From ‘The Fading’ to ‘Scream with Me Never Again!’: Shoah and Jewish identity in Israeli and US metal | Intellect Skip to content
1981
Volume 6, Issue 3
  • ISSN: 2052-3998
  • E-ISSN: 2052-4005

Abstract

The Shoah is an historical event that leaves its marks on Jewish memory and thought to this day. Broadly speaking, there are two lessons of the Shoah: a particularistic one – relevant to Jews only – and a universalistic lesson, for all peoples. This article examines how the memory of the Shoah and these lessons contribute to the formation of Jewish identity. Works considering the Shoah of three metal bands with prominent Jewish members will be used: one Israeli-Jewish band – Salem; and two multireligious American bands – Anthrax and Disturbed. I will start by analysing songs about the Shoah and continue with a broader look at their entire catalogues and interviews. The ideas expressed will be understood on the background of theories considering Jewish identity and metal music and culture. This qualitative research is therefore grounded in the methodology of the history of ideas. My main findings are: (1) Most metal songs about the Shoah were written by a band with prominent Jewish members. (2) It indeed functions as a living memory affecting Jewish identity – that is, values and sociopolitical beliefs. (3) All the songs analysed create engagement by arousing an emotional response in listeners. (4) While Jewish identity is clearly manifested in Salem and Disturbed’s David Draiman, it is almost absent from Anthrax’s works and Scott Ian’s ideas. (5) A stronger connection to the political realization of the Jews in Israel is likely to strengthen Jewish identity.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1386/mms_00020_1
2020-09-01
2024-04-23
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

References

  1. Abelson, Yair. ( 2010;), ‘ Salem – mesachkim belihiot elohim. ’, YouPost: Civilian Journalism Online, 25 March, http://www.youpost.co.il/life-and-style/music/1920-salem. Accessed 30 November 2016.
    [Google Scholar]
  2. Abramowitz, Ari, and Gimpel, Jeremy. ( 2015;), ‘ Heavy metal Zionism: “Disturbed” lead singer David Draiman on defending Israel. ’, The Land of Israel Network, 19 October, http://thelandofisrael.com/heavy-metal-zionism-disturbed-lead-singer-david-draiman-on-defending-israel/. Accessed 27 February 2017.
    [Google Scholar]
  3. Amona Agricultural Cooperative Society for Communal Settling v. the Minister of Defense ( 2006), HJC 851/06 .
  4. Anon. ( 2020;), ‘ The Not Man: A history of the Anthrax mascot. ’, Green and Black Music, 6 March, http://greenandblackmusic.com/home/2020/03/06/the-not-man-a-history-of-the-anthrax-mascot. Accessed 3 March 2020.
    [Google Scholar]
  5. Anthrax ( 1985), Spreading the Disease, New York:: Megaforce Worldwide and Island Records;.
    [Google Scholar]
  6. Anthrax ( 1987), Among the Living, New York:: Megaforce Worldwide and Island Records;.
    [Google Scholar]
  7. Anthrax ( 1990), Persistence of Time, New York:: Megaforce Worldwide and Island Records;.
    [Google Scholar]
  8. Anthrax ( 2003), We’ve Come for You All, London:: Sanctuary and Nuclear Blast;.
    [Google Scholar]
  9. Anthrax ( 2016), For All Kings, New York:: Megaforce Records;.
    [Google Scholar]
  10. Artisan News Service ( 2014;), ‘ David Draiman device interview: Roger Waters antisemitic pig in the wall (unedited). ’, YouTube, 24 August, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TJdztXuWOyQ. Accessed 1 March 2017.
    [Google Scholar]
  11. Astarchan, Ben. ( 2013;), ‘ Dor hameyasdim – reayon im Ze’ev Tananboim milehakat Salem. ’, Metalist Magazine, 23 March, http://metalist.co.il/InterviewPrivate.asp?id=565. Accessed 1 June 2020.
