Theorizing comic cons | Intellect Skip to content
1981
Volume 8, Issue 1
  • ISSN: 2046-6692
  • E-ISSN: 2046-6706

Abstract

When comics fandom emerged as a distinct media-oriented community in the 1960s, one of the things it brought with it from science-fiction fandoms was the convention. Buoyed by the synergistic relationship between Hollywood and the San Diego Comic-Con and the growing prominence of ‘geek’ culture, comic conventions, comic art festivals and related media fandom events across North America have enjoyed enhanced prestige, attention and attendance over the last fifteen to twenty years. But what kind of event are these ‘con events’? This article builds on a cultural mapping survey of convention organizers. The survey’s goal was to suggest something of the scope and diversity of the contemporary sector. Behind this variation, we define the con event as an organizational and cultural form that is (1) oriented to media, (2) audience-facing and (3) concerned with circulation.

Funding
This study was supported by the:
  • Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada
Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1386/jfs_00007_1
2020-03-01
2024-04-18
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/jfs/8/1/jfs.8.1.9.html?itemId=/content/journals/10.1386/jfs_00007_1&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

References

  1. Aca-Media ( 2019;), ‘ Episode 48: Double the FOMO. ’, Society for Cinema and Media Studies and Journal of Cinema and Media Studies, USA , 6 May, http://www.aca-media.org/news/2019/5/6/episode-48-double-the-fomo. Accessed 9 July 2019.
    [Google Scholar]
  2. Beaty, B.. ( 2010;), ‘ The recession and the American comic book industry: From inelastic cultural good to economic integration. ’, Popular Communication, 8:3, pp. 20307.
    [Google Scholar]
  3. Beaty, B.. ( 2016;), ‘ Superhero fan service: Audience strategies in the contemporary interlinked Hollywood blockbuster. ’, Information Society, 32:5, pp. 31825.
    [Google Scholar]
  4. Beaty, B., and Woo, B.. ( 2016), The Greatest Comic Book of All Time: Symbolic Capital and the Field of American Comic Books, New York:: Palgrave Macmillan;.
    [Google Scholar]
  5. Blumer, H.. ( 1954;), ‘ What is wrong with social theory?. ’, American Sociological Review, 19:1, pp. 310.
    [Google Scholar]
  6. Bolling, B., and Smith, M. J.. (eds) ( 2014), It Happens at Comic-Con: Ethnographic Essays on a Pop Culture Phenomenon, Jefferson, NC:: McFarland;.
    [Google Scholar]
  7. BookCon ( 2019a;), ‘ Where storytelling and pop culture collide. ’, BookCon, https://www.bookcon.com. Accessed 8 March 2019.
    [Google Scholar]
  8. BookCon ( 2019b;), ‘ FAQs. ’, BookCon, https://www.bookcon.com/About/FAQs. Accessed 8 March 2019.
    [Google Scholar]
  9. BookCon ( 2019c;), ‘ UnBound at BookCon. ’, BookCon, https://www.bookcon.com/Floor/Unbound. Accessed 8 March 2019.
    [Google Scholar]
  10. BookExpo ( 2019a;), ‘ The #1 book and author event. ’, BookExpo, https://www.bookexpoamerica.com. Accessed 8 March 2019.
    [Google Scholar]
  11. BookExpo ( 2019b;), ‘ Learn more about. ’, BookExpo, https://www.bookexpoamerica.com/About-Us. Accessed 8 March 2019.
    [Google Scholar]
  12. Bourdieu, P.. ( 1983;), ‘ The field of cultural production, or: The economic world reversed. ’, Poetics, 12:4&5, pp. 31156.
    [Google Scholar]
  13. Bourdieu, P., and Wacquant, L.. ( 1992), An Invitation to Reflexive Sociology, Chicago, IL:: University of Chicago Press;.
    [Google Scholar]
  14. Buell, M.. ( n.d.;), ‘ How to superpower your con with new insights into fans’ spending. ’, Eventbrite, www.eventbrite.com/blog/academy/how-to-superpower-your-con-with-new-insights-into-fans-spending. Accessed 17 May 2016.
    [Google Scholar]
  15. Busse, K.. ( 2013;), ‘ Geek hierarchies, boundary policing, and the gendering of the good fan. ’, Participations, 10:1, pp. 7391.
