Skip to content
1981
Popular Music Education in Europe
  • ISSN: 2397-6721
  • E-ISSN: 2397-673X

Abstract

This article explores deep learning in collaborative music-making contexts, examining the experiences of nine electric guitar and bass students (aged 17–18) in Norwegian upper secondary schools. Deep learning is conceptualized as meaningful learning and transfer of learning, analysed through cognitive, social, affective, embodied and performative dimensions. Using the metaphor of mycorrhizal networks – underground systems of plant roots and fungi – knowledge is framed as interconnected and constantly evolving. Based on participatory observations and semi-structured interviews, the study highlights diverse learning approaches across genres, tensions between formal and informal situations, and the role of collaboration in fostering deep learning. Insights emphasize the need for inclusive and flexible music education frameworks that accommodate diverse genres and pedagogical approaches to support deep learning and creative growth.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1386/jpme_00162_1
2025-07-23
2026-04-22

Metrics

Loading full text...

Full text loading...

References

  1. Allsup, R. E. (2003), ‘Mutual learning and democratic action in instrumental music education’, Journal of Research in Music Education, 51:1, pp. 2437, https://doi.org/10.2307/3345646.
    [Google Scholar]
  2. Arias Valencia, M. M. (2022), ‘Principles, scope, and limitations of the methodological triangulation’, Investigacion y educacion en enfermeria, 40:2, https://doi.org/10.17533/udea.iee.v40n2e03.
    [Google Scholar]
  3. Augustyniak, S. (2014), ‘The impact of formal and informal learning on students’ improvisational processes’, International Journal of Music Education, 32:2, pp. 14758, https://doi.org/10.1177/0255761413502440.
    [Google Scholar]
  4. Barad, K. (2007), Meeting the Universe Halfway: Quantum Physics and the Entanglement of Matter and Meaning, Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  5. Bardine, B. A. and Stueart, J. (2023), Living Metal: Metal Scenes around the World, Bristol: Intellect.
    [Google Scholar]
  6. Beattie, V., Collins, B. and McInnes, B. (1997), ‘Deep and surface learning: A simple or simplistic dichotomy?’, Accounting Education, 6:1, pp. 112, https://doi.org/10.1080/096392897331587.
    [Google Scholar]
  7. Biggs, J. B. (1987), Student Approaches to Learning and Studying, Melbourne: Australian Council for Educational Research.
    [Google Scholar]
  8. Boccagni, P. (2019), ‘Multi-sited ethnography’, in P. Atkinson, S. Delamont, A. Cernat, J. W. Sakshaug and R. A. Williams (eds), SAGE Research Methods Foundations, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publishing.
    [Google Scholar]
  9. Brackett, D. (2016), Categorizing Sound: Genre and Twentieth-Century Popular Music, Oakland, CA: University of California Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  10. Braun, V. and Clarke, V. (2006), ‘Using thematic analysis in psychology’, Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3:2, pp. 77101, https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa.
    [Google Scholar]
  11. Braun, V. and Clarke, V. (2024), ‘Thematic analysis’, in N. K. Denzin, Y. S. Lincoln, M. D. Giardina and G. S. Cannella (eds), The SAGE Handbook of Qualitative Research, 6th ed., Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publishing, pp. 385402.
    [Google Scholar]
  12. Carter, N., Bryant-Lukosius, D., DiCenso, A., Blythe, J. and Neville, A. J. (2014), ‘The use of triangulation in qualitative research’, Oncology Nursing Forum, 41:5, pp. 54547, https://doi.org/10.1188/14.ONF.545-547.
    [Google Scholar]
  13. Chen, J. C. W. (2024), ‘Mobile learning as deep learning: Content analysis of in-service primary school music teachers’ lesson plans in mobile music creation’, International Journal of Music Education, 42:4, pp. 66073, https://doi.org/10.1177/02557614231191520.
    [Google Scholar]
  14. De Bruin, L. R. (2022), ‘Director perspectives to equity, access, and inclusion in the school jazz ensemble’, Frontiers in Education, 7, https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2022.1001971.
    [Google Scholar]
  15. DeFalco, A. (2024), ‘From mushroom men to mycorrhizal relations: Imagining posthuman aging and care’, in V. B. Lipscomb and A. Swinnen (eds), The Palgrave Handbook of Literature and Aging, London: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 197214.
    [Google Scholar]