    [Google Scholar]
  12. Avital, Colette. ( 2014;), ‘ Ma nizkor uma nazkir?. ’, Israel Hayom, 28 April, http://www.coletteavital.org.il/index.php/homepage/273-2014-04-29-15-41-06. Accessed 28 November 2016.
    [Google Scholar]
  13. Barnett, Brett A.. ( 2017;), ‘ Black Sabbath’s pioneering lyrical rhetoric: Tragic structure and cathartic potential in song narratives. ’, Metal Music Studies, 3:1, pp. 8196.
    [Google Scholar]
  14. Beinart, Peter. ( 2012), The Crisis of Zionism, Melbourne:: Melbourne University Publishing;.
    [Google Scholar]
  15. Beliefnet ( 2000;), ‘ Back from the belly of the beast: Former Anthrax lead guitarist Daniel Spitz is now a Messianic Jew. ’, Beliefnet, http://www.beliefnet.com/entertainment/2000/02/back-from-the-belly-of-the-beast.aspx/. Accessed 15 December 2016.
    [Google Scholar]
  16. Blabbermouth ( 2010;), ‘ Disturbed: New video interview with David Draiman, Mike Wengren. ’, 23 August, www.blabbermouth.net/news/disturbed-new-video-interview-with-david-draiman-mike-wengren/. Accessed 13 February 2017.
  17. Blabbermouth ( 2014;), ‘ Disturbed’s David Draiman accuses mainstream media of “setting the stage for a new Holocaust”. ’, 10 August, http://www.blabbermouth.net/news/disturbeds-david-draiman-accuses-mainstream-media-of-setting-he-stage-for-a-new-Holocaust/. Accessed 16 February 2017.
  18. Bos, Pascale R.. ( 2007;), ‘ Adopted memory: The Holocaust, postmemory, and Jewish identity in America. ’, in M. A. Baronian,, S. Besser, and Y. Jansen. (eds), Diaspora and Memory: Figures of Displacement in Contemporary Literature, Arts and Politics, Amsterdam, NY:: Rodopi;, pp. 97107.
    [Google Scholar]
  19. Boyarin, Daniel, and Boyarin, Jonathan. ( 1993;), ‘ Diaspora: Generation and the ground of Jewish identity. ’, Critical Inquiry, 19:4, pp. 691725.
    [Google Scholar]
  20. Brinn, David. ( 2011a;), ‘ The Hazan who became Disturbed. ’, The Jerusalem Post, 2 January, http://www.jpost.com/Arts-and-Culture/Music/The-hazan-who-became-Disturbed. Accessed 20 February 2017.
    [Google Scholar]
  21. Brinn, David. ( 2011b;), ‘ Marking Holocaust remembrance day loudly. ’, The Jerusalem Post, 30 April, http://www.jpost.com/Arts-and-Culture/Music/Marking-Holocaust-Remembrance-Day-loudly. Accessed 9 November 2016.
    [Google Scholar]
  22. Brinn, David. ( 2013;), ‘ Among the thrashing. ’, The Jerusalem Post, 6 August, http://www.jpost.com/Arts-and-Culture/Arts/Among-the-thrashing-322253. Accessed 15 January 2017.
    [Google Scholar]
  23. Calvo, Manuela Belén. ( 2016;), ‘ Almafuerte: Metal Pesado Argento and its construction of Argentinian nationalism. ’, Metal Music Studies, 2:1, pp. 2138.
    [Google Scholar]
  24. Cohen, Mike. ( n.d.;), ‘ Jewish mum’s Anthrax attack on Scott’s career. ’, Jewish Telegraph, http://www.jewishtelegraph.com/arts_9.html. Accessed 25 February 2017.
    [Google Scholar]
  25. Cohen, Simon. ( 2011;), ‘ Am Israel veamei tevel lo hefnimu et likchei haShoah. ’, Israel National News, 28 April, http://www.inn.co.il/Besheva/Article.aspx/10515. Accessed 25 November 2016.
