Skip to content
1981
Volume 6, Issue 2-3
  • ISSN: 2050-9790
  • E-ISSN: 2050-9804

Abstract

Abstract

In the context of deindustrialization and urban decline, America's industrial heartland came to be re-imagined as the 'Rust Belt'. Synonymous with outmoded and decrepit landscapes, identities and practices, the term has operated as a form of stigma, as places such as Detroit, Cleveland and Pittsburgh became symbols of industrial, institutional and individual failure. However, in the contemporary period 'Rust Belt' is increasingly accompanied by an apparently incongruous term: 'chic'. Focusing on the narratives and essays of a younger, educated and predominantly white demographic, the article explores discourses of 'Rust Belt Chic', examining the social, cultural and political significance of this emergent phenomena thinking through the ways in which it constructs the past, present and future of deindustrialized landscapes. It is argued that within these narratives the region is valued for its liminality, for its proximities to the industrial past and a sense of history and tradition, along with its distance from what is seen as the failures of the post-industrial city. The article considers this reappraisal of the region and its material and symbolic significance in the context of deindustrialization and urban regeneration, examining how claims about the region are used to articulate a particular form of urban 'authenticity'.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1386/jucs_00013_1
2019-09-01
2026-04-15

Metrics

Loading full text...

Full text loading...

