Skip to content
1981
Volume 17, Issue 3
  • ISSN: 1740-8296
  • E-ISSN: 2040-0918

Abstract

This article studies how Northern Ireland’s media represented rape culture in relation to the 2018 Ulster Rugby Rape Trial. Thematic analysis was employed to analyse newspaper articles and social media posts to determine common themes surrounding the perpetuation of rape culture. While there were portrayals of perpetrator support and victim-blaming in the media, there was a surprising wealth of criticism surrounding the culture of misogyny, female subordination and sexual violence acceptance in Northern Ireland. This suggests Northern Irish society is becoming increasingly aware and intolerant of the damage rape culture acceptance can cause to all levels of society.

This article is Open Access under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International licence (CC-BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The CC BY licence permits commercial and noncommercial reuse. To view a copy of the licence, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1386/macp_00053_1
2021-09-01
2026-04-14

Metrics

Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/mcp/17/3/mcp.17.3.291.html?itemId=/content/journals/10.1386/macp_00053_1&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

References

  1. Ahmed, S. (2004), The Cultural Politics of Emotion, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  2. Alexander, J. C. (2004), ‘Toward a theory of cultural trauma’, in J. C. Alexander, R. Eyerman, B. Giesen, N. J. Smelser and P. Sztompka (eds), Cultural Trauma and Collective Identity, Berkeley, CA and Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press, pp. 130.
    [Google Scholar]
  3. Arnold, S. (2018), ‘Why I stand with the unnamed woman at the centre of the Ulster rape trial’, Stylist, 6 April, paras. 7–11, https://www.stylist.co.uk/long-reads/paddy-jackson-trial-rape-stuart-olding-ulster-rugby-victim-sexual-assault-opinion/199630. Accessed 31 March 2020.
    [Google Scholar]
  4. Bacik, I. (2021), ‘#MeToo, consent and prostitution: The Irish law reform experience’, Women’s Studies International Forum, 86, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wsif.2021.102457. Accessed 20 January 2022.
    [Google Scholar]
  5. Banet-Weiser, S. (2018), Empowered: Popular Feminism and Popular Misogyny, New York: Duke University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  6. Beninger, K. (2017), ‘Social media users’ views on the ethics of social media research’, in L. Sloan and A. Quan-Haase (eds), The SAGE Handbook of Social Media Research Methods, London, Thousand Oaks, CA, New Delhi and Singapore: Sage, pp. 5773.
    [Google Scholar]
  7. Boyle, K. (2005), Media and Violence: Gendering the Debates, London: Sage.
    [Google Scholar]
  8. Brownmiller, S. (1993), Against Our Will: Men, Women and Rape, New York: Ballantine Books.
    [Google Scholar]
  9. Bryman, A. (2012), Social Research Methods, New York: Oxford University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  10. Cameron, D. (1985), Feminism & Linguistic Theory, London: Palgrave Macmillan.
    [Google Scholar]
  11. Connell, R. W. and Messerschmidt, J. W. (2005), ‘Hegemonic masculinity: Rethinking the concept’, Gender & Society, 19:6, pp. 82959.
    [Google Scholar]
  12. Currier, D. (2013), ‘Protecting emphasized femininity and hegemonic masculinity in the hookup culture’, Gender and Society, 27:5, pp. 70427.
    [Google Scholar]
  13. Doyle, K. (2018), ‘Paddy Jackson to sue Senator over Tweet after “not guilty” verdict’, Independent.ie, 30 March, https://www.independent.ie/irish-news/courts/paddy-jackson-to-sue-senator-over-tweet-after-not-guilty-verdict-36759409.html. Accessed 6 September 2020.
    [Google Scholar]
  14. Edwards, A. (1996), ‘Gender and sexuality in the social construction and consensual sex: A study of process and outcome in six recent rape trials’, in J. Holland and L. Adkins (eds), Sex, Sensibility and the Gendered Body, Basingstoke and London: Macmillan, pp. 178201.
    [Google Scholar]
  15. Emmel, N. (2015), ‘Themes, variables, and the limits to calculating sample size: A response to Fugard and Potts’, International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 18:6, pp. 68586.
    [Google Scholar]
  16. Fleetwood, S. (2005), ‘Ontology in organization and management studies: A critical realist perspective’, Organization, 12:2, pp. 197222.
