Skip to content
1981
Volume 10, Issue 1-2
  • ISSN: 2043-1015
  • E-ISSN: 2043-1023

Abstract

The subject matter of women’s creative experience and contribution to the theatre in Saudi Arabia is challenging, as it relates to the reality of Saudi society. Women were not entitled to participate in the theatre based on the cultural and social values of Saudi society: during the emergence of modern arts in the country, its conservative society refused to allow women’s appearance on stage. The social ban resulted in an institutional ban, which made many male playwrights take the female component out of their texts. There is no doubt that, to an extent, this resulted in the delay of women’s direct involvement in the Saudi Arabian theatre and is what prompted women to take an interest in finding a theatre that suited their needs. This article investigates the appearance of the so-called all-women theatre, its successes and shortcomings, and presents an argument about the role of official and commercial venues in assisting this unique theatrical experience. It also applies a critical analysis to two plays by Wafaa Al-Tayeb, who wrote mainly for the all-women theatre: and , both published in a collection in 2016. It is hoped that this article can trace most of the cultural, social and commercial aspects that shaped these plays and gave them their characteristics.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1386/pi_00017_1
2021-12-01
2026-04-14

Metrics

Loading full text...

Full text loading...

References

  1. Abbas, F.. ( 2017;), ‘ 70 volunteers in Watan Min Noor to support our valiant soldiers. ’, Al-Madina, 8 March, https://www.al-madina.com/article/512745. Accessed 11 July 2020.
    [Google Scholar]
  2. Abdel Fattah, H.. ( 2002;), ‘ One Thousand and One Nights, and the Arab theatre. ’, Folklore Journal, 62:63, pp. 928, http://search.mandumah.com/Record/483182. Accessed 12 October 2018.
    [Google Scholar]
  3. Abdul Alali, R.. ( 2006;), ‘ Iman Tounsi: Women in Milha’s theatre is strong and free from restrictions. ’, Al-Madina, 25 January, https://www.al-madina.com/article/427984. Accessed 26 January 2021.
    [Google Scholar]
  4. Abdullah, M.. ( 2013;), ‘ Woman’s theatre between nomadic origins and problems of modernity in Saudi theatre. ’, in S. Al-Jamaan. (ed.), Critical Studies in the Saudi Theatre, Riyadh:: King Saud University;, pp. 361403.
    [Google Scholar]
  5. Abdullah, M.. ( 2019;), ‘ An interview in Middle East newspaper. ’, Al-Awsat, 26 August, http://archive.aawsat.com/details.asp?section=43&article=583968&issueno=11594#.XLtuTutKi8o. Accessed 9 March 2018.
    [Google Scholar]
  6. Abdul Wahab, T.. ( 2003;), ‘ The use of heritage in Saadullah Wanous theatre. ’, Ph.D. dissertation, Algiers:: Alhaj Khadar University;.
    [Google Scholar]
  7. Abu Reda, S.. ( 1998;), ‘ The aspirations of the playwrights and the problems of reality. ’, National Guard Magazine, 19:11, pp. 9495.
    [Google Scholar]
  8. Ahmad, S.. ( 2017;), ‘ Snape AlMalqoofa: Witnesses a large presence and interaction from visitors to Riyadh celebrations. ’, Al-Jazirah, 28 June, https://www.al-jazirah.com/2017/20170628/ln48.htm. Accessed 21 September 2020.
    [Google Scholar]
  9. Ahmed, A.. ( 2020;), ‘ Doctor Hand Bagfar is the first Saudi woman to organize Okaz International Festival. ’, Al-Riyadh, 5 August, http://www.alriyadh.com/270383. Accessed 28 July 2020.
    [Google Scholar]
  10. Ahmed, S.. ( 2016;), ‘ A review of the development of Arabic drama literature. ’, South-Asian Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies, 3:6, pp. 23843.
