Skip to content
1981
Volume 14, Issue 3
  • ISSN: 1750-3159
  • E-ISSN: 1750-3167

Abstract

The musical has taken the United Kingdom by storm, earning five Olivier nominations in 2019 and crossing the pond, previewing on Broadway in the spring of 2020. tells the story of Henry VIII’s six wives in what the musical portrays as their own words, with a twist – the six wives form a girl group performing a concert for their audience. Through a rhetorical analysis of the musical’s script, cast recording, piano/vocal score, and field notes from two performances, I argue that creates public memory of Catherine of Aragon, Anne Boleyn, Jane Seymour, Anna of Cleves, Katherine Howard and Catherine Parr, focusing on their individual personalities and accomplishments, rather than simply on their relationship to Henry VIII, as documented history describes them. I suggest that by doing so, minimizes the role of place and time in the creation of public memory. Furthermore, I argue that this creation of public memory is intertwined with Burkean identification, as theatregoers find themselves connecting with one or more of the queens as they are portrayed in . By combining twenty-first-century language with the stories of sixteenth-century women, builds consubstantiality between its characters and its audiences. This article also explores how the final number, , reinvents the women’s stories as they might have been if they had lived in the twenty-first century and the impact that this has on public memory. Finally, I suggest that is a feminist text, advocating for solidarity and the individually defined empowerment of all women.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1386/smt_00041_1
2020-12-01
2026-04-14

Metrics

Loading full text...

Full text loading...

References

  1. Ahmed, Rukhsana. ( 2009;), ‘ Interface of political opportunism and Islamic extremism in Bangladesh: Rhetorical identification in government response. ’, Communication Studies, 60:1, pp. 8296.
    [Google Scholar]
  2. Alfonso, Rita, and Trigilio, Jo. ( 1997;), ‘ Surfing the third wave: A dialogue between two third wave feminists. ’, Hypatia, 12:3, pp. 716.
    [Google Scholar]
  3. Anon. ( 2020), ‘Six hits 100,000,000 Spotify and Apple Music streams: Second only to Hamilton in musical theatre genre’, Broadway World, 21 February, https://www.broadwayworld.com/article/SIX-Hits-100000000-Spotify-and-Apple-Music-Streams-Second-Only-to-HAMILTON-in-Musical-Theatre-Genre-20200221. Accessed 1 April 2020.
  4. Banet-Weiser, Sarah. ( 2018), Empowered: Popular Feminism and Popular Misogyny, Durham, NC:: Duke University Press;.
    [Google Scholar]
  5. Banet-Weiser, Sarah,, Gill, Rosalind, and Rottenberg, Catherine. ( 2020;), ‘ Postfeminism, popular feminism and neoliberal feminism? Sarah Banet-Weiser, Rosalind Gill and Catherine Rottenberg in conversation. ’, Feminist Theory, 2:1, pp. 324.
    [Google Scholar]
  6. Barnes, Grace. ( 2020;), ‘ “My sleeves may be green but my lipstick’s red": Deconstructing the “feminism” in Six the Musical. ’, Studies in Musical Theatre, 14:2, pp. 13748.
    [Google Scholar]
  7. Benson, Thomas W.. ( 2003;), ‘ Looking for the public in the popular: The Hollywood blacklist and the rhetoric of collective memory. ’, in D. Blakesley. (ed.), The Terministic Screen: Rhetorical Perspectives on Film, Carbondale:: Southern Illinois University Press;, pp. 12945.
    [Google Scholar]
  8. Blair, Carole,, Dickinson, Greg, and Ott, Brian L.. ( 2010;), ‘ Introduction. ’, in G. Dickinson,, C. Blair,, and B. L. Ott. (eds), Places of Public Memory: The Rhetoric of Museums and Memorials, Tuscaloosa:: University of Alabama Press;, pp. 154.
    [Google Scholar]
  9. Bodnar, John. ( 1994;), ‘ Public memory in an American city: Commemoration in Cleveland. ’, in J. R. Gillis. (ed.), Commemorations: The Politics of National Identity, Princeton:: Princeton University Press;, pp. 7489.
    [Google Scholar]
  10. Borrowman, Shane, and Kmetz, Marcia. ( 2011;), ‘ Divided we stand: Beyond Burkean identification. ’, Rhetoric Review, 30:3, pp. 27592.