    [Google Scholar]
  16. Calgary Expo ( 2019;), ‘ History of the Calgary comic & entertainment expo. ’, Calgary Expo, https://www.calgaryexpo.com/en/about/history.html. Accessed 28 November 2018.
    [Google Scholar]
  17. Collins, J.. ( 2010), Bring on the Books for Everybody: How Literary Culture Became Popular Culture, Durham, NC:: Duke University Press;.
    [Google Scholar]
  18. Cornfeld, L.. ( 2018;), ‘ Babes in tech land: Expo labor as capitalist technology’s erotic body. ’, Feminist Media Studies, 18:2, pp. 20520.
    [Google Scholar]
  19. Couldry, N.. ( 2004;), ‘ Theorising media as practice. ’, Social Semiotics, 14:2, pp. 11532.
    [Google Scholar]
  20. Dayan, D., and Katz, E.. ( 1992), Media Events: The Live Broadcasting of History, Cambridge, MA:: Harvard University Press;.
    [Google Scholar]
  21. Doug, T.. ( 2016;), ‘ Cosplay is STILL not consent. ’, Pop Culture Uncovered, 14 June, https://popcultureuncovered.com/2016/06/14/cosplay-is-still-not-consent. Accessed 1 April 2019.
    [Google Scholar]
  22. Duxbury, N.,, Garrett-Petts, W. F., and MacLennan, D.. ( 2015;), ‘ Cultural mapping as cultural inquiry: Introduction to an emerging field of practice. ’, in N. Duxbury,, W. F. Garrett-Petts, and D. MacLennan. (eds), Cultural Mapping as Cultural Inquiry, New York:: Routledge;, pp. 142.
    [Google Scholar]
  23. Ebright, O.. ( 2010;), ‘ Land deal crushes Anaheim’s Comic-Con dreams: Commissioners take first step to expand San Diego convention center. ’, NBC 7, San Diego , 6 April, https://nbcsandiego.com/news/local/San-Diego-Convention-Center-Expansion–90040797.html. Accessed 19 December 2018.
  24. Emerald City Comic Con ( 2019;), ‘ ECCC fan FAQs. ’, Emerald City Comic Con, https://www.emeraldcitycomiccon.com/About/ECCC-Fan-FAQs. Accessed 29 March 2019.
    [Google Scholar]
  25. Estrada, J.. ( 2014), Comic Book People: Photographs from the 1970s and 1980s, San Diego, CA:: Exhibit A Press;.
    [Google Scholar]
  26. Estrada, J.. ( 2015), Comic Book People 2: Photographs from the 1990s, San Diego, CA:: Exhibit A Press;.
    [Google Scholar]
  27. Gallagher, R.. ( 2018;), ‘ Nerds? Superfans, gamers, devotees, disciples… and finding the way to their hearts. ’, Resound Marketing, 26 September, http://resoundmarketing.com/blog/nerds-superfans-gamers-survey/. Accessed 26 September 2018.
    [Google Scholar]
  28. Gamerman, E.. ( 2016;), ‘ The rise of cons. ’, Wall Street Journal, 3 March, http://www.wsj.com/articles/the-rise-of-cons-1457036227. Accessed 19 December 2018.
    [Google Scholar]
  29. Gaonkar, D. P., and Povinelli, E. A.. ( 2003;), ‘ Technologies of public forms: Circulation, transfiguration, recognition. ’, Public Culture, 15:3, pp. 38697.
    [Google Scholar]
  30. Gendron, M.. ( 2017;), ‘ From public relations to brand activation: Integrating today’s communications tools to move business forward. ’, Global Business and Organizational Excellence, 36:3, pp. 613.
    [Google Scholar]
  31. Gilbert, A.. ( 2017;), ‘ Live from Hall H: Fan/producer symbiosis at San Diego Comic-Con. ’, in J. Gray,, C. Sandvoss, and C. L. Harrington. (eds), Fandom, Second Edition: Identities and Communities in a Mediated World, New York:: New York University Press;, pp. 35468.
    [Google Scholar]
  32. Gilbert, A.. ( 2018;), ‘ Conspicuous convention: Industry interpellation and fan consumption at San Diego Comic-Con. ’, in M. A. Click, and S. Scott. (eds), The Routledge Companion to Media Fandom, New York:: Routledge;, pp. 31936.