    [Google Scholar]
  11. Al-Aeyel, M.. ( 2006;), ‘ The theatre presented The Mother’s House and the flowers in the frame. ’, Al-Yaum, 1 November, https://www.alyaum.com/articles/435379. Accessed 17 December 2020.
    [Google Scholar]
  12. Al-Ahmadi, A.. ( 2012;), ‘ Saudi women’s theatre: 22 women among 840 plays. ’, Arabic Magazine, http://www.arabicmagazine.com/arabic/ArticleDetails.aspx?id=2197. Accessed 19 April 2020.
    [Google Scholar]
  13. Al-Akhar, A.. ( 2019;), ‘ Narrator function: Applications to school drama text models. ’, Journal of the College of Education, 30:117, pp. 85112, http://search.mandumah.com/Record/970620. Accessed 10 February 2018.
    [Google Scholar]
  14. Al-Baqami, L.. ( 2014), Contemporary Saudi Theatre: A Technical Study, Riyadh:: King Fahd National Library for Publishing and AlAhsa Art Club Publication;.
    [Google Scholar]
  15. Al-Bishtawi, Yahya. ( 2014;), ‘ Arab Emirates Heritage Club. ’, Heritage Magazine, 134, Abu Dhabi:: Book of Heritage;.
    [Google Scholar]
  16. Al-Enizi, M.. ( 2005;), ‘ The female audience in a play finally came back was positive and it’s the real prize. ’, Al-Riyadh, 13 November, https://www.alriyadh.com/107462. Accessed 9 June 2020.
    [Google Scholar]
  17. Al-Enizi, M.. ( 2011;), ‘ Mahdi Al-Baqami: Saudi women’s theatre needs support. ’, Al-Riyadh, 1 December, http://www.alriyadh.com/687580. Accessed 29 August 2020.
    [Google Scholar]
  18. Al-Enizi, N.. ( 2018;), ‘ Playwrights: The father of arts lives in isolation and marginalization ... and the solution is in academic institutes. ’, Al-Yaum, 8 August, https://lym.news/a/6045863. Accessed 26 June 2021.
    [Google Scholar]
  19. Al-Ghamdi, A.. ( 2011;), ‘ We reject the marginalization of “women” in the Saudi theatre … And the festival of special groups gave them more space. ’, Al-Riyadh, 3 July, https://www.alriyadh.com/647064. Accessed 25 January 2021.
    [Google Scholar]
  20. Al-Ghamdi, A.. ( 2012;), ‘ Director of the play Swalif Harem: Saudi women’s theatre is necessary and must be supported. ’, Al-Riyadh, 22 August, http://www.alriyadh.com/761884. Accessed 24 August 2020.
    [Google Scholar]
  21. Al-Haddadi, A.. ( 2019;), ‘ Honouring Wafaa Al-Tayeb in the Sultanate of Oman. ’, Al-Madina, 31 March, https://www.al-madina.com/article/622879. Accessed 24 July 2020.
    [Google Scholar]
  22. Al-Hatla, S.. ( 2017;), ‘ Within the activities of the International Comedy Festival with the opening. With super cute pictures paves the way for women’s sports and highlights Saudi talents. ’, Al-Mowaten, 3 August, https://www.almowaten.net/2017/08/. Accessed 17 May 2020.
    [Google Scholar]
  23. Al-Hayek, A.. ( 2014;), ‘ All-women’s theatre: Experiences and problems. ’, Abbas Hayek, https://abbashayek.com/. Accessed 7 December 2017.
    [Google Scholar]
  24. Al-Humaid, A.. ( 2018;), ‘ For the first time in Saudi Arabia … A woman in front of a “mixed” audience on stage. ’, Arabian Business, 10 February, https://arabic.arabianbusiness.com/lifestyle/lifestyle-arts/331635-2. Accessed 10 February 2018.
