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Stimming in the Pit: How Autistic Heavy Metal Fans Have Remained Unseen

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References

  1. 60 Minutes Australia (2021), ‘Breaking point: What drove a mother to kill her autistic son?’ YouTube, 12 October, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OETvkJpwVlY.
  2. Allen, R. , Hill, E. , and Heaton, P. (2009), ‘“Hath charms to soothe…”: An exploratory study of how high-functioning adults with ASD experience music’, Autism, 13:1, pp. 21–41.
     [Google Scholar]
  3. American Psychiatric Association (APA) (2013), Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Washington, DC: APA, https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596.
     [Google Scholar]
  4. Arnett, J. (1991), ‘Adolescents and heavy metal music from the mouths of metalheads’, Youth and Society, 23:1, pp. 76–98.
     [Google Scholar]
  5. Ashinoff, B. K. and Abu-Akel, A. (2019), ‘Hyperfocus: The forgotten frontier of attention’, Psychological Research, 85, pp. 1–19.
     [Google Scholar]
  6. Bakan, M. B. (2014), ‘The musicality of stimming: Promoting neurodiversity in the ethnomusicology of autism’, MUSICultures, 41:2, pp. 133–61.124
     [Google Scholar]
  7. Berkers, P. and Schaap, J. (2018), Gender Inequality in Metal Music Production, Bingley: Emerald Publishing.
     [Google Scholar]
  8. Brown, L. (2011), ‘Identity-first language’, Autistic Self Advocacy Network, https://autisticadvocacy.org/about-asan/identity-first-language/.
  9. Butcher Babies (2015), Take It Like a Man, USA: Century Media Records.
     [Google Scholar]
  10. Dawes, L. (2013), What Are You Doing Here?: A Black Woman’s Life and Liberation in Heavy Metal, New York: Bazillion Points.
     [Google Scholar]
  11. DiGioia, A. and Helfrich, L. (2018), ‘“I’m sorry, but it’s true you’re bringin on the heartache”: The antiquated methodology of Deena Weinstein’, Metal Music Studies, 4:2, pp. 365–74.
     [Google Scholar]
  12. Eichhorn, K. (2019), ‘Girls in the public sphere: Dissent, consent, and media making’, Australian Feminist Studies, 35:103, pp. 1–14.
     [Google Scholar]
  13. Goldfarb, Y. , Gal. E. , and Golan, O. (2019), ‘A conflict of interests: A motivational perspective on special interests and employment success of adults with ASD’, Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 49:9, pp. 3915–23.
     [Google Scholar]
  14. Greenberg, D. M. , Baron-Cohen, S. B. , Stillwell, D. J. , Kosinski, M. , and Rentfrow. P. J. (2015), ‘Musical preferences are linked to cognitive styles’, PLoS ONE, 10:7, pp. 1–22.
     [Google Scholar]
  15. Grove, R. , Roth, I. , and Hoekstra, R. A. (2016), ‘The motivation for special interests in individuals with autism and controls: Development and validation of the special interest motivation scale’, Autism Research, 9:6, pp. 677–88.
     [Google Scholar]
  16. Grove, R. , Hoekstra, R. A. , Wierda, M. , and Begeer, S. (2018), ‘Special interests and subjective wellbeing in autistic adults’, Autism Research, 11:5, pp. 766–75.
     [Google Scholar]
  17. Hill, R. L. (2016), Gender, Metal and the Media: Women Fans and the Gendered Experience of Music, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
     [Google Scholar]
  18. Hillier, A. , Greher, G. , Poto, N. , and Dougherty, M. (2011), ‘Positive outcomes following participation in a music intervention for adolescents and young adults on the autism spectrum’, Psychology of Music, 40:2, pp. 201–15.
     [Google Scholar]
  19. Hillier, A. , Kopec, J. , Poto, N. , Tivarus, M. , and Beversdorf, D. Q. (2016), ‘Increased physiological responsiveness to preferred music among young adults with autism spectrum disorders’, Psychology of Music, 44:3, pp. 481–92.