    [Google Scholar]
  33. Gunnels, J.. ( 2009;), ‘ “A Jedi like my father before me”: Social identity and the New York Comic Con. ’, Transformative Works and Cultures, 3, https://doi.org/10.3983/twc.2009.0161.
    [Google Scholar]
  34. Hanna, E.. ( 2014;), ‘ Making fandom work: Industry space and structures of power at the San Diego Comic-Con. ’, Ph.D. thesis, Toronto:: York University;.
    [Google Scholar]
  35. Hanna, E.. ( 2019;), ‘ Origin stories: The San Diego Comic-Con and the future of all media. ’, Society for Cinema and Media Studies, Seattle, 13–17 March.
    [Google Scholar]
  36. Hills, M.. ( 2005;), ‘ Negative fan stereotypes (“get a life!”) and positive fan injunctions (“everyone’s got to be a fan of something!”): Returning to hegemony theory in fan studies. ’, Spectator, 25:1, pp. 3547.
    [Google Scholar]
  37. Huntemann, N. B.. ( 2016;), ‘ Working the booth: Promotional models and the value of affective labor. ’, in M. Banks,, B. Conor, and V. Mayer. (eds), Production Studies, the Sequel! Cultural Studies of Global Media Industries, New York:: Routledge;, pp. 3945.
    [Google Scholar]
  38. Jacobs, A.. ( 2017;) ‘ Meet the Goopies. ’, New York Times, 14 June, https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/14/fashion/gwyneth-paltrow-in-goop-health-wellness.html. Accessed 1 April 2019.
    [Google Scholar]
  39. Jenkins, H.. ( 2012;), ‘ Superpowered fans: The many worlds of San Diego’s Comic-Con. ’, Boom: A Journal of California, 2:2, pp. 2236.
    [Google Scholar]
  40. Jensen, J.. ( 2000;), ‘ Fandom as pathology: The consequences of characterization. ’, in C. L. Harrington, and D. D. Bielby. (eds), Popular Culture: Production and Consumption, Malden, MA:: Blackwell;, pp. 30114.
    [Google Scholar]
  41. Joyner, J.. ( 2018;), ‘ Universal Fan Con: Peeling back the layers. ’, Women Write About Comics, 25 April, https://womenwriteaboutcomics.com/2018/04/universal-fan-con-peeling-back-the-layers. Accessed 5 April 2019.
    [Google Scholar]
  42. Kahler, E.. ( 2015;), ‘ “Tell me, where am I from?”: A study of the performance of geek identity at comic book conventions. ’, master’s thesis, Tampa:: University of South Florida;.
    [Google Scholar]
  43. Kington, C. S.. ( 2015;), ‘ Con culture: A survey of fans and fandom. ’, Journal of Fandom Studies, 3:2, pp. 21128.
    [Google Scholar]
  44. Kohnen, M.. ( 2014;), ‘ “The power of geek”: Fandom as gendered commodity at Comic-Con. ’, Creative Industries Journal, 7:1, pp. 7578.
    [Google Scholar]
  45. Kohnen, M.. ( 2019;), ‘ The experience economy of TV promotion at San Diego Comic-Con. ’, Society for Cinema and Media Studies, Seattle, 13–17 March.
    [Google Scholar]
  46. Kohnen, M.. ( 2020;), ‘ Time, space, strategy: Fan blogging and the economy of knowledge at San Diego Comic-Con. ’, Popular Communication, 18:2, pp. 91107, https://doi.org/10.1080/15405702.2019.1627547.
    [Google Scholar]
  47. Lamerichs, N.. ( 2011;), ‘ Stranger than fiction: Fan identity in cosplay. ’, Transformative Works and Cultures, 7, https://doi.org/10.3983/twc.2011.0246.
    [Google Scholar]
  48. Kohnen, M.. ( 2013;), ‘ The cultural dynamic of doujinshi and cosplay: Local anime fandom in Japan, USA and Europe. ’, Participations, 10:1, pp. 15476.
    [Google Scholar]
  49. Lampel, J., and Meyer, A. D.. ( 2008;), ‘ Field-configuring events as structuring mechanisms: How conferences, ceremonies, and trade shows constitute new technologies, industries, and markets. ’, Journal of Management Studies, 45:6, pp. 102535.
