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Strategies to Effectively Debunk False Information

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References

  1. Allen, Jennifer , Arechar, Antonio A. , Pennycook, Gordon , and Rand, David G. (2021), ‘Scaling up fact-checking using the wisdom of crowds’, Science Advances, 7:36, pp. 1–10.
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  2. Anglin, Stephanie M. (2019), ‘Do beliefs yield to evidence? Examining belief perseverance vs. change in response to congruent empirical findings’, Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 82, pp. 176–99.
     [Google Scholar]
  3. Anspach, Nicolas M. (2017), ‘The new personal influence: How our Facebook friends influence the news we read’, Political Communication, 34:4, pp. 590–606.
     [Google Scholar]
  4. Bakir, Vian and McStay, Andrew (2018), ‘Fake news and the economy of emotions: Problems, causes, solutions’, Digital Journalism, 6:2, pp. 154–75.
     [Google Scholar]
  5. Blank, Hartmut and Launay, Céline (2014), ‘How to protect eyewitness memory against the misinformation effect: A meta-analysis of post-warning studies’, Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 3:2, pp. 77–88.
     [Google Scholar]
  6. Cook, John , Lewandowsky, Stephen , and Ecker, Ullrich K. (2017), ‘Neutralizing misinformation through inoculation: Exposing misleading argumentation techniques reduces their influence’, PLoS ONE, 12:5, p. e0175799.133
     [Google Scholar]
  7. Eysenck, Michael (2012), Attention and Arousal: Cognition and Performance, New York: Springer Science & Business Media.
     [Google Scholar]
  8. Fernbach, Philip M. , Rogers, Todd , Fox, Craig R. , and Sloman, Stephen A. (2013), ‘Political extremism is supported by an illusion of understanding’, Psychological Science, 24:6, pp. 939–45.
     [Google Scholar]
  9. Friestad, Marian and Wright, Peter (1994), ‘The persuasion knowledge model: How people cope with persuasion attempts’, Journal of Consumer Research, 21:1, pp. 1–31.
     [Google Scholar]
  10. Grant, Adam (2021), Think Again: The Power of Knowing What You Don't Know, New York: Viking.
     [Google Scholar]
  11. Jia, Chenyan and Johnson, Thomas (2021), ‘Source credibility matters: Does automated journalism inspire selective exposure?’, International Journal of Communication, 15, pp. 3760–81.
     [Google Scholar]
  12. Jiménez Cruz, Clara (2018), ‘How do you make fact-checking viral? Make it look like misinformation’, Poynter, 17 December, https://www.poynter.org/fact-checking/2018/how-do-you-make-fact-checking-viral-make-it-look-like-misinformation/. Accessed 20 June 2023 .
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  13. John, Jennifer N. (2021), ‘Why Generation Z falls for online misinformation’, MIT Technology Review, 30 June, https://www.technologyreview.com/2021/06/30/1026338/gen-z-online-misinformation/. Accessed 20 June 2023 .
     [Google Scholar]
  14. Johnston, Elizabeth and Olson, Leah (2015), The Feeling Brain: The Biology and Psychology of Emotions, New York: WW Norton & Company.
     [Google Scholar]
  15. Jurkowitz, Mark , Mitchell, Amy , Shearer, Elisa , and Walker, Mason (2020), ‘US media polarization and the 2020 election: A nation divided’, Pew Research Center, 24 January, https://www.pewresearch.org/journalism/2020/01/24/u-s-media-polarization-and-the-2020-election-a-nation-divided/. Accessed 20 June 2023 .
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  16. Kubin, Emily , Puryear, Curtis , Schein, Chelsea , and Gray, Kurt (2021), ‘Personal experiences bridge moral and political divides better than facts’, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 118:6, pp. 1–9.
     [Google Scholar]
  17. Lewandowsky, Stephen , Ecker, Ullrich K. , Seifert, Colleen M. , Schwarz, Norbert , and Cook, John (2012), ‘Misinformation and its correction: Continued influence and successful debiasing’, Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 13:3, pp. 106–31.
     [Google Scholar]
  18. Lewandowsky, Stephen , Stritzke, Werner G. , Oberauer, Klaus , and Morales, Michael (2005), ‘Memory for fact, fiction, and misinformation: The Iraq War 2003’, Psychological Science, 16:3, pp. 190–95.
     [Google Scholar]
  19. Loftus, Elizabeth F. (2005), ‘Planting misinformation in the human mind: A 30-year investigation of the malleability of memory’, Learning & Memory, 12:4, pp. 361–66.
     [Google Scholar]
  20. Parker, Sophie , Garry, Maryanne , Engle, Randall W. , Harper, David N. , and Clifasefi, Seema L. (2008), ‘Psychotropic placebos reduce the misinformation effect by increasing monitoring at test’, Memory, 16:4, pp. 410–19.
     [Google Scholar]
  21. Pennycook, Gordon , Bear, Adam , Collins, Evan T. , and Rand, David G. (2020), ‘The implied truth effect: Attaching warnings to a subset of fake news headlines increases perceived accuracy of headlines without warnings’, Management Science, 66:11, pp. 4944–57.134
     [Google Scholar]
  22. Schmid, Philipp and Betsch, Cornelia (2019), ‘Effective strategies for rebutting science denialism in public discussions’, Nature Human Behaviour, 3:9, pp. 931–39.
     [Google Scholar]
  23. Schul, Yaacov (1993), ‘When warning succeeds: The effect of warning on success in ignoring invalid information’, Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 29:1, pp. 42–62.
     [Google Scholar]
  24. Schwarz, Norbert , Newman, Eryn , and Leach, William (2016), ‘Making the truth stick & the myths fade: Lessons from cognitive psychology’, Behavioral Science & Policy, 2:1, pp. 84–95.
     [Google Scholar]
  25. Schwarz, Norbert , Sanna, Lawrence J. , Skurnik, Ian , and Yoon, Carolyn (2007), ‘Metacognitive experiences and the intricacies of setting people straight: Implications for debiasing and public information campaigns’, Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 39, pp. 127–61.
     [Google Scholar]
  26. Song, Hyunjin and Schwarz, Norbert (2008), ‘Fluency and the detection of distortions: Low processing fluency attenuates the Moses illusion’, Social Cognition, 26, pp. 791–99.
     [Google Scholar]
  27. Turcotte, Jason , York, Chance , Irving, Jacob , Scholl, Rosanne M. , and Pingree, Raymond J. (2015), ‘News recommendations from social media opinion leaders: Effects on media trust and information seeking’, Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 20:5, pp. 520–35.
     [Google Scholar]
  28. Walter, Nathan , Cohen, Jonathan , Holbert, R. Lance , and Morag, Yasmin (2020), ‘Fact-checking: A meta-analysis of what works and for whom’, Political Communication, 37:3, pp. 350–75.
     [Google Scholar]
  29. Weaver, Kimberlee , Garcia, Stephen M. , Schwarz, Norbert , and Miller, Dale T. (2007), ‘Inferring the popularity of an opinion from its familiarity: A repetitive voice can sound like a chorus’, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92, pp. 821–33.
     [Google Scholar]
  30. Yaqub, Waheeb , Kakhidze, Otari , Brockman, Morgan L. , Memon, Nasir , and Patil, Sameer (2020), ‘Effects of credibility indicators on social media news sharing intent’, in Proceedings of the 2020 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, April, pp. 1–14.
     [Google Scholar]

