Skip to content
1981
Volume 12, Issue 2
  • ISSN: 2052-0204
  • E-ISSN: 2052-0212

Abstract

Picturebooks can have many aims beyond simply entertaining children, and collectively can tell stories beyond the narrative of any one book. One such story is the evolution of doctors and medical professionals in popular consciousness – from paternalistic authority figures, predominantly white and male, to diverse caregivers from all manner of backgrounds. The present study looks at how doctors and their practice, in hospitals and in homes, have been represented in picturebooks since the foundation of the British National Health Service in 1948, and explores how recent picturebooks have sought to convey a more realistic representation of the work, lives and challenges of twenty-first-century medical practitioners.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1386/jill_00120_1
2026-02-28
2026-04-12

Metrics

Loading full text...

Full text loading...

References

  1. AAMC (2018), ‘The white coat: Symbol of professionalism or Hierarchical Elitism?’, 31 July, https://www.aamc.org/news-insights/white-coat-symbol-professionalism-or-hierarchical-elitism. Accessed 27 April 2022.
  2. Alice, H. (2020), The Body Book, London: Nosy Crow.
    [Google Scholar]
  3. Altés, M. (2017), Avery, Cambridge: Anglia Ruskin University.
    [Google Scholar]
  4. Arnold-Forster, A. (2022), How Mills & Boon Made Medicine Romantic, London: Wellcome Collection, https://wellcomecollection.org/articles/YlRExBAAACIAeDDR. Accessed 2 May 2022.
    [Google Scholar]
  5. Arthur, A. and White, H. (1996), ‘Children’s assignment of gender to animal characters in pictures’, The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 157:3, pp. 297301, https://doi.org/10.1080/00221325.1996.9914867.
    [Google Scholar]
  6. Astley Baker Davies Ltd./Entertainment One UK Ltd. ([2012] 2018), George Catches a Cold, London: Ladybird Books.
    [Google Scholar]
  7. Astley Baker Davies Ltd./Entertainment One UK Ltd. ([2013] 2017), Peppa Goes to Hospital, London: Ladybird Books.
    [Google Scholar]
  8. Axell, C. and Boström, J. (2021), ‘Technology in children’s picture books as an agent for reinforcing or challenging traditional gender stereotypes’, International Journal of Technology and Design Education, 31:1, pp. 2739, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10798-019-09537-1.
    [Google Scholar]
  9. Barillé, A. (1997), How my Body Works, London: Orbis Publishing.
    [Google Scholar]
  10. Bond, M., Jankel, K. and Alley, R. W. (illustrator) ([2001] 2017), Paddington Goes to Hospital, London: Harper Collins.
    [Google Scholar]
  11. Bruna, D. ([1975] 1996), Miffy in Hospital (trans. P. Crampton), London: Egmont.
    [Google Scholar]
  12. Catt, H. (2020), I Can Be a Doctor, Cottage Farm: Autumn Publishing.
    [Google Scholar]
  13. Centre for Literacy in Primary Education (2021), ‘Reflecting realities: Ethnic diversity in UK children’s books’, https://clpe.org.uk/system/files/2021-12/CLPE%20Reflecting%20Realities%20Report%202021.pdf. Accessed 11 May 2022.
  14. Child’s Play Ltd. (2011), Hospital, Swindon: Child’s Play.
    [Google Scholar]
  15. Childress, J. F. (2020), Public Bioethics: Principles and Problems, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  16. Civardi, A. and Cartwright, S. (illustrator) (1988a), Going to the Doctor, London: Usborne Publishing.
    [Google Scholar]
  17. Civardi, A. and Cartwright, S. (illustrator) ([1988b] 2020), Going to the Doctor, London: Usborne Publishing.
    [Google Scholar]
  18. Civardi, A. and Cartwright, S. (illustrator) ([1992] 2005), Going to the Hospital, London: Usborne Publishing.
    [Google Scholar]
  19. Cole, B. ([1994] 1996), Dr Dog, London: Penguin Random House.
    [Google Scholar]
  20. Cookson, C. (2020), ‘Fight against Covid boosts public interest in science’, Financial Times, 31 December, https://www.ft.com/content/3e583460-cd47-49a9-a2db-647c99379eb4. Accessed 8 April 2022.