    [Google Scholar]
  25. Al-Jaafarawi, M.. ( 2016;), ‘ A promising Saudi theatre movement. ’, Elaph, 1 September, https://elaph.com/Web/News/2016/9/1107034.html. Accessed 19 April 2020.
    [Google Scholar]
  26. Al-Jaber, M.. ( 2019;), ‘ Saudi theatre is still dependent on the hobby. ’, Al-Arabiya, 20 May, https://ara.tv/4xws8. Accessed 23 April 2020.
    [Google Scholar]
  27. Al-Jafari, A.. ( 2016), The Employment of the Heritage in Saudi Play Texts, Al Hofuf:: Alahsa Art Club Publications;.
    [Google Scholar]
  28. Al-Kayal, K.. ( 2019;), ‘ The Entertainment Authority gives Saudi theatre the kiss of life. ’, Al-Yaum, 20 October, https://www.alyaum.com/articles/6217042/. Accessed 11 July 2018.
    [Google Scholar]
  29. Al-Khateeb, N.. ( 1994), An Introduction to Saudi Theatre, Riyadh:: Presidency of the National Guard Publications;.
    [Google Scholar]
  30. Al-Khattaf, I.. ( 2015;), ‘ The Saudi women’s theatre wakes up in “festivals” and then returns to its sleep. ’, Thaqafat, 5 April, http://thaqafat.com/2015/04/25595. Accessed 21 August 2020.
    [Google Scholar]
  31. Al-Khoraijy, A.. ( 1986), The Emergence of Saudi Theatre, Riyadh:: SASCA Publications;.
    [Google Scholar]
  32. Al-Khwaildi, M.. ( 2014;), ‘ Women’s theatre in Saudi Arabia: Pros and cons. ’, Al-Awsat, 19 April, https://aawsat.com/home/article/79946. Accessed 20 April 2020.
    [Google Scholar]
  33. Al-Khwaildi, M.. ( 2020;), ‘ Abdulaziz Al-Ismail: The Saudi theatre is returning strongly, and women will prove their presence on the stage. ’, Al-Awsat, 3 February, https://aawsat.com/home/article/2112181/%D. Accessed 4 April 2021.
    [Google Scholar]
  34. Al-Majed, A.. ( 1970;), ‘ Theatre in the Saudi literature. ’, Qafelat Azzait Journal, 8:18, pp. 4244.
    [Google Scholar]
  35. Al-Mana, S.. ( 2008;), ‘ The Arabian peninsula and the Gulf. ’, in R. Rashour,, F. Ghazoul, and H. Reda-Mekdashi. (eds), Arab Women Writers: A Critical Reference Guide 1873–1999, Cairo:: American University in Cairo Press;, pp. 25482.
    [Google Scholar]
  36. Al-Manie, A.. ( 2019;), ‘ Female playwrights dominate the awards of the text forum in Dammam. ’, Al-Madina, 6 August, https://www.al-madina.com/article/643904. Accessed 1 June 2021.
    [Google Scholar]
  37. Al-Mansoury, A.. ( 2011;), ‘ Dr Al-Hujailan: I am sad about the absence of a woman from the stage, and I will convey this concern to the minister and his deputy. ’, Al-Madina, 14 December, https://www.al-madina.com/article/123788. Accessed 7 February 2021.
    [Google Scholar]
  38. Al-Mubarak, I.. ( 2017;), ‘ Princess Basma Bint Saud at the theatre of the cultural centre in Medina. ’, Garb News, 14 March, https://garbnews.net/news/s/23153. Accessed 19 April 2019.
    [Google Scholar]
  39. Al-Muhana, A.. ( 2018;), ‘ Oxygen Troupe founder: Saudi young women are fond of the theatre. ’, Okaz, 5 May, https://www.okaz.com.sa/culture/na/1638448, 12/3/2020. Accessed 23 January 2019.