    [Google Scholar]
  26. Davidovich, Nitza, and Soen, Dan. ( 2013;), ‘ Israeli and diaspora students travel to the Holocaust sites in Poland: The impact on the perceptions of the Holocaust, Jewish identity, and Israel-diaspora ties. ’, Sociological Papers, 17, pp. 10621.
    [Google Scholar]
  27. Deaths-Head Revisited. ’ ( 1961), D. Medford. (dir.), The Twilight Zone, Season 3, Episode 9 (10 November, USA:: Cayuga Productions;).
    [Google Scholar]
  28. Disturbed ( 2000), The Sickness, Burbank, CA:: Giant and Reprise;.
    [Google Scholar]
  29. Disturbed ( 2002), Believe, Burbank, CA:: Reprise;.
    [Google Scholar]
  30. Disturbed ( 2005), Ten Thousand Fists, Burbank, CA:: Reprise and Intoxication;.
    [Google Scholar]
  31. Disturbed ( 2010), Asylum, Burbank, CA:: Reprise;.
    [Google Scholar]
  32. Disturbed ( 2016;), ‘ Disturbed on tour: Meeting Mansfield police officers. ’, YouTube, 26 July, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bl2Aw2nlD50. Accessed 9 August 2020.
    [Google Scholar]
  33. Elkana, Yehuda. ( [1988] 2012;), ‘ Bizchut hashichecha. ’, Haaretz, 2 March, https://www.haaretz.co.il/opinions/1.1841380. Accessed 25 November 2016.
    [Google Scholar]
  34. Farago, Uri. ( 1989;), ‘ Hazehut hayehudit shel noar Israeli, 1965–1985. ’, Yahadut Zmanenu, 5, pp. 25985.
    [Google Scholar]
  35. Fox, Nicole. ( 2010;), ‘ “Their history is part of me”: Third generation American Jews and intergenerational transmission of memory, trauma and history. ’, Moreshet: Journal for the Study of the Holocaust and Antisemitism, 4:87, pp. 735.
    [Google Scholar]
  36. Friedrich, Caspar David. ( 1819), Monastery Graveyard in the Snow, Berlin:: Alte Nationalgalerie; (destroyed in 1945) .
    [Google Scholar]
  37. Full Metal Jackie ( 2018;), ‘ Brian Posehn: Anthrax’s sense of humor sets them apart from others. ’, Loudwire, 18 December, https://loudwire.com/brian-posehn-anthrax-sense-of-humor-sets-apart-from-others. Accessed 14 May 2020.
    [Google Scholar]
  38. Garlescolopovicescovici, Andrei. ( 2010;), ‘ David Draiman speech. ’, YouTube, 18 August, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z-1AY_lR1BI. Accessed 4 March 2017.
    [Google Scholar]
  39. Grant, Sam. ( 2016;), ‘ From Umm Kulthum to Orphaned Land. ’, Metal Music Studies, 2:2, pp. 21532.
    [Google Scholar]
  40. Gross, Zehavit. ( 2010;), ‘ Holocaust education in Jewish schools in Israel: Goals, dilemmas, challenges. ’, Prospects, 40:1, pp. 93113.
    [Google Scholar]
  41. Grow, Kory. ( 2016;), ‘ Anthrax’s Scott Ian on inter-band harmony, Phil Anselmo’s atonement. ’, Rolling Stone, 24 February, https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/anthraxs-scott-ian-on-inter-band-harmony-phil-anselmos-atonement-227473. Accessed 19 July 2020.
    [Google Scholar]
  42. Henoch, Vivian. ( 2016;), ‘ Critical lessons of the Holocaust: A conversation with Lori Talsky Zekelman, champion of the law mandating genocide education in Michigan public schools. ’, My Jewish Detroit, November, myjewishdetroit.org/2016/11/critical-lessons-of-the-Holocaust. Accessed 11 March 2020.
    [Google Scholar]
  43. Hjelm, Titus,, Kahn-Harris, Keith, and LeVine, Mark. ( 2011;), ‘ Heavy metal as controversy and counterculture. ’, Popular Music History, 6:1, pp. 518.