    [Google Scholar]
  21. Cousins, L. (2007), Maisy Goes to Hospital, London: Walker Books.
    [Google Scholar]
  22. Daledda, G., Moretti, F., Rimondini, M. and Zimmermann, C. (2013), ‘How patients want their doctor to communicate. A literature review on primary care patients’ perspective’, Patient Education and Counseling, 90:3, pp. 297306, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pec.2012.05.005.
    [Google Scholar]
  23. De Brunhoff, L. ([1969] 1991), Babar and the Doctor (translated from French, 1972), London: Little Mammoth.
    [Google Scholar]
  24. Dickmann, N. and Howling, A. (illustrator) (2021), My Amazing Body, London: Wide Eyed Editions.
    [Google Scholar]
  25. DiPucchio, K. and Robinson, C. (illustrator) (2014), Gaston, New York: Atheneum.
    [Google Scholar]
  26. Donaldson, J. and Ogilvie, S. (illustrator) (2020), The Hospital Dog, London: Macmillan.
    [Google Scholar]
  27. Elton, C. (2018), Also Human, London: Penguin Random House.
    [Google Scholar]
  28. Ferrie, C. (2017), Goodnight Lab, Naperville, IL: Sourcebooks.
    [Google Scholar]
  29. Firth-Cozens, J. (2001), ‘Multidisciplinary teamwork: The good, bad, and everything in between’, Quality in Health Care: QHC, 10:2, pp. 6566, https://doi.org/10.1136/qhc.10.2.65.
    [Google Scholar]
  30. Gawande, A. (2007), Better, New York: Metropolitan Books.
    [Google Scholar]
  31. GMC (2019), ‘The state of medical education and practice in the UK: The workforce report’, October, https://www.gmc-uk.org/-/media/documents/the-state-of-medical-education-and-practice-in-the-uk---workforce-report_pdf-80449007.pdf. Accessed 27 April 2022.
  32. Gombrich, E. (1996), Art & Illusion: A Study in the Psychology of Pictoral Representation, 5th ed., London: Phaidon Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  33. Gore, J., Patfield, S., Holmes, K. and Smith, M. (2017), ‘Widening participation in medicine? New insights from school students’ aspirations’, Medical Education, 52:2, pp. 22738, https://doi.org/10.1111/medu.13480.
    [Google Scholar]
  34. Hargreaves, A. and Hargreaves, R. (2020), Mr. Men Little Miss Hospital, London: Egmont.
    [Google Scholar]
  35. Harrison, K. and Crampton, S. (illustrator) (2020), Surgery on Sunday, Charlotte: Warren Publishing.
    [Google Scholar]
  36. Heister, P. (2021), Dream Team, Cambridge: Private Collection.
    [Google Scholar]
  37. Hill, E. ([1987] 1989), Spot’s Hospital Visit, London: Ventura Publishing.
    [Google Scholar]
  38. Hill Jr., T. M. and Jacobs, K. B. (2020), ‘“The mouse looks like a boy”: Young children’s talk about gender across human and nonhuman characters in picture books’, Early Childhood Education Journal, 48, pp. 93102, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10643-019-00969-x.
    [Google Scholar]
  39. Holabird, K. and Craig, H. (illustrator) ([1991] 2001), Angelina’s Baby Sister, London: Puffin Books.
    [Google Scholar]
  40. Jenner, E. and Mildner, P. (2021), The Human Body, London: Ladybird Books.
    [Google Scholar]
  41. Jenner, E., Wilson, K., Roberts, N. and Scheffler, A. (2020), Coronavirus: A Book for Children, London: Nosy Crow, https://share.google/HEaiD9xSXUdXFu5cw. Accessed 7 January 2026.
    [Google Scholar]
  42. Johnson, L. and Alderson, B. (2014), The Ladybird Story, London: The British Library.
    [Google Scholar]
  43. Joyce, M. and King, S. (illustrator) (2005), Busy Hospital, London: Ladybird Books.
    [Google Scholar]
  44. Kaba, R. and Sooriakumaran, P. (2007), ‘The evolution of the doctor-patient relationship’, International Journal of Surgery, 5:1, pp. 5765, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsu.2006.01.005.
    [Google Scholar]
  45. Kay, A. (2018), This is Going to Hurt: Secret Diaries of a Junior Doctor, London: Picador.
    [Google Scholar]
  46. Keir, G. and Lisovaya, Y. (illustrator) (2022), The Abilities in Me: Cerebral Palsy, n.p.: Independently published.
