtml. Accessed 18 May 2021.
  6. Bort, Ryan. ( 2020;), ‘ Can Facebook be fixed?. ’, Rolling Stone, 9 July, https://www.rollingstone.com/politics/politics-features/facebook-misinformation-claire-wardle-first-draft-interview-1025687/. Accessed 18 May 2021.
    [Google Scholar]
  7. Bruno, James. ( 2019;), ‘ What’s behind the GOP’s disinformation machine?. ’, Washington Monthly, 13 December, https://washingtonmonthly.com/2019/12/13/whats-behind-the-gops-disinformation-machine/. Accessed 18 May 2021.
    [Google Scholar]
  8. Citron, Danielle K., and Overton, Spencer. ( 2020;), ‘ The latest tech hearing is about helping Trump on election day. ’, Slate, 28 October, https://slate.com/technology/2020/10/senate-tech-hearing-zuckerberg-dorsey-pichai.html. Accessed 18 May 2021.
    [Google Scholar]
  9. Conger, Kate, and Isaac, Mike. ( 2020;), ‘ In reversal, Twitter is no longer blocking New York Post article. ’, New York Times, 22 October, https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/16/technology/twitter-new-york-post.html. Accessed 18 May 2021.
    [Google Scholar]
  10. Edelman, Murray. ( [1964] 1985), The Symbolic Uses of Politics, Urbana, IL:: University of Illinois Press;.
    [Google Scholar]
  11. Edelman, Gilad. ( 2020a;), ‘ Republicans make an unlikely closing pitch: Amend Section 230. ’, Wired, 27 October, https://www.wired.com/story/senate-section-230-hearing-zuckerberg-dorsey-pichai/. Accessed 18 May 2021.
    [Google Scholar]
  12. Edelman, Gilad. ( 2020b;), ‘ Trump’s social media executive order is purely for show. ’, Wired, 28 May, https://www.wired.com/story/trump-social-media-executive-order/. Accessed 18 May 2021.
    [Google Scholar]
  13. Eisenstat, Yael. ( 2019;), ‘ I worked on political ads at Facebook: They profit by manipulating us. ’, Washington Post, 4 November, https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/2019/11/04/i-worked-political-ads-facebook-they-profit-by-manipulating-us/. Accessed 18 May 2021.
    [Google Scholar]
  14. Ellig, James. ( 2020;), ‘ The social media executive order and the FCC. ’, George Washington University Regulatory Studies Center Commentary , 8 June, https://regulatorystudies.columbian.gwu.edu/social-media-executive-order-and-fcc. Accessed 18 May 2021.
  15. Epstein, Diana, and Graham, John D.. ( 2007), Polarized Politics and Policy Consequences, Rand Corporation Occasional Paper , Santa Monica, CA:: Rand Corporation;, https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/occasional_papers/2007/RAND_OP197.pdf. Accessed 18 May 2021.
    [Google Scholar]
  16. Epstein, Reid J.. ( 2020;), ‘ The GOP delivers its 2020 platform: It’s from 2016. ’, New York Times, 25 April, https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/25/us/politics/republicans-platform.html. Accessed 18 May 2021.
    [Google Scholar]
  17. Feiner, Laura. ( 2020;), ‘ Big Tech Senate CEO hearing ends with little discussion of how to fix companies’ liability shield. ’, CNBC , 28 October, https://www.cnbc.com/2020/10/28/facebook-google-and-twitter-ceos-testify-in-congress-over-section-230-live-updates.html. Accessed 18 May 2021.
  18. Feld, Harold. ( 2019;), ‘ Could the FCC regulate social media under Section 230? No. ’, Public Knowledge , 14 August, https://www.publicknowledge.org/blog/could-the-fcc-regulate-social-media-under-section-230-no/. Accessed 18 May 2021.
  19. Gelman, Jeremy. ( 2017;), ‘ Rewarding dysfunction: Interest groups and intended legislative failure. ’, Legislative Studies Quarterly, 42:4, pp. 66192.
