When the Steel City paused: Pittsburgh’s metal scene confronts COVID-19

References

1. Anon. (2020), ‘Popular Pittsburgh club Brillobox closes doors for good’, Tribune Review, 4 August, https://triblive.com/aande/music/popular-pittsburgh-club-brillobox-closes-doors-for-good/. Accessed 19 January 2023.
   [Google Scholar]
2. Anon. (2023), ‘Tracking coronavirus in Allegheny Country, Pa.: Latest map and case count’, New York Times, updated daily, 18 January, https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2021/us/allegheny-pennsylvania-covid-cases.html. Accessed 18 January 2023.
   [Google Scholar]
3. CBS Pittsburgh (2020a), ‘The Rex Theater’s closing has independently-owned music venues on edge’, CBS News Pittsburgh, 23 September, https://www.cbsnews.com/pittsburgh/news/the-rex-theater-closing-independently-owned-music-venues-coronavirus/. Accessed 19 January 2023.
   [Google Scholar]
4. CBS Pittsburgh (2020b), ‘The Rex Theater to close its doors, blaming the pandemic’, CBS News Pittsburgh, 22 September, https://www.cbsnews.com/pittsburgh/news/the-rex-theater-south-side-closing/. Accessed 19 January 2023.
   [Google Scholar]
5. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2023), ‘COVID data tracker: Allegheny County, Pennsylvania’, CDC, updated daily, 26 January, https://covid.cdc.gov/covid-data-tracker/#county-view?list_select_state=Pennsylvania&data-type=CommunityLevels&list_select_county=42003. Accessed 26 January 2023.
6. Code Orange (2017), Forever, CD, RR7463, Roadrunner Records.
   [Google Scholar]
7. Code Orange (2020a), ‘Last Ones Left: In Fear of the Dead’, Empty Venue Livestream, YouTube, 18 March, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w28E926DEAQ&t=577s. Accessed 26 January 2023.
8. Code Orange (2020b), Underneath, CD, RR016861739027, Roadrunner Records.
   [Google Scholar]
9. Code Orange (2020c), Under the Skin, Digital, Roadrunner Records.
   [Google Scholar]
10. Conte, G. (2020), ‘How one hardcore band DIY-ed a concert for 13,000 fans’, GQ, 19 March, https://www.gq.com/story/code-orange-twitch-coronavirus-interview-2020. Accessed 26 January 2023.
    [Google Scholar]
11. Deloitte Access Economics (2011), The Economic, Social and Cultural Contribution of Venue-Based Live Music in Victoria, Melbourne: Arts Victoria.
    [Google Scholar]
12. Deto, Ryan (2020), ‘Wolf announces new statewide COVID bar and restaurant restrictions; Allegheny County to announce changes to restaurant policies soon’, Pittsburgh City Paper, 15 July, https://www.pghcitypaper.com/pittsburgh/wolf-announces-new-statewide-covid-bar-and-restaurant-restrictions-allegheny-county-to-announce-changes-to-restaurant-policies-soon/Content?oid=17657150. Accessed 4 November 2022.
    [Google Scholar]
13. Dream Death (1987), Journey into Mystery, CD, NRR 25, New Renaissance Records.
    [Google Scholar]
14. Drury, J., Reicher, S. and Hopkins, N. (2020), ‘The psychology of physical distancing’, The Psychologist, 1 June, https://www.bps.org.uk/volume-33/summer-2020/psychology-physical-distancing. Accessed 1 November 2022.
    [Google Scholar]
15. Epstein, D., Bennett, J., Pessaro, F., Camp, Z. and Geist, B. (2017), ‘20 best albums of 2017’, Revolver, 5 December, https://www.revolvermag.com/music/20-best-albums-2017#1-code-orange-forever. Accessed 13 July 2024.
