The allure of ‘first’: The function of colour as a promotional tool for Swedish films, 1946–56

References

1. Åkerhielm, Helge (1948), ‘Lappblod på Royal: Samefilm i färg’, review, Morgon-Tidningen, 27 June, n.pag.
   [Google Scholar]
2. Alfa. (1948), ‘Lappblod på Royal’, review, Aftonbladet, 27 June, n.pag.
   [Google Scholar]
3. Alt, Dirk (2011), ‘“Front in Farbe”: Color cinematography for the Nazi newsreel, 1941–1945’, Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television, 31:1, pp. 43–60, https://doi.org/10.1080/01439685.2011.552680.
   [Google Scholar]
4. Andersson, Lars Gustaf, Sundholm, John and Söderbergh Widding, Astrid (2010), A History of Swedish Experimental Film Culture: From Early Animation to Video Art, Stockholm: National Library of Sweden.
   [Google Scholar]
5. Anon. (1946a), ‘Svensk långfilm i färg påbörjas i april’, Expressen, 14 March, n.pag.
   [Google Scholar]
6. Anon. (1946b), ‘Philip-Nytt’, Filmjournalen, 19, p. 4.
   [Google Scholar]
7. Anon. (1946c), ‘Första svenska långfilmen i färg’, Dagens Nyheter, 14 May, n.pag.
   [Google Scholar]
8. Anon. (1946d), ‘I färg’, Morgon-Tidningen, 23 June, n.pag.
   [Google Scholar]
9. Anon. (1946e), ‘Veckans Philip den Magre’, Filmjournalen, 29, p. 4.
   [Google Scholar]
10. Anon. (1946f), ‘Veckans Philip den Magre’, Filmjournalen, 31, p. 4.
    [Google Scholar]
11. Anon. (1946g), ‘Post’, Filmjournalen, 33, p. 2.
    [Google Scholar]
12. Anon. (1946h), ‘En dag var det’, Filmjournalen, 36, p. 3.
    [Google Scholar]
13. Anon. (1946i), ‘Labba blir världens första färgfilmslapp’, Filmjournalen, 36, p. 9.
    [Google Scholar]
14. Anon. (1946j), ‘Veckans Philip den Magre’, Filmjournalen, 50, p. 4.
    [Google Scholar]
15. Anon. (1952a), ‘Svensk färgfilmspremiär i London, Paris, Rom, Berlin’, Kvällsposten, 9 July, n.pag.
    [Google Scholar]
16. Anon. (1952b), ‘Första svenska färgfilmen Eldfågeln – ett konstverk’, Ystads Allehanda, 15 August, n.pag.
    [Google Scholar]
17. Anon. (1956), ‘Gorilla’, Filmnyheter, n.pag.
    [Google Scholar]
18. Belton, John (1992), Widescreen Cinema, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
19. Belton, John (2000), ‘Cinecolor’, Film History: An International Journal, 12:3, pp. 344–357, http://www.jstor.org/stable/3815344. Accessed 13 May 2025.
    [Google Scholar]
20. Bildman (1954), ‘Centrum: Gula Divisionen’, review, Folket Eskilstuna, 27 December, n.pag.
    [Google Scholar]
21. Boyle, John W. (1934), ‘Kodacolor gives life to travel films’, American Cinematographer, 14 June, pp. 86, 95–97.
    [Google Scholar]
22. Br. (1948), ‘Lappblod: Royal’, review, Ny Dag, 28 June, n.pag.
    [Google Scholar]
23. C.B-n (1955), ‘Royal: Älskling på vågen’, review, Dagens Nyheter, 23 July, n.pag.
    [Google Scholar]
24. Christensen, Thomas C. (2006), ‘Post-production at Nordisk Films Kompagni’, in L. Richter Larsen and D. Nissen (eds), 100 Years of Nordisk Film, Copenhagen: Danish Film Institute, pp. 114–23.