    [Google Scholar]
  50. Latour, B., and Woolgar, S.. ( 1979), Laboratory Life: The Social Construction of Scientific Facts, Los Angeles, CA:: Sage;.
    [Google Scholar]
  51. Lee, B., and LiPuma, E.. ( 2002;), ‘ Cultures of circulation: The imaginations of modernity. ’, Public Culture, 14:1, pp. 191213.
    [Google Scholar]
  52. Lemmons, V. E.. ( 2019;), ‘ Cosplaying with gender: Freedoms and limitations to gender exploration at Canadian anime conventions. ’, master’s thesis, Ottawa:: Carleton University;.
    [Google Scholar]
  53. MacDonald, H.. ( 2014;), ‘ Salt Lake Comic Con releases more information on attendance. ’, The Beat, 9 September, https://www.comicsbeat.com/salt-lake-comic-con-releases-more-information-on-attendance/. Accessed 28 November 2018.
    [Google Scholar]
  54. MacDonald, H.. ( 2016a;), ‘ UPDATED: Phoenix Comicon draws 106,096 people … or 216,219, depending on how you’re counting. ’, The Beat, 15 June, https://www.comicsbeat.com/phoneix-comicon-draws–106096-people-or–216219-depending-on-how-youre-counting/. Accessed 28 November 2018.
    [Google Scholar]
  55. MacDonald, H.. ( 2016b;), ‘ 2017 Amazing Arizona and Amazing Houston Comic Cons cancelled in a saturated market. ’, The Beat, 1 December, https://www.comicsbeat.com/2017-amazing-arizona-and-amazing-houston-comic-cons-cancelled-in-a-saturated-market. Accessed 5 April 2019.
    [Google Scholar]
  56. MacDonald, H.. ( 2017;), ‘ Con news: Wizard World cancels Albuquerque and Orlando shows but may put on 40 in 2018. ’, The Beat, 30 June, https://www.comicsbeat.com/con-news-wizard-world-cancels-albuquerque-and-orlando-shows-but-may-put-on-40-in-2018. Accessed 5 April 2019.
    [Google Scholar]
  57. McCain, J.,, Gentile, B., and Campbell, W. K.. ( 2015;), ‘ A psychological exploration of engagement in geek culture. ’, PLoS ONE, 10:11, pp. 138.
    [Google Scholar]
  58. McMillan, G.. ( 2018;), ‘ Universal FanCon suddenly postponed a week before event. ’, Hollywood Reporter, 20 April, https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/universal-fan-con-suddenly-postponed-a-week-before-event-1104616. Accessed 5 April 2019.
    [Google Scholar]
  59. Mulkerin, T.. ( 2017;), ‘ How the “cosplay is not consent” movement changed New York Comic Con. ’, Mic, 9 October, https://mic.com/articles/185079/how-the-cosplay-is-not-consent-movement-changed-new-york-comic-con. Accessed 1 April 2019.
    [Google Scholar]
  60. Norcliffe, G., and Rendace, O.. ( 2003;), ‘ New geographies of comic book production in North America: The new artisan, distancing, and the periodic social economy. ’, Economic Geography, 79:3, pp. 24163.
    [Google Scholar]
  61. Organization for Transformative Works ( 2017;), ‘ Guest of honor. ’, Fanlore, 21 November, https://fanlore.org/wiki/Guest_of_Honor. Accessed 1 April 2019.
    [Google Scholar]
  62. Pine, B. J., II, and Gilmore, J. H.. ( 1998;), ‘ Welcome to the experience economy. ’, Harvard Business Review, July–August, pp. 97105.
    [Google Scholar]
  63. Pustz, M.. ( 1999), Comic Book Culture: Fanboys and True Believers, Jackson, MO:: University Press of Mississippi;.
    [Google Scholar]
  64. Salkowitz, R. ( 2012), Comic Con and the Business of Pop Culture: What the World’s Wildest Trade Show Can Tell Us about the Future of Entertainment, New York:: McGraw-Hill;.
    [Google Scholar]
  65. San Diego Comic Convention, Inc. ( 2009), Comic-Con: 40 Years of Artists, Writers, Fans, and Friends, San Francisco, CA:: Chronicle Books;.