    [Google Scholar]
  47. Kimpton, D. and Kavanagh, P. (illustrator) (1994), The Hospital Highway Code, London: Macmillan.
    [Google Scholar]
  48. Kress, G. and van Leeuwen, T. (2006), Reading Images: The Grammar of Visual Design, 2nd ed., London: Routledge.
    [Google Scholar]
  49. Krishan, P. and Linero, S. (illustrator) (2022), How to Be a Doctor, London: Nosy Crow.
    [Google Scholar]
  50. Lalanda, M. and Alonso, J. A. (2006), ‘Daisy the doctor, Dr Dose, Dr Grizzly, Dr Amelia Bedelia, and colleagues’, BMJ, 333:7582, pp. 133032, https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.333.7582.1330.
    [Google Scholar]
  51. Manworren, R. and Woodring, B. (1998), ‘Evaluating children’s literature as a source for patient education’, Pediatric Nursing, 24:6, pp. 54853.
    [Google Scholar]
  52. Maziad, J. and Joglekar, D. (illustrator) (2019), A Sleepy Tale: My First Surgery, Jennifer Maziad.
    [Google Scholar]
  53. McCabe, J., Fairchild, E., Grauerholz, L., Pescosolido, B. A. and Tope, D. (2011), ‘Gender in twentieth century children’s books: Patterns of disparity in titles and central characters’, Gender and Society, 25:2, pp. 197226, https://doi.org/10.1177/0891243211398358.
    [Google Scholar]
  54. McNiff, D. and Waring, Z. (illustrator) (2021), Smiley Eyes, Smiley Faces, London: Ladybird Books.
    [Google Scholar]
  55. MDDUS (2013), ‘What are you wearing?’, FYi, February, https://www.mddus.com/resources/publications/publications-library/fyi/issue-10/what-are-you-wearing. Accessed 22 April 2022.
    [Google Scholar]
  56. Murray, W. and Aitchison, M. (illustrator) (1964), Games We Like, Loughborough: Wills & Hepworth.
    [Google Scholar]
  57. Nash, E. and Albero, A. (illustrator) (2021), Life Savers, London: Magic Cat Publishing.
    [Google Scholar]
  58. NHS (2020), ‘Uniforms and workwear: Guidance for NHS employers’, 2 April, https://www.england.nhs.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/Uniforms-and-Workwear-Guidance-2-April-2020.pdf. Accessed 22 April 2022.
  59. NHS (2021), ‘NHS medical workforce race equality standard 2020’, July, https://www.england.nhs.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/MWRES-DIGITAL-2020_FINAL.pdf. Accessed 24 April 2022.
  60. Nikolajeva, M. (2002), The Rhethoric of Character in Children’s Literature, Oxford: The Scarecrow Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  61. Nikolajeva, M. (2003), ‘Picturebook characterisation: Word/Image interaction’, in M. Styles and E. Bearne (eds), Art, Narrative and Childhood, Stoke on Trent: Trentham Books, pp. 3749.
    [Google Scholar]
  62. Nikolajeva, M. and Scott, C. (2006), How Picturebooks Work, New York: Routledge.
    [Google Scholar]
  63. Nilsson, E, Svensson, G. and Frisman, G. (2016), ‘Picture book support for preparing children ahead of and during day surgery’, Nursing Children and Young People, 28:8, pp. 3035, https://doi.org/10.7748/ncyp.2016.e749.
    [Google Scholar]
  64. Nodelman, P. (1996), The Pleasures of Children’s Literature, 2nd ed., White Plains: Longman.
    [Google Scholar]
  65. Nodelman, P. (2005), ‘Decoding the images’, in P. Hunt (ed.), Understanding Children’s Literature, London: Taylor & Francis.
    [Google Scholar]
  66. Noronha, J. and Shanthi, S. (2015), ‘Effectiveness of picture books on preoperative anxiety among children (612 years) in selected hospitals at Mangalore’, Asian Journal of Nursing Education and Research, 5:4, pp. 52325, https://doi.org/10.5958/2349-2996.2015.00107.X.
    [Google Scholar]
  67. Painter, C., Martin, J. and Unsworth, L. (2013), Reading Visual Narratives, Sheffield: Equinox.
    [Google Scholar]
  68. Paul, L. (2005), ‘Feminism revisited’, in P. Hunt (ed.), Understanding Children’s Literature, 2nd ed., Oxford: Taylor & Francis, pp. 114230.
    [Google Scholar]