    [Google Scholar]
  40. Al-Mukhytib, N.. ( 2017;), ‘ Princess Basma Al Saud attends the play Watan Min Noor. ’, Makkah Newspaper, 6 March, https://www.makkahnews.net/4976613.html. Accessed 4 June 2018.
    [Google Scholar]
  41. Al-Omran, S.. ( 2010;), ‘ The play recorded an unprecedented attendance: “Fatima’s Daughters” receives “10 thousand viewers”. ’, Al-Riyadh, 13 September, http://www.alriyadh.com/559241. Accessed 17 September 2020.
    [Google Scholar]
  42. Al-Raba, A.. ( 2018;), ‘ Arar: Saudi female awareness fails to boycott “play”. ’, Okaz Newspaper, 21 January, https://www.okaz.com.sa/last-stop/na/1607850#.XvaGK2doz3k.twitter. Accessed 26 June 2020.
    [Google Scholar]
  43. Al-Rajhi, A.. ( 2017;), ‘ “Al-Bishri” narrates the experience of establishing the first women’s theatre in the kingdom. ’, Sabq, https://sabq.org/%D. Accessed 19 April 2020.
    [Google Scholar]
  44. Al-Ramlawi, S.. ( 2013;), ‘ Women’s theatre: A closer look. ’, Al-Riyadh, 25 June, https://www.alriyadh.com/846682. Accessed 25 July 2018.
    [Google Scholar]
  45. Al-Risheed, M.. ( 2020;), ‘ The woman is taking back her place in the theatre. ’, Al-Riyadh, 30 September, https://www.alriyadh.com/1845111. Accessed 4 December 2020.
    [Google Scholar]
  46. Al-Saeed, A.. ( 1996;), ‘ Theatre in the kingdom of Saudi Arabia: A historical review. ’, Qawafel Journal, 5:3, pp. 4658.
    [Google Scholar]
  47. Al-Saeed, A.. ( 2013;), ‘ Women and theatre in Saudi Arabia. ’, Baeadre Journal, 54:2, pp. 11823, http://search.mandumah.com/record/736486. Accessed 3 June 2018.
    [Google Scholar]
  48. Al-Saidalani, A.. ( 2017;), ‘ Watan from Light embodies the reality of our brave soldiers in the field. ’, Okaz Newspaper, 18 March, https://www.okaz.com.sa/people-situations/na/1534091. Accessed 20 April 2020.
    [Google Scholar]
  49. Al-Tayeb, W.. ( 1989;), ‘ Al-Ḥajjāj delirious in his last night. ’, Attoubad Journal, 2:1, pp. 11625, http://search.mandumah.com/Record/161420. Accessed 23 May 2019.
    [Google Scholar]
  50. Al-Tayeb, W.. ( 2016), After Me, The Deluge, Tabuk:: Arab Diffusion Institution and the Tabuk Club;.
    [Google Scholar]
  51. Al-Turki, T., and Ali, M.. ( 2014;), ‘ Saudi women’s theatre: The presence of “preaching” and the absence of “sound and image”. ’, Aleqtesadiyah Newspaper, 12 March, https://www.aleqt.com/2014/03/12/article_832630.html. Accessed 12 August 2020.
    [Google Scholar]
  52. Al-Zubaidy, A.. ( 2020;), ‘ The Saudi theatre: An academic approach and a vision to consolidate the artistic identity. ’, Asharq, 15 June, https://asharq.com/ar/6B5QHbbI8iwtikbxKd4ZJJ-. Accessed 5 September 2020.
    [Google Scholar]
  53. Amer, H.. ( 2011;), ‘ Female plays are commercial clowning. ’, Al-Watan, 28 March, https://www.alwatan.com.sa/article/85890/. Accessed 19 April 2020.
    [Google Scholar]
  54. Anon. ( 1989;), ‘ A message and comment. ’, Attoubad Journal, 2:1, p. 19, http://search.mandumah.com/Record/161420. Accessed 23 May 2019.