    [Google Scholar]
16. Everman, H. (2020), ‘What to know about coronavirus after 2 deaths, at least 13 cases in Washington’, K5, 2 March, https://www.king5.com/article/news/health/coronavirus/king-county-resident-is-first-death-from-coronavirus-in-the-us-officials-say/281-5a511b20-4a3f-4380-8d79-15d7a1456887. Accessed 7 December 2022.
17. Fekadu, M. (2020), ‘Pollstar: Live events industry lost $30B due to pandemic’, Associated Press, 11 December, https://apnews.com/article/elton-john-celine-dion-coronavirus-pandemic-b63179e05d0768dcd907da5beeccad52. Accessed 5 November 2022.
18. Fresh Blueberry Pancake (1970), Heavy, self-released, re-released in 2022 by Ancient Grease Records, AGR010.
    [Google Scholar]
19. Global Citizen (2020), ‘One world: Together at home’, Global Citizen, 18 April, https://www.globalcitizen.org/en/media/togetherathome/. Accessed 2 February 2023.
20. Grow, K. (2020), ‘Code Orange to livestream record release show without audience’, Rolling Stone, 13 March, https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/code-orange-livestream-underneath-concert-coronavirus-967205/. Accessed 5 November 2022.
    [Google Scholar]
21. Horehound (2021), ‘Horehound live: Westside bowl’, YouTube, 2 August, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vrb3uN_6QM0. Accessed 3 February 2023.
22. Kennedy, S. (2023), personal interview, Pittsburgh, PA, 12 February.
23. Kennedy, S. (2024), follow-up interview, e-mail, 30 January.
24. King 5 (2020), ‘Washington closes all schools and bans crowds during coronavirus outbreak’, K5, 13 March, https://www.king5.com/article/news/local/inslee-announces/281-edb9e3de-8aae-4d56-a747-04f26c883473. Accessed 7 December 2022.
25. Lady Beast (2020), ‘Lady Beast: Live at The Nextdoor Cafe in Pittsburgh PA’, YouTube, 20 June, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mNUhreI4S0U&t=319s. Accessed 3 February 2023.
26. Levine, D. (2024), personal interview, e-mail, 6 February.
27. Linn, N. (2021), ‘COVID-19’s toll on independent concert venues’, Cardozo Arts and Entertainment Law Journal: AELJ Blog, 261, 1 February, https://larc.cardozo.yu.edu/aelj-blog/261/. Accessed 3 January 2023.
    [Google Scholar]
28. McMarlin, S. (2022), ‘Western Pa. arts, cultural organizations, rebuild post-pandemic programs, audiences’, TribLive, 20 November, https://triblive.com/aande/museums/western-pa-arts-cultural-organizations-rebuild-post-pandemic-programs-audiences/. Accessed 4 February 2023.
29. Metal Injection (2020), ‘SLAY AT HOME free virtual metal & art fest this weekend, full line up & schedule revealed!’, Metal Injection, 27 May, https://metalinjection.net/news/slay-at-home-free-virtual-metal-art-fest-this-weekend-full-line-up-schedule-revealed. Accessed 2 February 2023.
30. Mintrom, M. and O’Connor, R. (2020), ‘The importance of policy narrative: Effective government response to COVID-19’, Policy Design and Practice, 3:3, pp. 205–27, https://doi.org/10.1080/25741292.2020.1813358.
    [Google Scholar]
31. Morrison, O. (2020), ‘Where Pittsburgh’s PPP money went: Search our map and database’, Public Source, 18 December, https://www.publicsource.org/where-pittsburgh-ppp-covid-relief-money-went-search-map-database/. Accessed 19 January 2023.
32. National Governors Association (2020), ‘Pennsylvania – coronavirus state actions’, NGA, 9 March, https://www.nga.org/coronavirus-state-actions/pennsylvania/. Accessed 7 December 2022.
33. Neilstein, V. (2020), ‘Slipknot, Tool, Nickelback, and more got government pandemic assistance of $150,000 to $1 million’, Metal Sucks, 7 July, https://www.metalsucks.net/2020/07/07/slipknot-tool-nickelback-and-more-got-government-pandemic-assistance-of-150000-to-1-million/. Accessed 6 January 2023.