  16. Dumont, H., Istance, D. and Benavides, F. (eds) (2010), The Nature of Learning: Using Research to Inspire Practice, Paris: OECD.
    [Google Scholar]
  17. Dyndahl, P., Karlsen, S., Nielsen, S. G. and Skårberg, O. (2017), ‘The academisation of popular music in higher music education: The case of Norway’, Music Education Research, 19:4, pp. 43854, https://doi.org/10.1080/14613808.2016.1204280.
    [Google Scholar]
  18. Entwistle, N. J. and Wilson, J. D. (1970), ‘Personality, study methods and academic performance’, Higher Education Quarterly, 24:2, pp. 14756, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2273.1970.tb00328.x.
    [Google Scholar]
  19. Fangen, K. (2020), Deltakende Observasjon, Bergen: Fagbokforlaget.
    [Google Scholar]
  20. Ferm, C. and Johansen, G. (2008), ‘Professors’ and trainees’ perceptions of educational quality as related to preconditions of deep learning in musikdidaktik’, British Journal of Music Education, 25:2, pp. 17791, https://doi.org/10.1017/s0265051708007912.
    [Google Scholar]
  21. Folkestad, G. (2006), ‘Formal and informal learning situations or practices vs formal and informal ways of learning’, British Journal of Music Education, 23:2, pp. 13545, https://doi.org/10.1017/s0265051706006887.
    [Google Scholar]
  22. Furness, Z. M. (ed.) (2012), Punkademics: The Basement Show in the Ivory Tower, New York: Autonomedia.
    [Google Scholar]
  23. Gaunt, H. and Westerlund, H. (2016), ‘The case for collaborative learning in higher music education’, H. Gaunt and H. Westerlund (eds), Collaborative Learning in Higher Music Education, Abingdon: Routledge, pp. 19.
    [Google Scholar]
  24. Green, L. (2002), How Popular Musicians Learn: A Way Ahead for Music Education, Aldershot: Ashgate.
    [Google Scholar]
  25. Green, L. (2008), Music, Informal Learning and the School: A New Classroom Pedagogy, Aldershot: Ashgate.
    [Google Scholar]
  26. Guberman, D. (2021), ‘Teaching intercultural competence through heavy metal music’, Arts and Humanities in Higher Education, 20:2, pp. 11532, https://doi.org/10.1177/1474022220903403.
    [Google Scholar]
  27. Hebdige, D. (2008), Subculture: The Meaning of Style, Abingdon: Routledge.
    [Google Scholar]
  28. Johansen, G. G. (2013), ‘Å øve på improvisasjon: Ein kvalitativ studie av øvepraksisar hos jazzstudentar’, doctoral thesis, Oslo: Norges musikkhøgskole, https://nmh.brage.unit.no/nmh-xmlui/handle/11250/172442. Accessed 23 December 2024.
    [Google Scholar]
  29. Johansen, G. G. and Nielsen, S. G. (2019), ‘The practicing workshop: A development project’, Frontiers in Psychology, 10, https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02695.
    [Google Scholar]
  30. Kahn-Egan, S. (1998), ‘Pedagogy of the pissed: Punk pedagogy in the first-year writing classroom’, College Composition and Communication, 49:1, pp. 99104, https://doi.org/10.2307/358563.
    [Google Scholar]
  31. Kunnskapsdepartementet (2014), Elevenes læring i fremtidens skole: NOU 2014:7, Oslo: Kunnskapsdepartementet.
    [Google Scholar]
  32. Kunnskapsdepartementet (2015), The School of the Future: Renewal of Subjects and Competences: NOU 2015:8, Oslo: Kunnskapsdepartementet.
    [Google Scholar]
  33. Kunnskapsdepartementet (2020), Overordnet Del: Verdier Og Prinsipper for Grunnopplæringen, Oslo: Kunnskapsdepartementet, https://www.regjeringen.no/no/dokumenter/verdier-og-prinsipper-for-grunnopplaringen/id2570003/. Accessed 23 December 2024.
    [Google Scholar]
  34. Kvale, S. and Brinkmann, S. (2015), Det kvalitative forskningsintervju, 3rd ed., Oslo: Gyldendal Akademisk.
    [Google Scholar]
  35. Lambert, S. (2021), ‘“Mycorrhizal multiplicities”: Mapping collective agency in Richard Powers’s The Overstory’, in Y. Liebermann, J. Rahn and B. Burger (eds), Nonhuman Agencies in the Twenty-First-Century Anglophone Novel, London: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 187209.
    [Google Scholar]
  36. Marcus, G. E. (1995), ‘Ethnography in/of the world system: The emergence of multi-sited ethnography’, Annual Review of Anthropology, 24:1, pp. 95117, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.anthro.24.1.95.
    [Google Scholar]
  37. Marton, F. and Säljö, R. (1976a), ‘On qualitative differences in learning: I – Outcome and process’, British Journal of Educational Psychology, 46:1, pp. 411, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8279.1976.tb02980.x.
    [Google Scholar]