    [Google Scholar]
  20. Gelman, Jeremy. ( 2020), Losing to Win: Why Congressional Majorities Play Politics instead of Make Laws, Ann Arbor, MI:: University of Michigan Press;.
    [Google Scholar]
  21. Hiltzik, Michael. ( 2020;), ‘ An antitrust case against Google is a good thing, but Trump’s involvement is not. ’, Los Angeles Times, 20 October, https://www.latimes.com/business/story/2020-10-20/google-antitrust-trump. Accessed 18 May 2021.
    [Google Scholar]
  22. Honest Ads Act ( 2017;), S.1989, 115th Congress, 1st Session. , https://www.congress.gov/bill/115th-congress/house-bill/4077/text. Accessed 18 May 2021.
  23. Jamieson, Kathleen H.. ( 2018), CyberWar: How Russian Hackers and Trolls Helped Elect a President – What We Don’t, Can’t, and Do Know, New York:: Oxford University Press;.
    [Google Scholar]
  24. Johnson, Jenna. ( 2016;), ‘ Many Trump supporters don’t believe his wildest promises: And they don’t care. ’, Washington Post, 7 June, https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/many-trump-supporters-dont-believe-his-wildest-promises--and-they-dont-care/2016/06/06/05005210-28c4-11e6-b989-4e5479715b54_story.html. Accessed 18 May 2021.
    [Google Scholar]
  25. Johnson, Thomas M., Jr. ( 2020;), ‘ The FCC’s authority to interpret Section 230 of the Communications Act. ’, Federal Communications Commission , 21 October, https://www.fcc.gov/news-events/blog/2020/10/21/fccs-authority-interpret-section-230-communications-act. Accessed 18 May 2021.
  26. Kafka, Peter. ( 2020;), ‘ Why big tech isn’t fighting Trump in public this time. ’, Vox, 29 May, https://www.vox.com/recode/2020/5/29/21275052/tech-trump-230-social-media-executive-order-response-twitter-facebook-google-youtube. Accessed 18 May 2021.
    [Google Scholar]
  27. Kang, Cecilia, and McCabe, David. ( 2020;), ‘ Big Tech was their enemy, until partisanship fractured their battle plans. ’, New York Times, 6 October, https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/06/technology/lawmakers-big-tech-power-bipartisan.html. Accessed 18 May 2020.
    [Google Scholar]
  28. Kelly, Makena. ( 2020a;), ‘ Trump wants to fight Twitter more than regulate it. ’, The Verge, 20 May, https://www.theverge.com/2020/5/27/21272257/twitter-donald-trump-regulate-conservative-bias-white-house-mail-voting. Accessed 18 May 2021.
    [Google Scholar]
  29. Kelly, Makena. ( 2020b;), ‘ All the ways Congress is taking on the tech industry. ’, The Verge, 3 March, https://www.theverge.com/2020/3/3/21153117/congress-tech-regulation-privacy-bill-coppa-ads-laws-legislators. Accessed 18 May 2021.
    [Google Scholar]
  30. Kornbluh, Karen,, Goldstein, Adrienne, and Weiner, Eli. ( 2020;), ‘ New study by Digital New Deal finds engagement with deceptive outlets higher on Facebook today than it was in the run-up to the 2016 election. ’, German Marshall Fund of the United States , 12 October, https://www.gmfus.org/blog/2020/10/12/new-study-digital-new-deal-finds-engagement-deceptive-outlets-higher-facebook-today. Accessed 18 May 2021.
  31. Kyl, Jon. ( 2019), Covington Interim Report, Facebook , August, https://about.fb.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/covington-interim-report-1.pdf. Accessed 18 May 2021.
    [Google Scholar]
  32. Lee, Frances E.. ( 2018;), ‘ The 115th Congress and questions of party unity in a polarized era. ’, Journal of Politics, 80:4, pp. 146473.
    [Google Scholar]
  33. Leonhardt, David. ( 2020;), ‘ The Trump economy. ’, New York Times, 26 October, https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/26/briefing/coronavirus-chile-world-series.html. Accessed 18 May 2021.