    [Google Scholar]
  44. Hoffin, Kevin. ( 2018;), ‘ Decay as a black metal symbol. ’, Metal Music Studies, 4:1, pp. 8194.
    [Google Scholar]
  45. Ian, Scott. (@scottianthrax) ( 2016;), ‘ Hate speech. Racism. Inflammatory rhetoric. ’, Instagram, 1 February, https://www.instagram.com/scottianthrax/?hl=en. Accessed 24 February 2017.
    [Google Scholar]
  46. Ian, Scott, and Wiederhorn, Jon. ( 2014), I’m the Man: The Official Story of Anthrax, Boston, MA:: Da Capo;.
    [Google Scholar]
  47. Jaspal, Rusi, and Yampolsky, Maya A.. ( 2011;), ‘ Social representations of the Holocaust and Jewish Israeli identity construction: Insights from identity process theory. ’, Social Identities, 17:2, pp. 20124.
    [Google Scholar]
  48. Kaufman, Debra Renee. ( 2007;), ‘ Post-memory and post-Holocaust Jewish identity narratives. ’, in J. M. Gerson, and D. L. Wolf. (eds), Sociology Confronts the Holocaust: Memories and Identities in Jewish Diasporas, Durham, NC:: Duke University Press;, pp. 3954.
    [Google Scholar]
  49. Keymo Embryo ( 2016;), ‘ Eddie Trunk Interviews Philip Anselmo DECEMBER 15, 2016. ’, YouTube, 22 December, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GhTVj_OfSfc. Accessed 21 May 2020.
    [Google Scholar]
  50. King, Stephen. ( 1982;), ‘ Apt pupil. ’, in Different Seasons, New York:: Viking Press;, pp. 103298.
    [Google Scholar]
  51. Kirner-Ludwig, Monika, and Wohlfarth, Florian. ( 2018;), ‘ METALinguistics: Face-threatening taboos, conceptual offensiveness and discursive transgression in extreme metal. ’, Metal Music Studies, 4:3, pp. 40332.
    [Google Scholar]
  52. Kleinberg, Aviad. ( 2014;), ‘ Shel mi haShoah hazo?. ’, Com.Press, 27 April, http://compress.co.il/inthenews/whos_Shoah_is_it_anyway_aviad_kleinberg#.U11uv_mSySo. Accessed 1 December 2016.
    [Google Scholar]
  53. Levy, Daniel, and Sznaider, Natan. ( 2007;), ‘ The cosmopolitanization of Holocaust memory: From Jewish to human experience. ’, in J. M. Gerson, and D. L. Wolf. (eds), Sociology Confronts the Holocaust: Memories and Identities in Jewish Diasporas, Durham, NC:: Duke University Press;, pp. 31330.
    [Google Scholar]
  54. Levy, Shlomit,, Levinsohn, Hanna, and Katz, Elihu. ( 1993), Beliefs, Observations and Social Interaction among Israeli Jews, Jerusalem:: Louis Guttman Israel Institute of Applied Social Research;.
    [Google Scholar]
  55. Livingston, Michael A.. ( 2012;), ‘ Never again … What? Law, history, and the uses of the Holocaust. ’, Rutgers Journal of Law and Religion, 14:1, pp. 26790.
    [Google Scholar]
  56. Loudwire ( 2015a;), ‘ Disturbed’s David Draiman: Wikipedia: Fact or fiction? Part one. ’, YouTube, 19 August, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w40DhmnD3A4#t=290.26725. Accessed 7 January 2017.
    [Google Scholar]
  57. Loudwire ( 2015b;), ‘ Disturbed’s David Draiman: Wikipedia: Fact or fiction? Part two. ’, YouTube, 2 September, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9IdV7GdLrsk. Accessed 7 January 2017.
    [Google Scholar]
  58. Macomber, Shawn. ( 2014;), ‘ Better living, the Dan Lilker way. ’, Decibel Magazine, 11 November, http://decibelmagazine.com/blog/featured/better-living-the-dan-lilker-way. Accessed 18 January 2017.