    [Google Scholar]
25. Columbia Pictures (1947), ‘Al Jolson’, film advertisement, Biografbladet, 28:4, n.pag.
    [Google Scholar]
26. Columbia Pictures (1948), ‘Carmen’, film advertisement, Biografbladet, 29:2, n.pag.
    [Google Scholar]
27. Eagle-Lion Films (1946), ‘Caesar och Cleopatra’, film advertisement, Biografbladet, 27:4, n.pag.
    [Google Scholar]
28. Ekwall, Karl (1955), ‘Älskling på vågen’, review, Aftontidningen, 23 July, n.pag.
    [Google Scholar]
29. Europafilm (1946a), Klockorna i Gamla Sta’n, cinema programme, Stockholm: Europafilm.
    [Google Scholar]
30. Europafilm (1946b), ‘Klockorna i Gamla Sta’n’, film advertisement, Biografbladet, 27:2, n.pag.
    [Google Scholar]
31. Europafilm (1946c), ‘Klockorna i Gamla Sta’n’, film advertisement, Biografägaren, 21:9–10, n.pag.
    [Google Scholar]
32. Europafilm (1946d), ‘Klockorna i Gamla Sta’n’, film advertisement, Biografbladet, 27:4, n.pag.
    [Google Scholar]
33. Europafilm (1946e), ‘Klockorna i Gamla Sta’n’, film advertisement, Biografägaren, 21:18–19, n.pag.
    [Google Scholar]
34. Europafilm (1947a), ‘Edvard den förste’, Filmnytt från Europa Film, promotional booklet for The Bells in Old Town, 4:1, n.pag.
    [Google Scholar]
35. Europafilm (1947b), ‘En herre med “färg”’, Filmnytt från Europa Film, promotional booklet for The Bells in Old Town, 4:1, n.pag.
    [Google Scholar]
36. Felt, G. B. (1955), ‘Royal: Älskling på vågen’, review, Morgon-Tidningen, 23 July, n.pag.
    [Google Scholar]
37. Filmo and Hamberg Studio (1948a), ‘Lappblod’, film advertisement, Biografägaren, 23:5–6, n.pag.
    [Google Scholar]
38. Filmo and Hamberg Studio (1948b), ‘Lappblod’, film advertisement, Biografägaren, 23:7, n.pag.
    [Google Scholar]
39. Filmson [Sven Jan Hanson] (1954), ‘Fin flygarfilm i färg’, review, Aftonbladet, 30 November, n.pag.
    [Google Scholar]
40. Filmson [Sven Jan Hanson] (1955), ‘Royal: Älskling på vågen’, review, Aftonbladet, 23 July, n.pag.
    [Google Scholar]
41. Flückiger, Barbara (2012a), ‘Agfacolor Neu/Agfacolor’, Timeline of Historical Film Colors, https://filmcolors.org/timeline-entry/1276. Accessed 16 January 2024.
42. Flückiger, Barbara (2012b), ‘Technicolor Monopack/Kodachrome Professional Type 5267/Eastman Monopack 7267’, Timeline of Historical Film Colors, https://filmcolors.org/timeline-entry/1302. Accessed 16 January 2024.
43. Flückiger, Barbara (2012c), ‘Technicolor No. IV: Three-Strip’, Timeline of Historical Film Colors, https://filmcolors.org/timeline-entry/1301. Accessed 16 January 2024.
44. Flückiger, Barbara (2024), ‘Technikgeschichte des films’, in B. Hartmann, M. Kuhn, T. Schick and M. Wedel (eds), Handbuch Filmwissenschaft, Zurich: Zurich Open Repository and Archive, https://doi.org/10.5167/uzh-204753. Accessed 10 February 2024.
    [Google Scholar]
45. Follows, Stephen (2024), ‘When did colour films eclipse black-and-white films?’, Decoding the World Through Data, https://stephenfollows.com/when-did-colour-films-eclipse-black-and-white-films/. Accessed 27 April 2024.
46. Furhammar, Leif and Åhlund, Jannike (1993), En liten bok om Hasse: Hasse Ekman som filmregissör, Göteborg: Filmkonst.
    [Google Scholar]
47. Gripenfors, Bertil (1955), ‘Royal: Älskling på vågen’, review, Arbetaren, 23 July, n.pag.
    [Google Scholar]
48. Gustafsson, Fredrik (2016), The Man from the Third Row: Hasse Ekman, Swedish Cinema and the Long Shadow of Ingmar Bergman, New York: Berghahn Books.