References

  1. Apel, D.. (2015), Beautiful Terrible Ruins: Detroit and the Anxiety of Decline, New Brunswick, NJ:: Rutgers University Press;.
    [Google Scholar]
  2. Byrne, D.. (2002);, 'Industrial culture in a post-industrial world: The case of North-East England'. , City, 6:3, pp. 279-89.
    [Google Scholar]
  3. Cowie, J., and Heathcott, J.. (eds) (2003), Beyond the Ruins: The Meanings of Deindustrialization, Ithaca, NY:: ILR Press;.
    [Google Scholar]
  4. Doig, W.. (2012);, 'Rust Belt Chic: Declining Midwest cities make a comeback'. , Salon, 12 May, https://www.salon.com/2012/05/12/rust_belt_chic_declining_midwest_cities_make_a_comeback/. Accessed 12 April 2013 .
    [Google Scholar]
  5. Dreher, C.. (2002);, 'Be creative – or die'. , Salon, 6 June, http://dir.salon.com/books/int/2002/06/06/florida/index.html. Accessed 5 June 2012 .
    [Google Scholar]
  6. Dudley, K. M.. (1994), The End of the Line: Lost Jobs, New Lives in Postindustrial America, Chicago:: University of Chicago Press;.
    [Google Scholar]
  7. Edensor, T.. (2005), Industrial Ruins: Space, Aesthetics and Materiality, London:: Berg;.
    [Google Scholar]
  8. Florida, R.. (2003);, 'Cities and the creative class'. , City and Community, 2:1, pp. 3-19.
    [Google Scholar]
  9. Gibson, C.. (2016);, 'Material inheritances: How place, materiality and labour process underpin the path-dependent evolution of contemporary craft production'. , Economic Geography, 92:1, pp. 61-86.
    [Google Scholar]
  10. Giffels, R.. (2014), The Hard Way on Purpose: Essays and Dispatches from the Rust Belt, New York:: Simon and Schuster;.
    [Google Scholar]
  11. Goldman, R., and Miller, A.. (2013);, 'Searching for value in the wastelands of commodity fetishism'. , Fast Capitalism, 10:1, n.pag.
    [Google Scholar]
  12. Hamera, J.. (2017), Unfinished Business: Michael Jackson, Detroit and the Figural Economy of American Deindustrialization, Oxford:: Oxford University Press;.
    [Google Scholar]
  13. Harrison, J. A.. (2017);, 'Rust Belt boomerang: The pull of place in moving back to a legacy city'. , City and Community, 16:3, pp. 263-83.
    [Google Scholar]
  14. Harvey, D.. (1989);, 'From managerialism to entrepreneurialism: The transformation in governance in late capitalism'. , Geografiska Annaler, 71:B1, pp. 3-17.
    [Google Scholar]
  15. High, S.. (2003) Industrial Sunset: The Making of North America's Rust Belt, 1969-1984, Toronto:: University of Toronto Press;.
    [Google Scholar]
  16. Harvey, D.. (2013);, 'The wounds of class: A historiographical reflection on the study of deindustrialization'. , History Compass, 11:11, pp. 994-1007.
    [Google Scholar]
  17. High, S., and Lewis, D.. (2007), Corporate Wasteland: The Landscape and Memory of Deindustrialization, Ithaca, NY:: ILR Press;.
    [Google Scholar]
  18. Izrael, J.. (2012);, 'Not a love letter'. , in R. Piiparinen, and A. Trubek. (eds.), Rust Belt Chic: The Cleveland Anthology, Cleveland:: Rust Belt Chic Press;, pp. 130-31.
    [Google Scholar]
  19. Kinney, R. J.. (2016), Beautiful Wasteland: The Rise of Detroit as America's Postindustrial Frontier, Minneapolis, MN:: University of Minnesota Press;.
    [Google Scholar]
  20. Kohn, M.. (2010);, 'Toronto's distillery district: Consumption and nostalgia in a postindustrial landscape'. , Globalizations, 7:3, pp. 359-69.
    [Google Scholar]
  21. Kotkin, J.. (2013);, 'Rust Belt Chic and the keys to reviving the Great Lakes'. , Forbes, 30 August, https://www.forbes.com/sites/joelkotkin/2013/08/30/rust-belt-chic-and-the-keys-to-reviving-the-great-lakes/#482b6eda693f. Accessed 19 October 2018 .
    [Google Scholar]
  22. Leary, J. P.. (2011);, 'Detroitism'. , Guernica, 15 January, http://www.guernicamag.com/features/2281/leary_1_15_11/. Accessed 12 April 2013 .
    [Google Scholar]
  23. Linkon, S. L.. (2013);, 'Navigating past and present in the deindustrial landscape'. , International Labor and Working-Class History, 84:Fall, pp. 38-54.
    [Google Scholar]
  24. Linkon, S. L.. (2018), The Half-Life of Deindustrialization: Working-Class Writing About Deindustrialization, Ann Arbor:: University of Michigan Press;.
    [Google Scholar]
  25. Lloyd, R.. (2010), Neo-Bohemia: Art and Commerce in the Post-Industrial City: Second Edition, London and New York:: Routledge;.