    [Google Scholar]
  59. Marian Omri ( 2016;), ‘ Etgarei itzuv zichron hashoah. ’, Mizkar, 48, Tel Aviv:: Merkaz ha'irgunim shel nitzoley hashoah;, pp. 1129.
    [Google Scholar]
  60. Met Al Metal ( 2015;), ‘ Episode 330: Holocaust. ’, Met Al Metal, 11 April, http://www.metalmetal.co.il/he/episodes/0330. Accessed 5 December 2016.
    [Google Scholar]
  61. Metal on Loud ( 2017;), ‘ People don’t understand how much I was there. ’, Metal on Loud: Metalheads Foundation, https://metalonloud.com/new/people-dont-understand-how-much-i-was-there/. Accessed 8 March 2020.
    [Google Scholar]
  62. Metalist Magazine ( 2010;), ‘ David Draiman: Special interview. ’, Metalist Magazine TV, http://metalist.co.il/VideoPrivate.asp?id=M18489844&lang=eng. Accessed 3 March 2017.
    [Google Scholar]
  63. Ofer, Dalia. ( 2004a;), ‘ History, memory and identity: Perceptions of the Holocaust in Israel. ’, in U. Rebhun, and C. I. Waxman. (eds), Jews in Israel: Contemporary Social and Cultural Patterns, Hanover and London:: Brandeis University Press;, pp. 394417.
    [Google Scholar]
  64. Ofer, Dalia. ( 2004b;), ‘ Tormented memories: The individual and the collective. ’, Israel Studies, 9:3, pp. 13756.
    [Google Scholar]
  65. Or, Sagi. ( 2005;), ‘ Intifada’s 5th year saw lowest death toll. ’, Haaretz English Edition Online, 29 September, http://www.haaretz.com/wwwMobileSite/intifada-s-5th-year-saw-lowest-death-toll-1.170975. Accessed 23 January 2017.
    [Google Scholar]
  66. Parliamentary Committee of Inquiry for the Events of Amona ( 2006;), ‘ Intermediate summary. ’, 19 March, Jerusalem:: The Knesset, Foreign Affairs and Security Committee;.
    [Google Scholar]
  67. Pew Research Center ( 2013), A Portrait of Jewish Americans: Findings from a Pew Research Center Survey of U.S. Jews, Washington, DC:: Pew Research Center;.
    [Google Scholar]
  68. Poliker, Yehuda. ( 1988), Ashes and Dust, Israel:: CBS;.
    [Google Scholar]
  69. Presner, Todd Samuel. ( 2007), Muscular Judaism: The Jewish Body and the Politics of Regeneration, Oxon and New York:: Routledge;.
    [Google Scholar]
  70. Renaud, Michel. (The Lord of Hate) ( 2003;), ‘ Interview with Ze’ev (vocals). ’, The Metal Crypt, 21 February, http://www.metalcrypt.com/pages/interviews.php?intid=54. Accessed 16 November 2016.
    [Google Scholar]
  71. Rosenberg, Roberta. ( 2015;), ‘ Jewish diasporic humor and contemporary Jewish-American identity. ’, Shofar, 33:3, pp. 11038.
    [Google Scholar]
  72. Salem ( 1990), Millions Slaughtered, Israel:: Salem;.
    [Google Scholar]
  73. Salem ( 1992), Creating Our Sins, n.p.:: MCD;.
    [Google Scholar]
  74. Salem ( 1994), Kaddish, Vienna:: Morbid Records;.
    [Google Scholar]
  75. Salem ( 2002), Collective Demise, Duisburg, Germany:: System Shock;.
    [Google Scholar]
  76. Salem ( 2004), Live Demise, DVD, Peekskill, NY:: Masterdisk;.
    [Google Scholar]
  77. Salem ( 2007), Necessary Evil, Marseille:: Season of Mist;.
    [Google Scholar]
  78. Samuels, David. ( 2011;), ‘ Q&A: Scott Ian. ’, Tablet, 13 September, http://www.tabletmag.com/jewish-arts-and-culture/music/77826/qa-scott-ian. Accessed 5 March 2017.