References

  1. Allen, Jennifer , Arechar, Antonio A. , Pennycook, Gordon , and Rand, David G. (2021), ‘Scaling up fact-checking using the wisdom of crowds’, Science Advances, 7:36, pp. 1–10.
     [Google Scholar]
  2. Anglin, Stephanie M. (2019), ‘Do beliefs yield to evidence? Examining belief perseverance vs. change in response to congruent empirical findings’, Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 82, pp. 176–99.
     [Google Scholar]
  3. Anspach, Nicolas M. (2017), ‘The new personal influence: How our Facebook friends influence the news we read’, Political Communication, 34:4, pp. 590–606.
     [Google Scholar]
  4. Bakir, Vian and McStay, Andrew (2018), ‘Fake news and the economy of emotions: Problems, causes, solutions’, Digital Journalism, 6:2, pp. 154–75.
     [Google Scholar]
  5. Blank, Hartmut and Launay, Céline (2014), ‘How to protect eyewitness memory against the misinformation effect: A meta-analysis of post-warning studies’, Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 3:2, pp. 77–88.
     [Google Scholar]
  6. Cook, John , Lewandowsky, Stephen , and Ecker, Ullrich K. (2017), ‘Neutralizing misinformation through inoculation: Exposing misleading argumentation techniques reduces their influence’, PLoS ONE, 12:5, p. e0175799.133
     [Google Scholar]
  7. Eysenck, Michael (2012), Attention and Arousal: Cognition and Performance, New York: Springer Science & Business Media.
     [Google Scholar]
  8. Fernbach, Philip M. , Rogers, Todd , Fox, Craig R. , and Sloman, Stephen A. (2013), ‘Political extremism is supported by an illusion of understanding’, Psychological Science, 24:6, pp. 939–45.
     [Google Scholar]
  9. Friestad, Marian and Wright, Peter (1994), ‘The persuasion knowledge model: How people cope with persuasion attempts’, Journal of Consumer Research, 21:1, pp. 1–31.
     [Google Scholar]
  10. Grant, Adam (2021), Think Again: The Power of Knowing What You Don't Know, New York: Viking.
     [Google Scholar]
  11. Jia, Chenyan and Johnson, Thomas (2021), ‘Source credibility matters: Does automated journalism inspire selective exposure?’, International Journal of Communication, 15, pp. 3760–81.
     [Google Scholar]
  12. Jiménez Cruz, Clara (2018), ‘How do you make fact-checking viral? Make it look like misinformation’, Poynter, 17 December, https://www.poynter.org/fact-checking/2018/how-do-you-make-fact-checking-viral-make-it-look-like-misinformation/. Accessed 20 June 2023 .
     [Google Scholar]
  13. John, Jennifer N. (2021), ‘Why Generation Z falls for online misinformation’, MIT Technology Review, 30 June, https://www.technologyreview.com/2021/06/30/1026338/gen-z-online-misinformation/. Accessed 20 June 2023 .
     [Google Scholar]
  14. Johnston, Elizabeth and Olson, Leah (2015), The Feeling Brain: The Biology and Psychology of Emotions, New York: WW Norton & Company.
     [Google Scholar]
  15. Jurkowitz, Mark , Mitchell, Amy , Shearer, Elisa , and Walker, Mason (2020), ‘US media polarization and the 2020 election: A nation divided’, Pew Research Center, 24 January, https://www.pewresearch.org/journalism/2020/01/24/u-s-media-polarization-and-the-2020-election-a-nation-divided/. Accessed 20 June 2023 .
     [Google Scholar]
  16. Kubin, Emily , Puryear, Curtis , Schein, Chelsea , and Gray, Kurt (2021), ‘Personal experiences bridge moral and political divides better than facts’, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 118:6, pp. 1–9.
     [Google Scholar]