    [Google Scholar]
  66. Singsen, D.. ( 2017;), ‘ Critical perspectives on mainstream, groundlevel, and alternative comics in The Comics Journal, 1977 to 1996. ’, Journal of Graphic Novels and Comics, 8:2, pp. 15677.
    [Google Scholar]
  67. Spracklen, K., and Lamond, I. R.. ( 2016), Critical Event Studies, Abingdon:: Routledge;.
    [Google Scholar]
  68. Straw, W.. ( 2010;), ‘ The circulatory turn. ’, in A. Boutros, and W. Straw. (eds), Circulation and the City: Essays on Urban Culture, Montreal:: McGill-Queen’s University Press;, pp. 1728.
    [Google Scholar]
  69. Swafford, B.. ( 2012;), ‘ Critical ethnography: The comics shop as cultural clubhouse. ’, in M. J. Smith, and R. Duncan. (eds), Critical Approaches to Comics: Theories and Methods, New York:: Routledge;, pp. 291302.
    [Google Scholar]
  70. Torres, A.. ( 2016;), ‘ Cosplay is not consent: Sexual harassment at conventions. ’, Geeks of Color, 21 June, https://geeksofcolor.co/2016/06/21/cosplay-is-not-consent-sexual-harassment-at-conventions/. Accessed 1 April 2019.
    [Google Scholar]
  71. Volmers, E.. ( 2018;), ‘ Expo evolution: New ownership won’t change things at Calgary’s comic show. ’, Calgary Herald, 29 April, https://calgaryherald.com/entertainment/local-arts/expo-evolution-new-ownership-wont-change-things-at-calgary-comic-and-entertainment-expo-wo. Accessed 28 November 2018.
    [Google Scholar]
  72. Warner, M.. ( 2002;), ‘ Publics and counterpublics. ’, Public Culture, 14:1, pp. 4990.
    [Google Scholar]
  73. Whitehouse, K.. ( 2017;), ‘ Comic con attendance: Numbers, numbers, and numbers: The size of a pop culture event depends on how you count. ’, On Technology and Media: Commentary by Kendall Whitehouse, 16 October, https://ontechnologyandmedia.com/2017/10/16/comic-con-attendance/. Accessed 28 November 2018.
    [Google Scholar]
  74. Wilcox, J.. ( 2013), Comic-Con Heroes: The Fans Who Make the Greatest Show on Earth, , Kindle ed.., San Diego, CA:: Bunny Bows Press;.
    [Google Scholar]
  75. Wolk, D.. ( 2011), Comic-Con Strikes Again!, Kindle Single, Seattle:: Amazon;.
    [Google Scholar]
  76. Woo, B.. ( 2011;), ‘ The android’s dungeon: Comic-bookstores, cultural spaces, and the social practices of audiences. ’, Journal of Graphic Novels & Comics, 2:2, pp. 12536.
    [Google Scholar]
  77. Woo, B.. ( 2012;), ‘ Alpha nerds: Cultural intermediaries in a subcultural scene. ’, European Journal of Cultural Studies, 15:5, pp. 65976.
    [Google Scholar]
  78. Woo, B.. ( 2015;), ‘ Nerds, geeks, gamers, and fans: Doing subculture on the edge of the mainstream. ’, in A. Dhoest,, S. Malliet,, B. Segaert, and J. Haers. (eds), The Borders of Subculture: Resistance and the Mainstream, New York:: Routledge;, pp. 1736.
    [Google Scholar]
  79. Woo, B.. ( 2018), Getting a Life: The Social Worlds of Geek Culture, Kingston and Montreal:: McGill-Queen’s University Press;.
    [Google Scholar]
  80. Woo, Benjamin,, Johnson, Brian,, Beaty, Bart, and Campbell, Miranda. ( 2020;), ‘ Theorizing comic cons. ’, Journal of Fandom Studies, 8:1, pp. 931, doi: https://doi.org/10.1386/jfs_00007_1
    [Google Scholar]
http://instance.metastore.ingenta.com/content/journals/10.1386/jfs_00007_1
Loading
/content/journals/10.1386/jfs_00007_1
Loading

Data & Media loading...

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a success
Invalid data
An error occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error