    [Google Scholar]
  11. Bronstein, Carolyn. ( 2005;), ‘ Representing the third wave: Mainstream print media framing of a new feminist movement. ’, Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly, 82:4, pp. 783803.
    [Google Scholar]
  12. Browne, Sarah. ( 2018a;), ‘ Girl talk: Feminist phonocentrism as an act of resistance in the musical Hair. ’, Studies in Musical Theatre, 12:3, pp. 291303.
    [Google Scholar]
  13. Browne, Sarah. ( 2018b;), ‘ The Last Ship from Broadway to Newcastle: A feminist political musical for the Brexit era. ’, Studies in Musical Theatre, 12:3, pp. 37785.
    [Google Scholar]
  14. Browne, Stephen H.. ( 1993;), ‘ Reading public memory in Daniel Webster’s Plymouth Rock Oration. ’, Western Journal of Communication, 57:4, pp. 46477.
    [Google Scholar]
  15. Burke, Kenneth. ( 1969), A Rhetoric of Motives, Berkeley:: University of California Press;.
    [Google Scholar]
  16. Byrne, Terry. ( 2019;), ‘ Bow to the queens of ART’s scintillating Six. ’, The Boston Globe, 26 August, https://www.bostonglobe.com/arts/theater/dance/2019/08/26/bow-queens-art-scintillating-six/2JP6TeOwu85t4G4PRI1gYN/story.html. Accessed 31 March 2020.
    [Google Scholar]
  17. Casey, Edward S.. ( 2004;), ‘ Public memory in place and time. ’, in K. R. Phillips. (ed.), Framing Public Memory, Tuscaloosa:: University of Alabama Press;, pp. 1744.
    [Google Scholar]
  18. Cheney, George. ( 1983;), ‘ The rhetoric of identification and the study of organizational communication. ’, Quarterly Journal of Speech, 69:2, pp. 14358.
    [Google Scholar]
  19. Clements, Carly-Ann. ( 2018;), ‘ Marking her-story: Six announces UK tour and West End run. ’, 27 April, https://officiallondontheatre.com/news/marking-story-six-announces-uk-tour-111409052/. Accessed 27 March 2020.
  20. Dex, Robert. ( 2020;), ‘ Six the Musical: Broadway opening night for West End transfer cancelled as Coronavirus causes theatres to go dark. ’, 14 March, https://www.standard.co.uk/go/london/theatre/six-the-musical-broadway-opening-cancelled-coronavirus-a4386566.html. Accessed 1 April 2020.
  21. Dickinson, Greg. ( 2006;), ‘ The Pleasantville effect: Nostalgia and the visual framing of (white) suburbia. ’, Western Journal of Communication, 70:3, pp. 21233.
    [Google Scholar]
  22. Dow, Bonnie J.. ( 1996), Prime-Time Feminism: Television, Media Culture, and the Women’s Movement Since 1970, Philadelphia:: University of Pennsylvania Press;.
    [Google Scholar]
  23. Dvoskin, Michelle. ( 2016;), ‘ Embracing excess: The queer feminist power of musical theatre diva roles. ’, Studies in Musical Theatre, 10:1, pp. 93103.
    [Google Scholar]
  24. Evans, Susan. ( 2003;), ‘ Personal beliefs and national stories: Theatre in museums as a tool for exploring historical memory. ’, Curator: The Museum Journal, 56:2, pp. 18997.
    [Google Scholar]
  25. Foss, Sonja K., and Griffin, Cindy L.. ( 1992;), ‘ A feminist perspective on rhetorical theory: Toward a clarification of boundaries. ’, Western Journal of Communication, 56:4, pp. 33049.
    [Google Scholar]
  26. Fraser, Antonia. ( 1993), The Wives of Henry VIII, New York:: Alfred A. Knopf;.
    [Google Scholar]
  27. Gallagher, Victoria J.. ( 1995;), ‘ Remembering together: Rhetorical integration and the case of the Martin Luther King, Jr. Memorial. ’, Southern Communication Journal, 60:2, pp. 10919.
    [Google Scholar]
  28. Graber, Naomi. ( 2015;), ‘ Memories that remain: Mamma Mia! and the disruptive potential of nostalgia. ’, Studies in Musical Theatre, 9:2, pp. 18797.