  69. Pemberton, M. and Madden, C. (illustrator) (2019), The Marvellous Adventure of Being Human, London: Wren & Rook.
    [Google Scholar]
  70. Perez, C. C. (2019), Invisible Women, London: Penguin Random House.
    [Google Scholar]
  71. Posen, S. (1997), ‘Doctors in literature: The portrayal of the doctor in non-medical literature: The impaired doctor’, The Medical Journal of Australia, 166:1, pp. 4851, https://doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1997.tb138708.x.
    [Google Scholar]
  72. Posen, S. (2005), The Doctor in Literature: Satisfaction or Resentment?, Oxford: Radcliffe Publishing.
    [Google Scholar]
  73. Pospisil, K. L. (2016), ‘Examining early childhood gender socialization through children’s picture books’, master’s thesis, Mankato, MN: Minnesota State University, https://cornerstone.lib.mnsu.edu/etds/610/. Accessed 22 April 2022.
    [Google Scholar]
  74. Public Health England (2022), ‘50 years of Measles Vaccination in the UK’, https://publichealthengland.exposure.co/50-years-of-measles-vaccination-in-the-uk. Accessed 11 April 2022.
  75. Rao, H. and Smith, H. (2014), ‘The representation of women doctors in children’s picture books’, Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 107:12, pp. 48082, https://doi.org/10.1177/0141076814558655.
    [Google Scholar]
  76. Rapa, E, Dalton, L. and Stein, A. (2020), ‘Talking to children about illness and death of a loved one during the COVID-19 pandemic’, The Lancet: Child & Adolescent Health, 4:8, pp. 56062, https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-4642(20)30174-7.
    [Google Scholar]
  77. Rey, M. and Rey, H. A. ([1966] 1994), Curious George Goes to the Hospital, New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
    [Google Scholar]
  78. Rivett, G. (2014), ‘The history of the NHS’, https://www.nuffieldtrust.org.uk/health-and-social-care-explained/the-history-of-the-nhs. Accessed 24 April 2022.
  79. Rosenblum, D. (2015), Welwyn Ardsley and the Cosmic Ninjas, North Charleston, SC: QBazaar.
    [Google Scholar]
  80. Rosen, M. and Blake, Q. (illustrator) (1987), Spollyollydiddlytiddlyitis, London: Walker Books.
    [Google Scholar]
  81. Rosen, M. and Blake, Q. (illustrator) (2004), Michael Rosen’s Sad Book, London: Walker Books.
    [Google Scholar]
  82. Ross, T. (2000), I Don’t Want to Go to Hospital!, London: Andersen Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  83. Ross, I. (2021), “‘I just feel broken”: Doctors, mental health and the pandemic’, Financial Times, 24 March, https://www.ft.com/content/7afccf9e-b3d3-4a27-8215-c7cd3fcfac41. Accessed 1 May 2022.
    [Google Scholar]
  84. Sánchez Vegara, M. I. and Isa, F. (illustrator) ([2016] 2017), Little People, Big Dreams: Marie Curie, London: Frances Lincoln.
    [Google Scholar]
  85. Sánchez Vegara, M. I. and Martin, R. (illustrator) (2019), Little People, Big Dreams: Maria Montessori, London: Frances Lincoln.
    [Google Scholar]
  86. Sánchez Vegara, M. I. and Wilkinson, N. (illustrator) (2021), Little People, Big Dreams: Rosalind Franklin, London: Frances Lincoln.
    [Google Scholar]
  87. Sarland, C. (2005), ‘Critical tradition and ideological positioning’, in P. Hunt (ed.), Understanding Children’s Literature, London: Taylor & Francis, pp. 3049.
    [Google Scholar]
  88. Scarry, R. ([1968] 2010), What Do People Do All Day?, London: Harper Collins.
    [Google Scholar]
  89. Scarry, R. ([1971] 1978), Nicky Goes to the Doctor, New York: Western Publishing Company.
    [Google Scholar]
  90. Schlueter, P. (2021), ‘Why did men stop wearing hats?’, Gentleman’s Gazette, 28 June, https://www.gentlemansgazette.com/men-stop-wearing-hats/#2-changing-notions-of-social-class. Accessed 22 April 2022.
    [Google Scholar]
  91. Southgate, V., Havenhand, J. and Berry, J. (1963), The Nurse, Loughborough: Wills & Hepworth Ltd.
    [Google Scholar]
  92. Steig, W. ([1982] 2021), Doctor De Soto, London: Puffin Books.
    [Google Scholar]