    [Google Scholar]
34. Nuyen, S. (2020), ‘State health officials say novel coronavirus patient in Snohomish County is doing well’, K5, 23 January, https://www.king5.com/article/news/health/coronavirus/first-us-coronavirus-case-one-year-later/281-ec4fb66b-c8c5-4d31-9662-7c8f5f0f5d20. Accessed 7 December 2022.
35. O’Driscoll, B. (2020), ‘Pittsburgh area music venues and promoters seek help to survive pandemic shutdown’, 90.5 WESA (NPR), 29 June, https://www.wesa.fm/arts-sports-culture/2020-06-29/pittsburgh-area-music-venues-and-promoters-seek-help-to-survive-pandemic-shutdown. Accessed 19 January 2023.
36. Pearce, D. (2017), ‘Dream Death – Journey into Mystery’, Decibel, 20 October, https://www.decibelmagazine.com/2017/10/20/dream-death-journey-mystery/. Accessed 18 July 2024.
    [Google Scholar]
37. Ramesh, B. (2020), ‘Influence of music as a coping strategy during COVID-19’, SBV Journal of Basic, Clinical and Applied Health Science, 3:3, pp. 128–30.
    [Google Scholar]
38. Shteamer, H. (2017), ‘20 best metal albums of 2017’, Rolling Stone, 6 December, https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-lists/20-best-metal-albums-of-2017-196307/krallice-go-be-forgotten-197130/. Accessed 17 November 2022.
    [Google Scholar]
39. Singer, Q. (2020), ‘Code Orange leads the charge for heavy music livestream concerts’, Forbes, 30 March, https://www.forbes.com/sites/quentinsinger/2020/03/30/code-orange-lead-the-charge-for-heavy-musics-livestream-concerts/?sh=786a8ce45411. Accessed 5 November 2022.
40. Small Business Association (2020), ‘Payroll protection program (PPP) report: Approvals through 6/30/2020’, SBA, 30 June, https://home.treasury.gov/system/files/136/PPP-Results-Sunday.pdf. Accessed 6 January 2023.
41. Snell, D. and Hodgetts, D. (2007), ‘Heavy metal, identity and the social negotiation of a community of practice’, Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology, 17:6, pp. 430–45, https://doi.org/10.1002/casp.943.
    [Google Scholar]
42. Thibodeau, A. J. and Bond, S. (2023), ‘“A whole new type of isolation”: Resilience and hope in the Navajo National Metal Scene during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020–2021’, in N. Varas-Díaz, J. Wallach, E. Clinton and D. N. Araujo (eds), Defiant Sounds: Heavy Metal in the Global South, Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, pp. 91–112.
    [Google Scholar]
43. Turman, K. (2020), ‘“Bandcamp Fridays” raised $40 million for artists, will continue in 2021’, Spin, 15 December, https://www.spin.com/2020/12/bandcamp-raised-40-million-for-artists/. Accessed 24 January 2023.
    [Google Scholar]
44. US Census Bureau (2022), ‘City and town population totals: 2020–2021 (Pennsylvania)’, US Census Bureau, 16 May, https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/popest/2020s-total-cities-and-towns.html. Accessed 19 January 2023.
45. Van Scoy, L. J., Miller, E. L., Snyder, B., Wasserman, E., Chinchilli, V. M., Zgierska, A. E., Rabago, D., Lennon, C. L., Lipnick, D., Toyobo, O. and Ruffin, M. T. and Lennon, R. P. (2021), ‘Knowledge, perceptions, and preferred information sources related to COVID-19 among central Pennsylvania adults early in the pandemic: A mixed methods cross-sectional survey’, Annals of Family Medicine, 19:4, pp. 293–301.
    [Google Scholar]
46. Watson, A. and Forrest, D. (2012), ‘The bands culture in Victoria, Australia: Live music benefits career paths, employment and community’, Australian Journal of Music Education, 2, pp. 71–81.
    [Google Scholar]