    [Google Scholar]
49. Gustavson, Folke (1955), ‘Royal och Plaza: Älskling på vågen’, review, Aftonposten, 23 August, n.pag.
    [Google Scholar]
50. Hemlige mannen (1946), ‘Mellan tagningarna’, Biografägaren, 21:11, n.pag.
    [Google Scholar]
51. Herbert, Daniel (2017), ‘The transnational film remake in the American press’, in I. R. Smith and C. Verevis (eds), Transnational Film Remakes, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, pp. 210–23.
    [Google Scholar]
52. Higgins, Scott (2007), Harnessing the Technicolor Rainbow: Color Design in the 1930s, Austin, TX: University of Texas Press.
    [Google Scholar]
53. Hood, Robin [Bengt Idestam-Almquist] (1952), ‘Royal: Eldfågeln’, review, Stockholms-Tidningen, 13 August, n.pag.
    [Google Scholar]
54. Hood, Robin [Bengt Idestam-Almquist] (1955), ‘Royal: Älskling på vågen’, review, Stockholms-Tidningen, 23 July, n.pag.
    [Google Scholar]
55. Johnston, Keith M. (2021), ‘Eastmancolor and branding’, in S. Street, K.M. Johnston, P. Frith and C. Rickards (eds), Colour Films in Britain: The Eastmancolor Revolution, London: British Film Institute, pp. 19–24.
    [Google Scholar]
56. Katz, Mikael (1946), ‘Svensk långfilms färgdebut’, review, Expressen, 31 December, n.pag.
    [Google Scholar]
57. Katz, Mikael (1948), ‘Lappblod på Royal’, review, Expressen, 27 June, n.pag.
    [Google Scholar]
58. Malmberg, Bertil and Hyltén-Cavallius, Ragnar (1946), ‘Melodin från gamla stan: En berättelse för filmen av Bertil Malmberg. Scenario: Ragnar Hyltén-Cavallius’, shooting script with additional heading ‘Klockorna i Gamla Stan Script II 137s+1s’, item number M2866, Stockholm: Swedish Film Institute Archive.
    [Google Scholar]
59. Natzén, Christopher (2010), ‘The coming of sound film in Sweden 1928–1932: New and old technologies’, Ph.D. thesis, Stockholm: Stockholms Universitet.
    [Google Scholar]
60. Natzén, Christopher (2011), ‘“Have you heard it yet?”: Advertising the first American sound films in Sweden’, The Moving Image, 11:2, pp. 46–75, https://doi.org/10.1353/mov.2011.0026.
    [Google Scholar]
61. Nordisk Film Kompagni (1953), ‘Ingen Mands Kvinde’, Danish-language cinema programme, Copenhagen: Nordisk Film Kompagni.
    [Google Scholar]
62. O.P-g (1954), ‘Film: Royal – Gula Divisionen’, review, Svenska Morgonbladet, 30 November, n.pag.
    [Google Scholar]
63. Ox. (1955), ‘Palladium: Älskling på vågen’, review, Kvällsposten, 30 August, n.pag.
    [Google Scholar]
64. Polo, Marco (1946), ‘Tant Grön, tant Brun och tant Gredelin’, review, Aftontidningen, 16 August, n.pag.
    [Google Scholar]
65. Puck (1948), ‘En bra film, som kunde ha varit mycket bättre’, review, Dagsposten, 27 June, n.pag.
    [Google Scholar]
66. Sandrew-Bauman Film (1955), ‘AB Sandrew-Bauman Film: Älskling på vågen’, Reklammaterial Nr: 131, Stockholm: Sandrew-Bauman Film.
    [Google Scholar]
67. Sanyal, Kamalika (2024a), ‘I färg! Introduction, evolution and acceptance of photographic colour film in Sweden, 1933–1967’, Ph.D. thesis, Leuven: KU Leuven.
    [Google Scholar]
68. Sanyal, Kamalika (2024b), ‘“We’re not in Sweden anymore”: Technicolor’s brief venture in Swedish cinema’, in S. Street and J. Yumibe (eds), Global Film Color: The Monopack Revolution at Midcentury, New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, pp. 48–65.