  38. Marton, F. and Säljö, R. (1976b), ‘On qualitative differences in learning: II – Outcome as a function of the learner’s conception of the task’, British Journal of Educational Psychology, 46:2, pp. 11527, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8279.1976.tb02304.x.
    [Google Scholar]
  39. Monson, I. T. (1996), Saying Something: Jazz Improvisation and Interaction, Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  40. Østern, T. P., Dahl, T., Strømmen, A., Petersen, J. A., Østern, A.-L. and Selander, S. (2019), Dybdelæring: En flerfaglig, relasjonell og skapende tilnærming, Oslo: Universitetsforlaget.
    [Google Scholar]
  41. Pellegrino, J. W. and Hilton, M. L. (eds) (2012), Education for Life and Work: Developing Transferable Knowledge and Skills in the 21st Century, Washington, DC: National Academies Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  42. Poutiainen, A. and Lilja, E. (2012), ‘Heavy metal and music education’, Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences, 45, pp. 51726, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.06.589.
    [Google Scholar]
  43. Robinson, T. (2012), ‘Popular musicians and instrumental teachers: The influence of informal learning on teaching strategies’, British Journal of Music Education, 29:3, pp. 35970, https://doi.org/10.1017/s0265051712000162.
    [Google Scholar]
  44. Rønnes, K. O. O. and Wara, T. (2021), ‘En veiledende dialogisk tilnærming til begrepet dybdelæring i sangundervisningen’, Journal for Research in Arts and Sports Education, 5:3, pp. 86102, https://doi.org/10.23865/jased.v5.2665.
    [Google Scholar]
  45. Rush, K. (2021), ‘Riot grrrls and shredder bros: Punk ethics, social justice and (un)popular popular music at School of Rock’, Journal of Popular Music Education, 5:3, pp. 37595, https://doi.org/10.1386/jpme_00054_1.
    [Google Scholar]
  46. Seifried, S. (2006), ‘Exploring the outcomes of rock and popular music instruction in high school guitar class: A case study’, International Journal of Music Education, 24:2, pp. 16877, https://doi.org/10.1177/0255761406065478.
    [Google Scholar]
  47. Sheldrake, M. (2021), Entangled Life: How Fungi Make Our Worlds, Change Our Minds, and Shape Our Futures, London: Vintage.
    [Google Scholar]
  48. Smith, G. D., Dines, M. and Parkinson, T. (eds) (2017), Punk Pedagogies: Music, Culture and Learning, Abingdon: Routledge.
    [Google Scholar]
  49. Storsve, G. (2024), ‘Formal, informal, and non-formal learning as analytic categories for research in music education’, International Journal of Music Education, pp. 119, https://doi.org/10.1177/02557614241250035.
    [Google Scholar]
  50. Storsve, G. and Johansen, G. G. (2025), ‘Gender diversity in collaborative music-making in Norwegian upper secondary schools’, in Ø. Varkøy and S. G. Nielsen (eds), Musikkpedagogikk: Mangfold og bærekraft, Oslo: Cappelen Damm Akademisk, pp. 1542, https://doi.org/10.23865/cdf.253.ch1.
    [Google Scholar]
  51. Tahirbegi, D. (2023), ‘“If we don’t have a good relationship, we won’t deliver anything good”: Emotion regulation in small music ensembles, insights from higher music education’, Music & Science, 6, https://doi.org/10.1177/20592043231202009.
    [Google Scholar]
  52. Timmermans, S. and Tavory, I. (2012), ‘Theory construction in qualitative research: From grounded theory to abductive analysis’, Sociological Theory, 30:3, pp. 16786, https://doi.org/10.1177/0735275112457914.
    [Google Scholar]
  53. Tochon, F. (2010), ‘Deep education’, Journal for Educators, Teachers and Trainers, 1:1, pp. 112.
    [Google Scholar]
  54. Utdanningsdirektoratet (2020), ‘Læreplan i Instrument, Kor, Samspill (MUS05-02)’, Oslo: Utdanningsdirektoratet, https://www.udir.no/lk20/mus05-02/. Accessed 23 December 2024.
  55. Wilf, E. Y. (2014), School for Cool: The Academic Jazz Program and the Paradox of Institutionalized Creativity, Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  56. Winje, Ø. and Løndal, K. (2020), ‘Bringing deep learning to the surface: A systematic mapping review of 48 years of research in primary and secondary education’, Nordic Journal of Comparative and International Education (NJCIE), 4:2, pp. 2541, https://doi.org/10.7577/njcie.3798.
    [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/10.1386/jpme_00162_1
Loading
/content/journals/10.1386/jpme_00162_1
Loading

Data & Media loading...

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a success
Invalid data
An error occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error
Please enter a valid_number test