    [Google Scholar]
  34. Levin, Sam. ( 2018;), ‘ “They don’t care”: Facebook factchecking in disarray as journalists push to cut ties. ’, The Guardian, 13 December, https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2018/dec/13/they-dont-care-facebook-fact-checking-in-disarray-as-journalists-push-to-cut-ties. Accessed 18 May 2021.
    [Google Scholar]
  35. Mak, Andrew. ( 2020;), ‘ All the reasons the government’s Google suit looks like a rush job. ’, Slate, 20 October, https://slate.com/technology/2020/10/google-antitrust-lawsuit-william-barr-justice-department.html. Accessed 18 May 2021.
    [Google Scholar]
  36. Marantz, Andrew. ( 2020;), ‘ Why Facebook can’t fix itself. ’, New Yorker, 12 October, https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2020/10/19/why-facebook-cant-fix-itself. Accessed 18 May 2021.
    [Google Scholar]
  37. Merrill, Jeremy B.. ( 2020;), ‘ Facebook charged Biden a higher price than Trump for campaign ads. ’, The Markup , 29 October, https://themarkup.org/election-2020/2020/10/29/facebook-political-ad-targeting-algorithm-prices-trump-biden. Accessed 18 May 2021.
  38. Murphy, Laura M.. ( 2020), Facebook’s Civil Rights Audit: Final Report, Facebook , 8 July, https://about.fb.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/Civil-Rights-Audit-Final-Report.pdf. Accessed 18 May 2021.
    [Google Scholar]
  39. Napoli, Philip M.. ( 2019), Social Media and the Public Interest: Media Regulation in the Disinformation Age, New York:: Columbia University Press;.
    [Google Scholar]
  40. Napoli, Philip M.. ( 2020;), ‘ Lessons for social media from the Fairness Doctrine. ’, Columbia Journalism Review, 14 August, https://www.cjr.org/opinion/social-media-fairness-doctrine.php. Accessed 18 May 2021.
    [Google Scholar]
  41. National Telecommunications and Information Administration ( 2020;), ‘ In the matter of Section 230 of the Communications Act of 1934: Petition for rulemaking of the National Telecommunications and Information Administration. ’, 27 July, https://www.ntia.gov/files/ntia/publications/ntia_petition_for_rulemaking_7.27.20.pdf. Accessed 18 May 2021.
  42. Online Freedom and Viewpoint Diversity Act ( 2020), S.4534, 116th Congress, 2nd Session , https://www.commerce.senate.gov/services/files/94D0F3C6-B927-46D2-A75C-17C78D0D92AA. Accessed 18 May 2021.
  43. O’Reilly, Andrew. ( 2020;), ‘ Jim Jorden tells Zuckerberg, Bezos, Cook, and Pichai that “big tech’s” out to get conservatives. ’, Fox News , 29 July, https://www.foxnews.com/politics/jim-jordan-tells-zuckerberg-bezos-cook-and-pichai-during-hearing-that-big-techs-out-to-get-conservatives. Accessed 18 May 2021.
  44. Pai, Ajit. ( 2020;), ‘ Statement of Chairman Pai on Section 230. ’, news release , 15 October, https://docs.fcc.gov/public/attachments/DOC-367567A1.pdf. Accessed 18 May 2021.
  45. Reardon, Marguerite. ( 2020;), ‘ Democrats and Republicans agree that Section 230 is flawed: And that’s all they agree on. ’, CNET , 21 June, https://www.cnet.com/news/democrats-and-republicans-agree-that-section-230-is-flawed/. Accessed 18 May 2021.
  46. Rodriguez, Salvador. ( 2019;), ‘ Trump’s White House just put up an online form for people to complain about social media censorship. ’, CNBC , 15 May, https://www.cnbc.com/2019/05/15/trump-white-house-solicits-complaints-about-social-media-censorship.html. Accessed 18 May 2021.