    [Google Scholar]
  29. Green, Jesse. ( 2019;), ‘ On Chicago’s stages: Women with problems. ’, New York Times, 3 June, p. C7.
    [Google Scholar]
  30. ‘Hans Holbein the Younger’ ( 2020), National Gallery, https://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/artists/hans-holbein-the-younger. Accessed 15 March 2020.
  31. Harte, Thomas B.. ( 1977;), ‘ The concept of identification in the rhetorical theories of Kenneth Burke and Eric Hoffer. ’, Sign of the Bull, 7:2, pp. 6469.
    [Google Scholar]
  32. Hasian, Marouf Jr,. and Shugart, Helene A.. ( 2001;), ‘ Melancholic nostalgia, collective memories, and the cinematic representations of nationalistic identities in Indochine. ’, Communication Quarterly, 49:4, pp. 32949.
    [Google Scholar]
  33. Haskins, Ekaterina V.. ( 2011;), ‘ Russia’s postcommunist past: The Cathedral of Christ the Savior and the reimagining of national identity. ’, in K. R. Phillips, and G. Mitchell Reyes. (eds), Global Memoryscapes: Contesting Remembrance in a Transnational Age, Tuscaloosa:: University of Alabama Press;, pp. 4679.
    [Google Scholar]
  34. hooks, bell. ( 2003;), ‘ Feminism: A movement to end sexist oppression. ’, in C. R. McCann, and S-K. Kim. (eds), Feminist Theory Reader: Local and Global Perspective, New York:: Routledge;, pp. 5056.
    [Google Scholar]
  35. Houdek, Matthew, and Phillips, Kendall R.. ( 2017;), ‘ Public memory. ’, Oxford Encyclopedia of Communication, http://communication.oxfordre.com/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228613.001.0001/acrefore-9780190228613-e-181#acrefore-9780190228613-e-181-bibItem-0022. Accessed 10 December 2019.
    [Google Scholar]
  36. Huxtable, Simon. ( 2017;), ‘ Remembering a problematic past: TV mystics, perestroika and the 1990s in post-Soviet media and memory. ’, European Journal of Cultural Studies, 20:3, pp. 30723.
    [Google Scholar]
  37. Jones, Chris. ( 2019;), ‘ 2019 equity Jeff Awards: A rare double victory for Steppenwolf – Chicago Shakes’ Six takes top honors: See the winners. ’, Chicago Tribune, 21 October, https://www.chicagotribune.com/entertainment/theater/ct-ent-jeff-awards-2019-20191022-x5svuugfhbgcngucgk6re52oti-story.html. Accessed 25 February 2020.
    [Google Scholar]
  38. Jung, Jiyoon. ( 2020;), ‘ The right to see and not be seen: South Korean musicals and young feminist activism. ’, Studies in Musical Theatre, 14:1, pp. 3749.
    [Google Scholar]
  39. King, Stephen A.. ( 2006;), ‘ Memory, mythmaking, and museums: Constructive authenticity and the primitive blues subject. ’, Southern Communication Journal, 71:3, pp. 23550.
    [Google Scholar]
  40. Licence, Amy. ( 2014), The Six Wives and Many Mistresses of Henry VIII: The Women’s Stories, Stroud:: Amberley;.
    [Google Scholar]
  41. Malvern, Gladys. ( 2016), The Six Wives of Henry VIII, New York:: Open Road Distribution;.
    [Google Scholar]
  42. Marlow, Toby, and Moss, Lucy. ( 2020), Six: All the Songs from the Hit Musical Written by Toby Marlow & Lucy Moss, Arranged for Voice and Piano, London:: Faber Music;.
    [Google Scholar]
  43. McFee, Ryan. ( 2019;), ‘ Six the Musical, putting Henry VIII’s wives in the spotlight, heads to Broadway. ’, Playbill, 1 August, https://www.playbill.com/article/six-musical-putting-henry-viiis-wives-in-the-spotlight-heads-to-broadway. Accessed 31 March 2019.
    [Google Scholar]
  44. McKerrow, Raymie E.. ( 1989;), ‘ Critical rhetoric: Theory and praxis. ’, Communication Monographs, 56:2, pp. 91111.
    [Google Scholar]
  45. Miranda, Lin-Manuel, and McCarter, Jeremy. ( 2016), Hamilton: The Revolution, New York:: Grand Central Publishing;.
    [Google Scholar]
  46. Moss, Lucy, and Armitage, Jamie. ( 2019), Six by Toby Marlow & Lucy Moss, programme, Cambridge, MA:: American Repertory Theater;, 31 August.