    [Google Scholar]
69. Sanyal, Kamalika and Cuelenaere, Eduard (2021), ‘The colour remakes of Swedish classics in the 1950s: Production, promotion and critical reception in the context of technological innovation’, in E. Cuelenaere, G. Willems and S. Joye (eds), European Film Remakes, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, pp. 117–29.
    [Google Scholar]
70. Söderbergh Widding, Astrid (1998), ‘Sweden’, in T. Soila, G. Iversen and A. Söderbergh Widding (eds), Nordic National Cinemas, Abingdon: Routledge, pp. 135–220.
    [Google Scholar]
71. Sovjetfilm (1946), ‘Sovjetfilmen segrade i Cannes’, film advertisement, Biografbladet, 27:4, n.pag.
    [Google Scholar]
72. Staiger, Janet (1990), ‘Announcing wares, winning patrons, voicing ideals: Thinking about the history and theory of film advertising’, Cinema Journal, 29:3, pp. 3–31, https://doi.org/10.2307/1225178.
    [Google Scholar]
73. Stenport, Anna Westerståhl (2019), ‘Opening up the postwar world in color: 1950s geopolitics and spectacular Nordic colonialism in the Arctic and Africa’, in A. W. Stenport and A. Lunde (eds), Nordic Film Cultures and Cinemas of Elsewhere, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, pp. 105–25.
    [Google Scholar]
74. Sterner, Roland (n.d.), ‘De första svenska färgfilmerna’, Film Sound Sweden, http://www.filmsoundsweden.se/backspegel/fargfilm.html. Accessed 29 December 2017.
    [Google Scholar]
75. Street, Sarah (2012), Colour Films in Britain: The Negotiation of Innovation, 1900–1955, London: British Film Institute.
    [Google Scholar]
76. Street, Sarah and Yumibe, Joshua (2019), ‘Advertising, fashion, and color’, in Chromatic Modernity: Color, Cinema, and Media of the 1920s, New York: Columbia University Press, pp. 66–103, https://doi.org/10.7312/stre17982.
    [Google Scholar]
77. Street, Sarah, Johnston, Keith M., Frith, Paul and Rickards, Carolyn (2021), Colour Films in Britain: The Eastmancolor Revolution, London: British Film Institute.
    [Google Scholar]
78. Svanfilm (1946), ‘Sagan om Elddonet’, film advertisement, Biografägaren, 21:18–19, n.pag.
    [Google Scholar]
79. Svensk filmdatabas (n.d.), ‘Ernest Florman’, Svesnk filmdatabas, https://www.svenskfilmdatabas.se/sv/item/?type=person&itemid=57279. Accessed 12 July 2022.
80. Svensk Filmindustri (1946), ‘Ur Rune Lindströms skissbok’, Filmjournalen, 1946:37, n.pag.
    [Google Scholar]
81. Svensk Filmindustri (1947a), Nu Kommer: Tant Grön, Tant Brun och Tant Gredelin, cinema programme, Stockholm: Svensk Filmindustri.
    [Google Scholar]
82. Svensk Filmindustri (1947b), ‘Tant Grön, tant Brun och tant Gredelin’, film advertisement, Biografägaren, 22:9–10, n.pag.
    [Google Scholar]
83. Svensk Filmindustri (1947c), ‘Tant Grön, tant Brun och tant Gredelin’, film advertisement, Biografbladet, 28:4, n.pag.
    [Google Scholar]
84. Svensk Filmindustri (1947d), ‘Tant Grön, tant Brun och tant Gredelin’, film advertisement, Filmjournalen, 1947:19, n.pag.
    [Google Scholar]
85. Svensk Filmindustri (1953a), Ingen Mans Kvinna, cinema programme, Stockholm: Svensk Filmindustri.
    [Google Scholar]
86. Svensk Filmindustri (1953b), SF Reklamråd: Ingen Mans Kvinna, Stockholm: Svensk Filmindustri.
    [Google Scholar]
87. Svensk Filmindustri (1954), SF Reklamråd: Herr Arnes Penningar, Stockholm: Svensk Filmindustri.
    [Google Scholar]
88. Svensk Filmindustri tekniska avdelningen (1953a), Intyg, certificate for ‘No man’s woman’, 9 April, Idre: Svensk Filmindustri.