  47. Romm, Tony. ( 2018;), ‘ Inside Facebook and Twitter’s secret meetings with Trump aides and conservative leaders who say tech is biased. ’, Washington Post, 27 June, https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2018/06/27/inside-facebook-twitters-secret-meetings-with-trump-aides-conservative-leaders-who-say-tech-is-biased/. Accessed 18 May 2021.
    [Google Scholar]
  48. Seetharaman, Deepa, and Glazer, Emily. ( 2020;), ‘ How Mark Zuckerberg learned politics. ’, Wall Street Journal, 16 October, https://www.wsj.com/articles/how-mark-zuckerberg-learned-politics-11602853200. Accessed 18 May 2021.
    [Google Scholar]
  49. Smith, Ben. ( 2020;), ‘ What’s Facebook’s deal with Donald Trump. ’, New York Times, 21 June, https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/21/business/media/facebook-donald-trump-mark-zuckerberg.html. Accessed 18 May 2021.
    [Google Scholar]
  50. Stern, Carly. ( 2020;), ‘ Dogs 2020! Americans campaign for favorite pets, “Any Functioning Adult”, and even Joe Exotic with funny lawn signs ahead of the election. ’, Daily Mail, 23 October, https://www.dailymail.co.uk/femail/article-8872781/Americans-campaign-pets-functioning-adult-Joe-Exotic-funny-lawn-signs.html. Accessed 18 May 2021.
    [Google Scholar]
  51. Stewart, Emily. ( 2019;), ‘ The White House’s social media bias tool is a ploy to get your email. ’, Vox, 19 May, https://www.vox.com/recode/2019/5/17/18629426/trump-social-media-bias-complaint-form-facebook. Accessed 18 May 2021.
    [Google Scholar]
  52. Tracy, Ryan. ( 2020;), ‘ Google critics cheer Justice Department suit but skeptics question motives. ’, Wall Street Journal, 20 October, https://www.wsj.com/articles/google-critics-cheer-justice-department-suit-but-skeptics-question-motives-11603216078. Accessed 18 May 2021.
    [Google Scholar]
  53. Trump White House ( 2020), Executive Order on Preventing Online Censorship, 28 May, https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/presidential-actions/executive-order-preventing-online-censorship/. Accessed 18 May 2021.
    [Google Scholar]
  54. United States Department of Justice ( 2020;), ‘ Section 230: Nurturing innovation or fostering unaccountability. ’, United States Department of Justice , June, https://www.justice.gov/file/1286331/download. Accessed 18 May 2021.
  55. United States, et al. v. Google ( 2020;), ‘ Complaint filed in the United States District Court for the District of Columbia. ’, https://assets.documentcloud.org/documents/7273571/Google-Complaint-Filed-0.pdf. Accessed 18 May 2021.
  56. US Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation ( 2020;), ‘ Hearing: Does Section 230’s sweeping immunity enable big tech bad behavior. ’, US Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation , 28 October, https://www.commerce.senate.gov/2020/10/does-section-230-s-sweeping-immunity-enable-big-tech-bad-behavior. Accessed 18 May 2021.
  57. Vogels, Emily A.,, Perrin, Andrew, and Anderson, Monica. ( 2020;), ‘ Most Americans think social media sites censor political viewpoints. ’, Pew Research Center , 19 August, https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/2020/08/19/most-americans-think-social-media-sites-censor-political-viewpoints/. Accessed 18 May 2021.
  58. Wiley, Christopher. ( 2019), Mindf*ck: Cambridge Analytica and the Plot to Break America, New York:: Random House;.
    [Google Scholar]
  59. Napoli, Philip M.. ( 2021;), ‘ The symbolic uses of platforms: The politics of platform governance in the United States. ’, Journal of Digital Media & Policy, 12:2, pp. 21530, https://doi.org/10.1386/jdmp_00060_1
    [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/10.1386/jdmp_00060_1
Loading
This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a success
Invalid data
An error occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error
Please enter a valid_number test