  93. Terras, M. M. (2018), Picture-Book Professors, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  94. The Nielsen Company (2015), ‘Year in books review 2015’, https://share.google/lVA7kCPejEkA4KDTM. Accessed 7 Jan 2026.
  95. Tsao, Y., Kuo, H.-C., Lee, H.-C. and Yiin, S.-J. (2017), ‘Developing a medical picture book for reducing venipuncture distress in preschool-age children’, International Journal of Nursing Practice, 23:5, n.pag., https://doi.org/10.1111/ijn.12569.
    [Google Scholar]
  96. Van Tulleken, C. and Van Tulleken, X. ([2013] 2014), Operation Ouch! Your Brilliant Body, London: Little, Brown Books.
    [Google Scholar]
  97. Walliman, D. and Newman, B. (2018), Professor Astrocat’s Human Body Odyssey, London: Flying Eye Books.
    [Google Scholar]
  98. Weitzman, L. J., Eifler, D., Hokada, E. and Ross, C. (1972), ‘Sex-role socialization in picture books for preschool children’, American Journal of Sociology, 77:6, pp. 112550, https://doi.org/10.1086/225261.
    [Google Scholar]
  99. Wells, P. and Aitchison, M. (1985), Going into Hospital, Loughborough: Ladybird Books.
    [Google Scholar]
  100. Wikipedia (n.d.), ‘Pince-nez’, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pince-nez. Accessed 22 April 2022.
  101. Wong, D, Nye, K. and Hollis, P. (1991), ‘Microbial flora on doctors’ white coats’, BMJ, 303:6817, pp. 160204, https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.303.6817.1602.
    [Google Scholar]
  102. Barraclough, S. (2006 [2009]), The Children’s Hospital, London: Franklin Watts.
    [Google Scholar]
  103. Brown, C. and Saunders, R. (illustrator) ([2016] 2017), The Human Body: A Shine-a-Light-Book, London: Quarto.
    [Google Scholar]
  104. Cooper, D. K. C. (2014), Doctors of another Calling: Physicians Who Are Best in Fields other than Medicine, Newark, NJ: University of Delaware Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  105. Crenshaw, K. (2016), ‘On intersectionality’, 14 March, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-DW4HLgYPlA. Accessed 27 April 2022.
  106. General Medical Council (GMC), Health Education England (HEE), Department of Health (Northern Ireland), NHS Education for Scotland (NES), Health Education and Improvement Wales (HEIW) (2021), ‘Completing the picture survey: Views of doctors who have stopped practicing in the UK, why they left and what might encourage them to return’, 28 April, https://www.gmc-uk.org/-/media/documents/completing-the-picture-survey_pdf-87815271.pdf. Accessed 10 November 2025.
    [Google Scholar]
  107. Harbour, J. (1998), People Who Help Us in Hospital, Hove: Wayland Publishers.
    [Google Scholar]
  108. House of Commons Committee of Public Accounts (2018), ‘Delivering STEM Skills for the Economy: Forty-seventh Report of Session 201719’, 22 June, https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201719/cmselect/cmpubacc/691/691.pdf. Accessed 8 April 2022.
  109. Kaur, H. (2021), ‘A viral image of a black fetus is highlighting the need for diversity in medical illustrations’, CNN, 9 December, https://edition.cnn.com/2021/12/09/health/black-fetus-medical-illustration-diversity-wellness-cec/index.html. Accessed 27 April 2022.
    [Google Scholar]
  110. Parker, S. (2013), Kill or Cure: An illustrated History of Medicine, London: Dorling Kindersley Ltd.
    [Google Scholar]
  111. Ross, T. (2015), I Feel Sick!, London: Andersen Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  112. Stephens, H. (2015), Betsy Goes to the Doctor, London: Egmont.
    [Google Scholar]
  113. Watson, C. (1998), Busy Places: Hospital, London: Franklin Watts.
    [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/10.1386/jill_00120_1
Loading
/content/journals/10.1386/jill_00120_1
Loading

Data & Media loading...

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a success
Invalid data
An error occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error
Please enter a valid_number test