    [Google Scholar]
  55. Anon. ( 2000;), ‘ Mullah Abdullah: Theatre is our identity in recognizing the other. ’, Al-Bayan, 18 May, https://www.albayan.ae/paths/art/2000-02-16-1.777054. Accessed 15 January 2020.
    [Google Scholar]
  56. Anon. ( 2001;), ‘ Playwrights: Milha Abdullah writings. ’, Al-Jazirah, 13 April, http://www.al-jazirah.com/2001/20010413/wn5.htm. Accessed 28 February 2020.
    [Google Scholar]
  57. Anon. ( 2009;), ‘ Many female attendants watched the play Al Ha’amourah. ’, Qassim News, https://www.qassimnews.com/new/s/6280/. Accessed 22 August 2020.
    [Google Scholar]
  58. Anon. ( 2018a;), ‘ Saudi Arabia is in the first places in the Sharjah Prize for Theatre Writing. ’, Al-Jazirah, 29 March, https://www.al-jazirah.com/2018/20180329/ln25.htm. Accessed 16 January 2020.
    [Google Scholar]
  59. Anon. ( 2018b;), ‘ With the support of the General Entertainment Authority, the women’s play Khawatir Shabha attracts the admiration of the audience of Jeddah and continues its successful performance on the Dar Al-Hekma University Theatre. ’, Najd News, http://www.najdnews.com/n/s/41387. Accessed 2 October 2020.
    [Google Scholar]
  60. Anon. ( 2019;), ‘ The entertainment authority gives Saudi theatre the kiss of life. ’, Al-Yaum, 20 October, https://www.alyaum.com/articles/6217042/. Accessed 13 October 2020.
    [Google Scholar]
  61. Anon. ( 2021;), ‘ Lana Kamel Komsany, Saudi director, scriptwriter, actress and theatre coach. ’, Arab News Japan, 2 August, https://www.arabnews.jp/en/saudi-arabia/article_23134/. Accessed 25 September 2020.
    [Google Scholar]
  62. Assa’aly, A.. ( 2020;), ‘ Abdullah’s labels: I wrote 60 texts, two encyclopedias and 50 plays. ’, Al-Madina, 14 December, https://www.al-madina.com/article/711393. Accessed 5 April 2021.
    [Google Scholar]
  63. Athaqafy, N.. ( 2013;), ‘ Art club of Al-Taif … Women and theatre … Text without a “stage”. ’, Al-Watan, 19 March, https://www.alwatan.com.sa/article/176350. Accessed 27 December 2020.
    [Google Scholar]
  64. Attarawnah, A.. ( 2012;), ‘ Milha Abdullah: A woman who bears the will of men. ’, Al-Jouba Journal, 37:3, pp. 95104.
    [Google Scholar]
  65. Bailes, S. J.. ( 2011), Performance, Theatre, and the Poetics of Failure, Abingdon:: Routledge;.
    [Google Scholar]
  66. Bashtah, N.. ( 2017;), ‘ Women and stage scenes. ’, Al-Jazirah, 1 August, http://www.al-jazirah.com/2017/20170801/ln12.htm. Accessed 19 April 2020.
    [Google Scholar]
  67. Encyclopedia Britannica ( n.d.;), ‘ Al-Hajjāj. ’, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Al-Hajjāj. Accessed 1 January 2021.
  68. Hailah, A.. ( 2020;), ‘ Meet the writer Wafaa Al-Tayeb. ’, BTH, http://bth-ksa.com/new/s/78611. Accessed 1 February 2020.
    [Google Scholar]
  69. Hajeer, R.. ( 2017;), ‘ The play Khawatir Shabha revives women’s theatre in Saudi Arabia. ’, Sayidaty, 18 February, https://www.sayidaty.net/node/679066. Accessed 23 September 2020.