     [Google Scholar]
  20. Hoad, C. (2017), ‘Slashing through the boundaries: Heavy metal fandom, fan fiction and girl cultures’, Metal Music Studies, 3:1, pp. 5–22.
     [Google Scholar]
  21. Jones, S. C. and Harwood, V. (2009), ‘Representations of autism in Australian print media’, Disability & Society, 24:1, pp. 5–18.
     [Google Scholar]
  22. Kahn-Harris, K. (2007), Extreme Metal: Music and Culture on the Edge, Oxford: Berg.
     [Google Scholar]
  23. Kapp, S. K. , Steward, R. , Crane, L. , Elliott, D. , Elphick, C. , Pellicano, E. , and Russell, G. (2019), ‘“People should be allowed to do what they like”: Autistic adults’ views and experiences of stimming’, Autism, 23:7, pp. 1782–92.
     [Google Scholar]
  24. Khyzhna, O. and Shafranska, K. (2020), ‘Music therapy as an important element in shaping communication competences in children with autism spectrum disorder’, Journal of History Culture and Art Research, 9:3, pp. 106–14.125
     [Google Scholar]
  25. Kneer, J. (2016), ‘Are we evil? Yes we are – But at least not crazy! How to test implicit associations of fans and non-fans with metal music’, Metal Music Studies, 2:1, pp. 69–86.
     [Google Scholar]
  26. Krenske, L. and McKay, J. (2000), ‘“Hard and heavy”: Gender and power in a heavy metal music subculture’, Gender, Place and Culture: A Journal of Feminist Geography, 7:3, pp. 287–304.
     [Google Scholar]
  27. Lacourse, E. , Claes, M. , and Villeneuve, M. (2001), ‘Heavy metal music and adolescent suicidal risk’, Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 30:3, pp. 321–32.
     [Google Scholar]
  28. Lucas, O. R. (2018), ‘“So complete in beautiful deformity”: Unexpected beginnings and rotated riffs in Meshuggah’s obZen’, Society for Music Theory, 24: 3, http://doi.org/10.30535/to.24.3.4.
     [Google Scholar]
  29. McRobbie, A. and Garber, J. (2006), ‘Girls and subcultures’, in S. Hall and T. Jefferson (eds), Resistance Through Rituals: Youth Subcultures in Post-War Britain, London: Routledge, pp. 177–88.
     [Google Scholar]
  30. Overell, R. (2012), ‘“[I] hate girls and emo[tion]s”: Negotiating masculinity in grindcore music’, Popular Music History, 6:1, pp. 198–223.
     [Google Scholar]
  31. Prescott-Steed, D. (2013), ‘Frostbite on my feet: Representations of walking in black metal visual culture’, Helvete: A Journal of Black Metal Theory, 1:1, pp. 45–68.
     [Google Scholar]
  32. Riches, G. , Lashua, B. , and Spracklen, K. (2014), ‘Female, mosher, transgressor: A “moshography” of transgressive practices with the Leeds extreme metal scene’, Journal of the International Association for the Study of Popular Music, 4:1, pp. 87–100.
     [Google Scholar]
  33. Sarge, M. A. , Kim, H. , and Velez, J. A. (2020), ‘An auti-Sim intervention: The role of perspective taking in combating public stigma with virtual stimulations’, Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 23:1, pp. 41–51.
     [Google Scholar]
  34. Shadrack, J. H. (2021), Black Metal, Trauma, Subjectivity and Sound: Screaming the Abyss, Bingley: Emerald Publishing Limited.
     [Google Scholar]
  35. Shiloh, C. J. and Blythe Lagasse, A. (2014), ‘Sensory friendly concerts: A community music therapy initiative to promote Neurodiversity’, International Journal of Community Music, 7:1, pp. 113–28.