    [Google Scholar]
  47. Mueller, Janel. ( 2011), Katherine Parr: Complete Works and Correspondence, Chicago:: University of Chicago Press;.
    [Google Scholar]
  48. Nora, Pierre. ( 1989;), ‘ Between memory and history: Les lieux de memoire. ’, Representations, 26, pp. 724.
    [Google Scholar]
  49. Oktay, Yakut. ( 2014;), ‘ “You’re not going to try and change my mind?”: The dynamics of identification in Araonofsky’s Black Swan. ’, KB Journal, 10:1, https://kbjournal.org/oktay. Accessed 31 March 2020.
    [Google Scholar]
  50. Olivier awards 2019 winners and nominees ( 2019;), London Theatre. , https://officiallondontheatre.com/olivier-awards/year/2019/. Accessed 31 March 2020.
  51. Paredez, Deborah. ( 2018;), ‘ Diva relations in The Color Purple, the 2015 Broadway revival. ’, Studies in Musical Theatre, 12:1, pp. 4360.
    [Google Scholar]
  52. Parry-Giles, Shawn J., and Parry-Giles, Trevor. ( 2000;), ‘ Collective memory, political nostalgia, and the rhetorical presidency: Bill Clinton’s commemoration of the March on Washington, August 28, 1998. ’, Quarterly Journal of Speech, 86:4, pp. 41737.
    [Google Scholar]
  53. Paulson, Michael. ( 2020;), ‘ How a half-dozen Tudor queens became pop stars on Broadway. ’, New York Times, 1 March, p. AR22.
    [Google Scholar]
  54. Phillips, Kendall R.. ( 2004;), ‘ Introduction. ’, in K. R. Phillips. (ed.), Framing Public Memory, Tuscaloosa:: University of Alabama Press;, pp. 114.
    [Google Scholar]
  55. Phillips, Kendall R.. ( 2010;), ‘ The failure of memory: Reflections on rhetoric and public remembrance. ’, Western Journal of Communication, 74:2, pp. 20823.
    [Google Scholar]
  56. Robinson, Helena. ( 2012;), ‘ Remembering things differently: Museums, libraries and archives as memory institutions and the implications for convergence. ’, Museum Management and Curatorship, 27:4, pp. 41329.
    [Google Scholar]
  57. Schrader, Valerie Lynn. ( 2011;), ‘ Wicked witch or reformer?: Character transformations through the use of humor in the musical Wicked. ’, Studies in American Humor, 23:3, pp. 4965.
    [Google Scholar]
  58. Schrader, Valerie Lynn. ( 2012;), ‘ Connecting to and persuading audiences through musical theatre: Burkean identification in Pins and Needles. ’, Pennsylvania Communication Annual, 68, pp. 7083.
    [Google Scholar]
  59. Schrader, Valerie Lynn. ( 2016;), ‘ Encouraging the “Little Guy” to “Shine Like the Sun”: 9 to 5 and women’s humour stereotypes. ’, Studies in Musical Theatre, 9:3, pp. 21530.
    [Google Scholar]
  60. Schrader, Valerie Lynn. ( 2017;), ‘ “Another national anthem”: Public memory, Burkean identification, and the musical Assassins. ’, New Theatre Quarterly, 32:4, pp. 7896.
    [Google Scholar]
  61. Schrader, Valerie Lynn. ( 2018;), ‘ “I know you”: Burkean identification and Fun Home’s “Ring of Keys”. ’, Relevant Rhetoric, 9, pp. 130.
    [Google Scholar]
  62. Schrader, Valerie Lynn. ( 2019;), ‘ “Who tells your story?”: Narrative theory, public memory, and the Hamilton phenomenon. ’, New Theatre Quarterly, 35:3, pp. 26174.
    [Google Scholar]
  63. Schuller, Julia Elizabeth, and Schrader, Valerie Lynn. ( 2017;), ‘ “Beautiful as you feel": Feminism and post-feminism in Beautiful: The Carole King Musical. ’, Studies in Musical Theatre, 11:1, pp. 5164.