    [Google Scholar]
  26. Long, J.. (2013);, 'Sense of place and place-based activism in the neoliberal city: The case of "weird" resistance'. , City, 17:1, pp. 52-67.
    [Google Scholar]
  27. Marino, J., and Miller, W.. (eds) (2015), Car Bombs to Cookie Tables: The Youngstown Anthology, Cleveland:: Belt Publishing;.
    [Google Scholar]
  28. McQuarrie, M.. (2017);, 'The revolt of the Rust Belt: place and politics in the age of anger'. , The British Journal of Sociology, 68:S1, pp. 120-52.
    [Google Scholar]
  29. Neumann, T.. (2018);, 'Re-forging the steel city: Symbolism and space in post-industrial Pittsburgh'. , Journal of Urban History, 44:4, pp. 582-602.
    [Google Scholar]
  30. Newcomb, T.. (2011);, 'The Rust Belt has arrived'. , Governing, http://www.governing.com/columns/urban-notebook/Rust-Belt-Arrived.html. Accessed 12 April 2013 .
    [Google Scholar]
  31. Peck J.. (2005);, 'Struggling with the creative class'. , International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 29:4, pp. 740-70.
    [Google Scholar]
  32. Philp, D.. (2017);, 'Buying a $500 house in Detroit: Bidding on the soul of my city'. , The Guardian, 11 April, https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/apr/11/detroit-michigan-500-dollar-house-rust-belt-america. Accessed 15 July 2017 .
    [Google Scholar]
  33. Piiparinen, R.. (2012a);, 'An illustrated history of Cleveland's varied attempts at "rebranding"'. , Rustwire, 14 February, https://rustwire.com/2012/02/14/an-illustrated-history-of-clevelands-varied-attempts-at-rebranding/. Accessed 12 April 2013 .
    [Google Scholar]
  34. Piiparinen, R.. (2012b);, 'Anorexic vampires and the Pittsburgh Potty: The story of Rust Belt Chic'. , New Geography, 27 August, http://www.newgeography.com/content/003049-anorexic-vampires-and-pittsburgh-potty-the-story-rust-belt-chic. Accessed 12 April 2013 .
    [Google Scholar]
  35. Piiparinen, R.. (2012c);, 'The creative destruction of creative class-ification'. , New Geography, 3 September, https://www.newgeography.com/content/003060-the-creative-destruction-creative-class-ification. Accessed 12 April 2013 .
    [Google Scholar]
  36. Piiparinen, R.. (2012d);, 'What really is Rust Belt Chic, anyway?'. , 15 September, https://richeypiiparinen.wordpress.com/2012/09/15/what-really-is-rust-belt-chic-anyway/. Accessed 12 April 2013 .
  37. Piiparinen, R.. (2012e);, 'Born into ruin: How the young are changing Cleveland'. , New Geography, 10 December, https://www.newgeography.com/content/003295-born-into-ruin-how-young-are-changing-cleveland. Accessed 12 April 2013 .
    [Google Scholar]
  38. Piiparinen, R.. (2013a);, 'Visions of the Rust Belt future: Part one'. , New Geography, 27 April, http://www.newgeography.com/content/003664-visions-rust-belt-future-part-1. Accessed 16 July 2017 .
    [Google Scholar]
  39. Piiparinen, R.. (2013b);, 'Visions of the Rust Belt future: Part two'. , New Geography, 23 May, http://www.newgeography.com/content/003730-visions-rust-belt-future-part-2. Accessed 16 July 2017 .
    [Google Scholar]
  40. Piiparinen, R.. (2013c);, 'Is the "Rust Belt" a dirty word'. , New Geography, 24 July, https://www.newgeography.com/content/003826-is-rust-belt-a-dirty-word. Accessed 16 July 2017 .
    [Google Scholar]
  41. Piiparinen, R.. (2013d);, 'Why "Rust Belt" is not a pejorative'. , Belt Magazine, 18 August, https://beltmag.com/why-rust-belt-is-not-a-pejorative/. Accessed 16 July 2017 .
    [Google Scholar]
  42. Piiparinen, R.. (2017);, 'The wrong way to grow a city'. , CityLab, 14 May, https://www.citylab.com/equity/2017/05/the-wrong-way-to-grow-a-city/526653/. Accessed 18 October 2018 .
    [Google Scholar]
  43. Piiparinen, R., and Trubek, A.. (eds.) (2012), Rust Belt Chic: A Cleveland Anthology, Cleveland, OH:: Rust Belt Chic Press;.
    [Google Scholar]
  44. Renn, A.. (2013);, 'The promise and the peril of Rust Belt Chic'. , Urbanophile, 15 September, https://www.aaronrenn.com/2013/09/15/the-promise-and-the-peril-of-rust-belt-chic/. Accessed 18 October 2018 .
    [Google Scholar]
  45. Rich, J. L.. (2016);, 'Drilling is just the beginning: Romanticizing Rust Belt identities in the campaign for shale gas'. , Environmental Communication, 10:3, pp. 292-304.