    [Google Scholar]
  17. Gallagher, C. (2018), ‘Inside court 12: The complete story of the Belfast rape trial’, The Irish Times, 28 March, https://www.irishtimes.com/news/crime-and-law/inside-court-12-the-complete-story-of-the-belfast-rape-trial-1.3443620. Accessed 14 August 2020.
    [Google Scholar]
  18. Galligan, Y. and Knight, K. (2011), ‘Attitudes towards women in politics: Gender, generation and party identification in Ireland’, Parliamentary Affairs, 64:4, pp. 585611.
    [Google Scholar]
  19. García-Favaro, L. and Gill, R. (2015), ‘“Emasculation nation has arrived”: Sexism rearticulated in online responses to Lose the Lads’ Mags campaign’, Feminist Media Studies, 16:3, pp. 37997.
    [Google Scholar]
  20. Goffman, E. (1963), Stigma: Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity, London: Penguin.
    [Google Scholar]
  21. Griffiths, E. (2018), ‘The Ulster rugby trial proves why women are scared to report rape’, Stylist, 29 March, paras. 12–13, https://www.stylist.co.uk/long-reads/ulster-rugby-trial-rape-not-guilty-paddy-jackson-stuart-olding-court-case-victim-sexual-assault-opinion/198518. Accessed 31 March 2020.
    [Google Scholar]
  22. Hall, S. (1997), Representation: Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices, London, Thousand Oaks, CA and New Delhi: Sage.
    [Google Scholar]
  23. Harp, D., Grimm, J. and Loke, J. (2018), ‘Rape, storytelling and social media: How Twitter interrupted the news media’s ability to construct collective memory’, Feminist Media Studies, 18:6, pp. 97999.
    [Google Scholar]
  24. Hearn, J. (2012), ‘A multi-faceted power analysis of men’s violence to known women: From hegemonic masculinity to the hegemony of men’, The Sociological Review, 60:4, pp. 589610.
    [Google Scholar]
  25. Herman, J. (1997), Trauma and Recovery: The Aftermath of Violence: From Domestic Abuse to Political Terror, New York: Basic Books.
    [Google Scholar]
  26. Hesse-Biber, S. N. (2007), ‘Putting it together: Feminist research praxis’, in S. N. Hesse-Biber and P. L. Leavy (eds), Feminist Research Practice: A Primer, London: Sage, pp. 32950.
    [Google Scholar]
  27. Hildebrand, M. and Najdowski, C. (2014), ‘The potential impact of rape culture on juror decision making: Implications for wrongful acquittals in sexual assault trials’, Albany Law Review, 78:3, pp. 105986.
    [Google Scholar]
  28. Hunnicutt, G. (2009), ‘Varieties of patriarchy and violence against women: Resurrecting “patriarchy” as a theoretical tool’, Violence Against Women, 15:5, pp. 55373.
    [Google Scholar]
  29. The Irish Times (2018), ‘Sexual offences: A system in need of change’, The Irish Times, 29 March, para. 5, https://www.irishtimes.com/opinion/editorial/sexual-offences-a-system-in-need-of-change-1.3443529. Accessed 31 March 2020.
    [Google Scholar]
  30. Jeffries, M. (2019), ‘Is it ok to go out on the pull without it being nasty?: “Lads” performances of lad culture’, Gender & Education, 32:7, pp. 90825.
    [Google Scholar]
  31. Keller, J., Mendes, K. and Ringrose, J. (2018), ‘Speaking “unspeakable things”: Documenting digital feminist responses to rape culture’, Journal of Gender Studies, 27:1, pp. 2236.
    [Google Scholar]
  32. Kelly, L. and Radford, J. (1998), ‘Sexual violence against women and girls: An approach to an international overview’, in R. E. Dobash and R. P. Dobash (eds), Rethinking Violence Against Women, Thousand Oaks, CA, London and New Delhi: Sage, pp. 5376.
    [Google Scholar]
  33. Kosse, S. H. (2007), ‘Race, riches and reporters: Do race and class impact media rape narratives? An analysis of the Duke Lacrosse case’, Southern Illinois University Law Journal, 31:2, pp. 24379.
    [Google Scholar]
  34. Leavy, P. L. (2007), ‘The feminist practice of content analysis’, in S. N. Hesse-Biber and P. L. Leavy (eds), Feminist Research Practice: A Primer, London: Sage, pp. 22338.
    [Google Scholar]
  35. Letherby, G. (2003), Feminist Research in Theory and Practice, Buckingham and Philadelphia, PA: Open University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  36. Lorde, A. (1984), Sister Outsider: The Transformation of Silence into Language and Action, Berkeley, CA: Crossing Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  37. Lull, J. (2015), ‘Hegemony’, in G. Dines and J. M. Humez (eds), Gender, Race and Class in Media: A Critical Reader, 4th ed., Los Angeles, CA: Sage, pp. 3943.
    [Google Scholar]