    [Google Scholar]
89. Svensk Filmindustri tekniska avdelningen (1953b), Intyg, certificate for ‘No man’s woman’, 18 April, Idre: Svensk Filmindustri.
    [Google Scholar]
90. Svensk filmografi (n.d.), ‘Gorilla (1956): Kommentarer’, Svensk filmdatabas, https://www.svenskfilmdatabas.se/sv/item/?type=film&itemid=4498#comments. Accessed 1 March 2023.
91. Teatrenes Films-Kontor (1946), Klokkerne i Den Gamle By, Danish-language cinema programme, Copenhagen: Europafilm and Teatrenes Films-Kontor.
    [Google Scholar]
92. Terrafilm (1954), Terras Flygfilm i Färg: Gula Divisionen, cinema programme, Stockholm: Terrafilm.
    [Google Scholar]
93. Terrafilms Produktions (1952), Colour of Swedish Film, English-language promotional document for The Firebird, Stockholm: Terrafilms Produktions.
    [Google Scholar]
94. Terrafilms Produktions (1956), TERRAFILM Presenterar den första långfilmen i färg och AGASCOPE!: Gorilla, cinema programme, Stockholm: Terrafilms Produktions.
    [Google Scholar]
95. Theo. (1946), ‘Första svenska långfilmen i färg spelas in’, Ny Dag, 14 May, n.pag.
    [Google Scholar]
96. Tjerneld, Staffan (1953), ‘Ingen mans kvinna på Palladium’, review, Expressen, 23 December, n.pag.
    [Google Scholar]
97. Warner Bros. Film (1948), ‘Pappa och Vi’, film advertisement, Biografbladet, 29:2, n.pag.
    [Google Scholar]
98. Werg. (1948), ‘Storslagen fjällvärld och lappar i den första färgfilmen’, Norbottens-Kuriren, 15 July, n.pag.
    [Google Scholar]
99. Westphal, Kyle (2013), ‘The true story of tinted talkies: An interview with Anthony L’Abbate’, Chicago Film Society, 3 September, https://www.chicagofilmsociety.org/2013/09/03/the-true-story-of-tinted-talkies-an-interview-with-anthony-labbate. Accessed 11 April 2023.
100. Bauman, Schamyl (1955), Älskling på vågen, Sweden.
     [Google Scholar]
101. Burbridge, Ben (1926), The Gorilla Hunt, USA.
     [Google Scholar]
102. Cloetta Produktion Sverige (1945), Cloetta – Gott i jul, Sweden.
     [Google Scholar]
103. Ekman, Hasse (1952), Eldfågeln, Sweden.
     [Google Scholar]
104. Fleming, Victor (1939), Gone with the Wind, USA.
     [Google Scholar]
105. Florman, Ernest (1897), Konungens af Siams landstigning vid Logårdstrappan, Sweden.
     [Google Scholar]
106. Frisk, Ragnar (1948), Lappblod, Sweden.
     [Google Scholar]
107. Hyltén-Cavallius. Ragnar (1946), Klockorna i Gamla Sta’n, Sweden.
     [Google Scholar]
108. Jaenzon, Julius (1933), Stockholm i färger, Sweden.
     [Google Scholar]
109. Kjellgren, Lars-Eric (1953), Ingen mans kvinna, Sweden.
     [Google Scholar]
110. Lindström, Rune (1947), Tant Grön, tant Brun och tant Gredelin, Sweden.
     [Google Scholar]
111. Methling, Svend (1946), Fyrtøjet, Denmark.
     [Google Scholar]
112. Molander, Gustaf (1954), Herr Arnes penningar, Sweden.
     [Google Scholar]
113. Olin, Stig (1954), Gula divisionen, Sweden.
     [Google Scholar]
114. Ottoson, Lars-Henrik, Nykvist, Sven and Marmstedt, Lorens (1956), Gorilla: En filmberättelse från Belgiska Kongo, Sweden.
     [Google Scholar]
115. Powell, Michael and Pressburger, Emeric (1948), The Red Shoes, UK.
     [Google Scholar]
116. Stiller, Mauritz (1919), Herr Arnes pengar, Sweden.
     [Google Scholar]
117. Sucksdorff, Arne (1957), En djungelsaga, Sweden.
     [Google Scholar]