    [Google Scholar]
  46. Rickly-Boyd, J. M.. (2013);, 'Existential authenticity: Place matters'. , Tourism Geographies, 15:4, pp. 680-86.
    [Google Scholar]
  47. Russell, J.. (2011);, 'Bar Mleczny'. , Burgh Diaspora, 1 August, http://burghdiaspora.blogspot.com/2011/08/bar-mleczny.html. Accessed 12 April 2013 .
    [Google Scholar]
  48. Russell, J.. (2012);, 'The revenge of the Pittsburgh potty'. , in R. Piiparinen, and A. Trubek. (eds.), Rust Belt Chic: The Cleveland Anthology, Cleveland:: Rust Belt Chic Press;, pp. 22-29.
    [Google Scholar]
  49. Russell, J.. (2013);, 'Genealogy of Rust Belt Chic'. , New Geography, 24 April, http://www.newgeography.com/content/003659-genealogy-of-rust-belt-chic. Accessed 18 October 2018 .
    [Google Scholar]
  50. Saunders, P.. (2013);, 'Is Rust Belt Chic for real?'. , The Corner Side Yard, 4 June, http://cornersideyard.blogspot.com/2013/06/is-rust-belt-chic-for-real.html. Accessed 18 October 2018 .
    [Google Scholar]
  51. Schmitt, A.. (2013);, 'My problem with "Rust Belt Chic"'. , Rustwire, 25 March, https://rustwire.com/2013/03/25/my-problem-with-rust-belt-chic/. Accessed 12 April 2013 .
    [Google Scholar]
  52. Shields, R.. (1991), Places on the Margin: Alternative Geographies of Modernity, London:: Routledge;.
    [Google Scholar]
  53. Short, J. R.,, Benton, L. M.,, Luce, W. B., and Walton, J.. (1993);, 'Restructuring the image of an industrial city'. , Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 83:2, pp. 207-24.
    [Google Scholar]
  54. Smith, N.. (1996), The New Urban Frontier: Gentrification and the Revanchist City, London:: Routledge;.
    [Google Scholar]
  55. Strangleman, T.. (2013);, '"Smokestack Nostalgia", "Ruin Porn" or working-class obituary? The role and meaning of deindustrial representation'. , International Labor and Working Class History, 84:Fall, pp. 23-37.
    [Google Scholar]
  56. Strangleman, T.,, Rhodes, J., and Linkon, S.. (2013);, 'Introduction to crumbling cultures: Deindustrialization, class and memory'. , International Labor and Working-Class History, 84:Fall, pp. 7-22.
    [Google Scholar]
  57. Trubek, A.. (2018);, 'Introduction: Why the Rust Belt matters (and what it is)'. , in A. Trubek. (ed.), Voices from the Rust Belt, New York:: Picador;.
    [Google Scholar]
  58. Warf, B., and Holly, B.. (1997);, 'The rise and fall and rise of Cleveland'. , Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 551, pp. 208-21.
    [Google Scholar]
  59. Watson, S.. (1991);, 'Gilding the smokestacks: The new symbolic representations of deindustrialized regions'. , Environment and Planning D, 9:1, pp. 59-70.
    [Google Scholar]
  60. Williams, R.. (1977), Marxism and Literature, Oxford:: Oxford University Press;.
    [Google Scholar]
  61. Wilson, D., and Wouters, J.. (2003);, 'Spatiality and growth discourse: The restructuring of America's Rust Belt cities'. , Journal of Urban Affairs, 25:2, pp. 123-38.
    [Google Scholar]
  62. Zimmerman, J.. (2008);, 'From brew town to cool town: Neoliberalism and the creative city development strategy in Milwaukee'. , Cities, 25:4, pp. 230-42.
    [Google Scholar]
  63. Zukin, S.. (1982), Loft Living: Culture and Capital in Urban Change, Newark:: Rutgers University Press;.
    [Google Scholar]
  64. Zukin, S.. (1995), The Culture of Cities, London:: Sage;.
    [Google Scholar]
  65. Zukin, S.. (2010), Naked Cities: The Death and Life of Authentic Urban Places, Oxford:: Oxford University Press;.
    [Google Scholar]
  66. Zumbrun, J.. (2008);, 'America's fastest-dying cities'. , Forbes, 5 August, https://www.forbes.com/2008/08/04/economy-ohio-michigan-biz_cx_jz_0805dying.html#ea9fba5180da. Accessed 20 February 2010 .
    [Google Scholar]
  67. Rhodes, James. (2019);, 'Rust Belt Chic: Deindustrialization, place and urban authenticity'. , Journal of Urban Cultural Studies, 6:2&3, pp. 265-86, doi: https://doi.org/10.1386/jucs_00013_1
    [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/10.1386/jucs_00013_1
Loading
This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a success
Invalid data
An error occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error
Please enter a valid_number test