    [Google Scholar]
  64. Schwartz, Barry, and Heinrich, Horst-Alfred. ( 2004;), ‘ Shadings of regret: America and Germany. ’, in K. R. Phillips. (ed.), Framing Public Memory, Tuscaloosa:: University of Alabama Press;, pp. 11544.
    [Google Scholar]
  65. Seiter, John S.. ( 1998;), ‘ When identification is too much of a good thing: An examination of Kenneth Burke’s concept in organizational, intercultural, and group communication contexts. ’, Journal of Northwest Communication Association, 26:1, pp. 3946.
    [Google Scholar]
  66. Soukup, Charles. ( 2010;), ‘ I love the 80s: The pleasures of a postmodern history. ’, Southern Communication Journal, 75:1, pp. 7693.
    [Google Scholar]
  67. Snyder, R. Claire. ( 2008;), ‘ What is third wave feminism? A new directions essay. ’, Signs Journal of Women and Culture in Society, 82:1, pp. 17596.
    [Google Scholar]
  68. Starkey, David. ( 2003), Six Wives: The Queens of Henry VIII, New York:: Harper Collins;.
    [Google Scholar]
  69. Stuckey, Mary E., and Antczak, Frederick J.. ( 1994;), ‘ The battle of issues and images: Establishing interpretive dominance. ’, Communication Quarterly, 42:2, pp. 12032.
    [Google Scholar]
  70. Summerfield, Penny. ( 2009;), ‘ Public memory or public amnesia? British women of the Second World War in popular films of the 1950s and 1960s. ’, Journal of British Studies, 48:4, pp. 93557.
    [Google Scholar]
  71. Thelan, David. ( 1989;), ‘ Memory and American history. ’, Journal of American History, 75:4, pp. 111729.
    [Google Scholar]
  72. Vivian, Bradford. ( 2004;), ‘ “A timeless now"; Memory and repetition. ’, in K. R. Phillips. (ed.), Framing Public Memory, Tuscaloosa:: University of Alabama Press;, pp. 187211.
    [Google Scholar]
  73. Vivian, Bradford. ( 2015;), ‘ The sight and sound of Lincoln. ’, Rhetoric and Public Affairs, 18:1, pp. 11720.
    [Google Scholar]
  74. Weir, Alison. ( 1991), The Six Wives of Henry VIII, New York:: Ballantine Books;.
    [Google Scholar]
  75. Wolf, Stacy. ( 2002), A Problem Like Maria: Gender and Sexuality in the American Musical, Ann Arbor:: University of Michigan Press;.
    [Google Scholar]
  76. Wolf, Stacy. ( 2004;), ‘ “Something better than this”: Sweet Charity and feminist utopia of Broadway musicals. ’, Modern Drama, 47:2, pp. 30932.
    [Google Scholar]
  77. Wolf, Stacy. ( 2011), Changed for Good: A Feminist History of the Broadway Musical, Oxford:: Oxford University Press;.
    [Google Scholar]
  78. Wollman, Elizabeth. ( 2014;), ‘ Busted for her beauty: Hair’s female characters. ’, American Music Review, 43:2, pp. 18.
    [Google Scholar]
  79. Womack, Malcolm. ( 2009;), ‘ “Thank you for the music”: Catherine Johnson’s feminist revoicings in Mamma Mia!. ’, Studies in Musical Theatre, 3:2, pp. 20111.
    [Google Scholar]
  80. Wright, Elizabethada. ( 2003;), ‘ Reading the cemetery, lieu de memoire par excellance. ’, Rhetoric Society Quarterly, 33:2, pp. 2744.
    [Google Scholar]
  81. Zarefsky, David. ( 2006;), ‘ Reflections on rhetorical criticism. ’, Rhetoric Review, 25:4, pp. 38387.
    [Google Scholar]
  82. Zelizer, Barbie. ( 1995;), ‘ Reading the past against the grain: The shape of memory studies. ’, Critical Studies in Mass Communication, 12:2, pp. 21439.
    [Google Scholar]
  83. Schrader, Valerie Lynn. ( 2020;), ‘ Examining the “histo-remix”: Public memory, Burkean identification and feminism in the musical Six. ’, Studies in Musical Theatre, 14:3, pp. 27392, doi: https://doi.org/10.1386/smt_00041_1
    [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/10.1386/smt_00041_1
Loading
This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a success
Invalid data
An error occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error
Please enter a valid_number test