  38. MacKinnon, C. A. (1983), ‘Feminism, marxism, method, and the state: Toward feminist jurisprudence’, Signs, 8:4, pp. 63558.
    [Google Scholar]
  39. Mason, J. (2017), Qualitative Researching, 2nd ed., London, Thousand Oaks, CA and New Delhi: Sage.
    [Google Scholar]
  40. McCay-Peet, L. and Quan-Haase, A. (2017), ‘What is social media and what questions can social media research help us answer?’, in L. Sloan and A. Quan-Haase (eds), The SAGE Handbook of Social Media Research Methods, Los Angeles, CA, London and New Delhi: Sage, pp. 1326.
    [Google Scholar]
  41. McKay, S. (2018), ‘How the “rugby rape trial” divided Ireland’, The Guardian, 4 December, paras. 56–58, https://www.theguardian.com/news/2018/dec/04/rugby-rape-trial-ireland-belfast-case. Accessed 31 March 2020.
    [Google Scholar]
  42. Murthy, D. (2017), ‘The ontology of tweets: Mixed-method approaches to the study of Twitter’, in L. Sloan and A. Quan-Haase (eds), The SAGE Handbook of Social Media Research Methods, Los Angeles, CA, London and New Delhi: Sage, pp. 55972.
    [Google Scholar]
  43. Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency (2019), ‘Statistical bulletin: Cases involving sexual offences 2018/19’, Public Prosecution Service for Northern Ireland, 24 October, https://www.ppsni.gov.uk/sites/ppsni/files/publications/Sexual%20Offences%20Bulletin%2018-19%20%28and%2017-18%29%20Revised.pdf. Accessed 1 August 2021.
    [Google Scholar]
  44. Phipps, A. and Young, I. (2015), ‘Neoliberalisation and “lad cultures” in higher education’, Sociology, 49:2, pp. 30522.
    [Google Scholar]
  45. Powell, A. (2015), ‘Seeking rape justice: Formal and informal responses to sexual violence through technosocial counter-publics’, Theoretical Criminology, 19:4, pp. 57188.
    [Google Scholar]
  46. Quan-Haase, A. and Sloan, L. (2017), ‘Introduction to the handbook of social media research methods: Goals, challenges and innovations’, in L. Sloan and A. Quan-Haase, The SAGE Handbook of Social Media Research Methods, Los Angeles, CA, London and New Delhi: Sage, pp. 110.
    [Google Scholar]
  47. Rape Crisis England & Wales (2020), ‘About sexual violence: Myths vs realities’, Rape Crisis England & Wales, https://rapecrisis.org.uk/get-informed/about-sexual-violence/myths-vs-realities/. Accessed 25 April 2020.
    [Google Scholar]
  48. Reinharz, S. (1992), Feminist Methods in Social Research, New York: Oxford University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  49. Seale, C. (1999), The Quality of Qualitative Research, London: Sage.
    [Google Scholar]
  50. Sills, S., Pickens, C., Beach, K., Jones, L., Calder-Dawe, O., Benton-Greig, P. and Gavey, N. (2016), ‘Rape culture and social media: Young critics and a feminist counter-public’, Feminist Media Studies, 16:6, pp. 93551.
    [Google Scholar]
  51. Sommers, J. (2018), ‘Ulster rugby rape trial: Verdicts prompt outpouring of support for alleged victim’, Huffington Post, 28 March, https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/entry/ulster-rugby-rape-trial-verdicts_uk_5abb88d6e4b03e2a5c77d64f. Accessed 31 July 2021.
    [Google Scholar]
  52. Stark, E. (2007), Coercive Control: The Entrapment of Women in Personal Life, New York: Oxford University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  53. Strӧmwall, L. A., Alfredsson, H. and Landström, S. (2012), ‘Rape victim and perpetrators blame and the Just World hypothesis: The influence of victim gender and age’, Journal of Sexual Aggression, 19:2, pp. 20717.
    [Google Scholar]
  54. Talbot, M. (2007), Media Discourse: Representation and Interaction, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  55. Walsh, N. (2018), ‘Paddy Jackson moves pet pooch and girlfriend to France’, Evoke, 1 October, paras. 1–4, https://evoke.ie/2018/10/01/showbiz/paddy-jackson-moves-pet-pooch-and-girlfriend-to-france. Accessed 31 March 2020.
    [Google Scholar]
  56. Mcfalone, Kim (2021), ‘#IBelieveHer: Representations of rape culture in Northern Ireland’s media surrounding the 2018 Ulster Rugby Rape Trial’, International Journal of Media & Cultural Politics, 17:3, pp. 291314, https://doi.org/10.1386/macp_00053_1
    [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/10.1386/macp_00053_1
Loading
This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a success
Invalid data
An error occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error
Please enter a valid_number test