    [Google Scholar]
  79. Schwartz, Yishai. ( 2011;), ‘ Bechazara leKaddish: Ze’ev Tananboim mi-“Salem” besicha ishit al haShoah ve-“Kaddish”. ’, Mako Music, 1 May, http://www.mako.co.il/music-metal/Article-81c3c6b386baf21006.htm. Accessed 1 December 2016.
    [Google Scholar]
  80. Segev, Zohar. ( 2010;), ‘ Diaspora nationalism: The World Jewish Congress, American Jewry and the rehabilitation of European Jewry after the Holocaust. ’, Zion, 1, pp. 15382.
    [Google Scholar]
  81. Shohamy, Elana. ( 1999;), ‘ Language and identity of Jews in Israel and in the diaspora. ’, in D. Zisenwine, and D. Schers. (eds), Present and Future: Jewish Culture, Identity and Language, Tel-Aviv:: School of Education, Tel-Aviv University;, pp. 7994.
    [Google Scholar]
  82. Smialek, Eric T.. ( 2015;), ‘ Genre and expression in extreme metal music, ca. 1990–2015. ’, Ph.D. thesis, Montreal:: McGill University;.
    [Google Scholar]
  83. Stein, Arlene. ( 2007;), ‘ Trauma stories, identity work, and the politics of recognition. ’, in J. M. Gerson, and D. L. Wolf. (eds), Sociology Confronts the Holocaust: Memories and Identities in Jewish Diasporas, Durham, NC:: Duke University Press;, pp. 8491.
    [Google Scholar]
  84. Strand Books Store ( 2017;), ‘ Scott Ian: Access all areas. ’, YouTube, 18 December, https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=3308&v=OSKMwOWZbQ8&fefeatu=emb_title. Accessed 24 March 2020.
    [Google Scholar]
  85. Undercraft ( 2005a;), ‘ Salem: Strings attached (song by song). ’, Metal Storm, 28 September, http://www.metalstorm.net/pub/interview.php?interview_id=353. Accessed 15 November 2016.
    [Google Scholar]
  86. Undercraft ( 2005b;), ‘ Salem interview (10/2005). ’, Metal Storm, 20 October, http://www.metalstorm.net/pub/interview.php?interview_id=139. Accessed 20 November 2016.
    [Google Scholar]
  87. Warner Music Germany ( 2010;), ‘ Disturbed im interview zu “Asylum”. ’, YouTube, 22 August, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g5JHs7AVYGc. Accessed 12 February 2017.
    [Google Scholar]
  88. Waxman, Chaim Isaac. ( 1999;), ‘ Language and identity among America’s Jews. ’, in D. Zisenwine, and D. Schers. (eds), Present and Future: Jewish Culture, Identity and Language, Tel-Aviv:: School of Education, Tel-Aviv University;, pp. 6378.
    [Google Scholar]
  89. Williams, Richard. ( 2007;), ‘ Responses to the Holocaust: Discussing Jewish identity through the perspective of social construction. ’, in J. M. Gerson, and D. L. Wolf. (eds), Sociology Confronts the Holocaust: Memories and Identities in Jewish Diasporas, Durham, NC:: Duke University Press;, pp. 92109.
    [Google Scholar]
  90. Yavuz, M. Selim. ( 2017;), ‘ “Delightfully depressing”: Death/doom metal music world and the emotional responses of the fan. ’, Metal Music Studies, 3:2, pp. 20118.
    [Google Scholar]
  91. Jackson, Itay. ( 2020;), ‘ From “The Fading” to “Scream with Me Never Again!”: Shoah and Jewish identity in Israeli and US metal. ’, Metal Music Studies, 6:3, pp. 299318, doi: https://doi.org/10.1386/mms_00020_1
    [Google Scholar]
http://instance.metastore.ingenta.com/content/journals/10.1386/mms_00020_1
Loading
This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a success
Invalid data
An error occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error