    [Google Scholar]
  70. Hajjous, N.. ( 2018;), ‘ Emperor’s Life is the first female appearance on the Saudi stage. ’, Vice, https://www.vice.com/ar/article/ev5ym7. Accessed 3 June 2018.
    [Google Scholar]
  71. Hayek, A.. ( 2014;), ‘ The women’s theatre: Experiences and problems. ’, Abbas Hayek, https://abbashayek.files.wordpress.com. Accessed 5 March 2020.
    [Google Scholar]
  72. Ḥazimi, I.,, Khaṭṭab, M., and Jayyusi, K.. ( 2006), Beyond the Dunes: An Anthology of Modern Saudi Literature, London:: I. B. Tauris;.
    [Google Scholar]
  73. Hesham, Sh.. ( 2020;), ‘ Saudi women with a distinctive and leading footprint in the theater. ’, Hia Magazine, https://www.hiamag.com. Accessed 19 April 2020.
    [Google Scholar]
  74. Hughes, E.. ( 2011;), ‘ Brecht’s Lehrstücke and drama education. ’, in S. Schonmann. (ed.), Key Concepts in Theatre/Drama Education, Leiden:: Brill;, pp. 197201, https://brill.com/view/book/edcoll/9789460913327/BP000033.xml. Accessed 26 July 2020.
    [Google Scholar]
  75. Hussain, F.. ( 2020;), ‘ Literary clubs and the reality’s challenges. ’, Al-Madina, 17 November, https://www.al-madina.com/article/708312. Accessed 17 December 2020.
    [Google Scholar]
  76. Jarah, M.. ( 2018;), ‘ First Saudi woman to participate in a play. ’, Al-Arabyia, 20 May, http://ara.tv/9uh2y. Accessed 15 July 2019.
    [Google Scholar]
  77. Otaif, M.. ( 2013;), ‘ The absence of cinema revitalized women’s theatre in Saudi Arabia. ’, Al-Arabiya, 24 April, https://www.al-arabiya.net/ar/saudi-today/2013/04/24/. Accessed 2 September 2020.
    [Google Scholar]
  78. Saqr, A.. ( 2011;), ‘ The image of women between the women’s theatre and the women’s support theatre. ’, The Civilized Dialogue, 16:2369, pp. 2141.
    [Google Scholar]
  79. Sunawnah, H.. ( 2018;), ‘ Female artists are waiting for the opportunity to participate in Saudi theatrical works. ’, alyaum, https://www.alyaum.com/articles/. Accessed 19 April 2020.
    [Google Scholar]
  80. Tarawneh, A.. ( 2012;), ‘ Milha Abdullah: A woman who is carrying the determination of men. ’, Al-Juba Journal, 8:37, pp. 95103.
    [Google Scholar]
  81. Williams, R.. ( 1977), Marxism and Literature, Oxford:: Oxford University Press;.
    [Google Scholar]
  82. Williams, R.. ( 1985), Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society, New York:: Oxford University Press;.
    [Google Scholar]
  83. Williams, R.. ( 1989;), ‘ Culture is ordinary. ’, in J. Gable. (ed.), Resources of Hope: Culture, Democracy, Socialism, London:: Verso;, pp. 314.
    [Google Scholar]
  84. Wilmer, S.. ( 2004), Writing and Rewriting National Theatre Histories, Iowa City, IA:: University of Iowa Press;.
    [Google Scholar]
  85. Wilson, S.. ( 1995), Cultural Materialism: Theory and Practice, Oxford:: Blackwell;.
    [Google Scholar]
  86. Al-Aqeel, Ohood. ( 2021;), ‘ All-women theatre in Saudi Arabia. ’, Performing Islam, 10:1&2, pp. 3962, https://doi.org/10.1386/pi_00017_1
    [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/10.1386/pi_00017_1
Loading
  • Article Type: Article
Keyword(s): all-women; drama; female; Saudi Arabia; Saudi women; theatre; women
This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a success
Invalid data
An error occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error
Please enter a valid_number test