  17. Lewandowsky, Stephen , Ecker, Ullrich K. , Seifert, Colleen M. , Schwarz, Norbert , and Cook, John (2012), ‘Misinformation and its correction: Continued influence and successful debiasing’, Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 13:3, pp. 106–31.
     [Google Scholar]
  18. Lewandowsky, Stephen , Stritzke, Werner G. , Oberauer, Klaus , and Morales, Michael (2005), ‘Memory for fact, fiction, and misinformation: The Iraq War 2003’, Psychological Science, 16:3, pp. 190–95.
     [Google Scholar]
  19. Loftus, Elizabeth F. (2005), ‘Planting misinformation in the human mind: A 30-year investigation of the malleability of memory’, Learning & Memory, 12:4, pp. 361–66.
     [Google Scholar]
  20. Parker, Sophie , Garry, Maryanne , Engle, Randall W. , Harper, David N. , and Clifasefi, Seema L. (2008), ‘Psychotropic placebos reduce the misinformation effect by increasing monitoring at test’, Memory, 16:4, pp. 410–19.
     [Google Scholar]
  21. Pennycook, Gordon , Bear, Adam , Collins, Evan T. , and Rand, David G. (2020), ‘The implied truth effect: Attaching warnings to a subset of fake news headlines increases perceived accuracy of headlines without warnings’, Management Science, 66:11, pp. 4944–57.134
     [Google Scholar]
  22. Schmid, Philipp and Betsch, Cornelia (2019), ‘Effective strategies for rebutting science denialism in public discussions’, Nature Human Behaviour, 3:9, pp. 931–39.
     [Google Scholar]
  23. Schul, Yaacov (1993), ‘When warning succeeds: The effect of warning on success in ignoring invalid information’, Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 29:1, pp. 42–62.
     [Google Scholar]
  24. Schwarz, Norbert , Newman, Eryn , and Leach, William (2016), ‘Making the truth stick & the myths fade: Lessons from cognitive psychology’, Behavioral Science & Policy, 2:1, pp. 84–95.
     [Google Scholar]
  25. Schwarz, Norbert , Sanna, Lawrence J. , Skurnik, Ian , and Yoon, Carolyn (2007), ‘Metacognitive experiences and the intricacies of setting people straight: Implications for debiasing and public information campaigns’, Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 39, pp. 127–61.
     [Google Scholar]
  26. Song, Hyunjin and Schwarz, Norbert (2008), ‘Fluency and the detection of distortions: Low processing fluency attenuates the Moses illusion’, Social Cognition, 26, pp. 791–99.
     [Google Scholar]
  27. Turcotte, Jason , York, Chance , Irving, Jacob , Scholl, Rosanne M. , and Pingree, Raymond J. (2015), ‘News recommendations from social media opinion leaders: Effects on media trust and information seeking’, Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 20:5, pp. 520–35.
     [Google Scholar]
  28. Walter, Nathan , Cohen, Jonathan , Holbert, R. Lance , and Morag, Yasmin (2020), ‘Fact-checking: A meta-analysis of what works and for whom’, Political Communication, 37:3, pp. 350–75.
     [Google Scholar]
  29. Weaver, Kimberlee , Garcia, Stephen M. , Schwarz, Norbert , and Miller, Dale T. (2007), ‘Inferring the popularity of an opinion from its familiarity: A repetitive voice can sound like a chorus’, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92, pp. 821–33.
     [Google Scholar]
  30. Yaqub, Waheeb , Kakhidze, Otari , Brockman, Morgan L. , Memon, Nasir , and Patil, Sameer (2020), ‘Effects of credibility indicators on social media news sharing intent’, in Proceedings of the 2020 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, April, pp. 1–14.
     [Google Scholar]

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