     [Google Scholar]
  36. Spiker, M. A. , Lin, C. E. , Dyke, M. V. , and Wood, J. J. (2012), ‘Restricted interests and anxiety in children with autism’, Autism, 16:3, pp. 309–20.
     [Google Scholar]
  37. superluigikill (2019), ‘Any autistic metalheads? [Online forum post]’, Reddit, https://www.reddit.com/r/autism/comments/alt8rv/any_autistic_metalheads/.
  38. Vasan, S. (2011), ‘The price of rebellion: Gender boundaries in the death metal scene’, Journal for Cultural Research, 15:3, pp. 333–49.
     [Google Scholar]
  39. Walker, N. (2012), ‘Throwing away the master’s tools: Liberating ourselves from the pathology paradigm’, in J. Bascom (ed.), Loud Hands: Autistic People, Speaking, Washington: The Autistic Press, pp. 225–37.
     [Google Scholar]
  40. Walker, N. (2014), What Is Autism? Neurocosmopolitanism: Dr Nick Walker’s Notes on Neurodiversity, Autism, & Self-Liberation, https://neurocosmopolitanism.com/what-is-autism/.
  41. Weinstein, D. (2000), Heavy Metal: The Music and Its Culture, Cambridge: DaCapo Press.
     [Google Scholar]

References

  1. 60 Minutes Australia (2021), ‘Breaking point: What drove a mother to kill her autistic son?’ YouTube, 12 October, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OETvkJpwVlY.
  2. Allen, R. , Hill, E. , and Heaton, P. (2009), ‘“Hath charms to soothe…”: An exploratory study of how high-functioning adults with ASD experience music’, Autism, 13:1, pp. 21–41.
     [Google Scholar]
  3. American Psychiatric Association (APA) (2013), Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Washington, DC: APA, https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596.
     [Google Scholar]
  4. Arnett, J. (1991), ‘Adolescents and heavy metal music from the mouths of metalheads’, Youth and Society, 23:1, pp. 76–98.
     [Google Scholar]
  5. Ashinoff, B. K. and Abu-Akel, A. (2019), ‘Hyperfocus: The forgotten frontier of attention’, Psychological Research, 85, pp. 1–19.
     [Google Scholar]
  6. Bakan, M. B. (2014), ‘The musicality of stimming: Promoting neurodiversity in the ethnomusicology of autism’, MUSICultures, 41:2, pp. 133–61.124
     [Google Scholar]
  7. Berkers, P. and Schaap, J. (2018), Gender Inequality in Metal Music Production, Bingley: Emerald Publishing.
     [Google Scholar]
  8. Brown, L. (2011), ‘Identity-first language’, Autistic Self Advocacy Network, https://autisticadvocacy.org/about-asan/identity-first-language/.
  9. Butcher Babies (2015), Take It Like a Man, USA: Century Media Records.
     [Google Scholar]
  10. Dawes, L. (2013), What Are You Doing Here?: A Black Woman’s Life and Liberation in Heavy Metal, New York: Bazillion Points.
     [Google Scholar]
  11. DiGioia, A. and Helfrich, L. (2018), ‘“I’m sorry, but it’s true you’re bringin on the heartache”: The antiquated methodology of Deena Weinstein’, Metal Music Studies, 4:2, pp. 365–74.
     [Google Scholar]
  12. Eichhorn, K. (2019), ‘Girls in the public sphere: Dissent, consent, and media making’, Australian Feminist Studies, 35:103, pp. 1–14.
     [Google Scholar]
  13. Goldfarb, Y. , Gal. E. , and Golan, O. (2019), ‘A conflict of interests: A motivational perspective on special interests and employment success of adults with ASD’, Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 49:9, pp. 3915–23.
     [Google Scholar]
  14. Greenberg, D. M. , Baron-Cohen, S. B. , Stillwell, D. J. , Kosinski, M. , and Rentfrow. P. J. (2015), ‘Musical preferences are linked to cognitive styles’, PLoS ONE, 10:7, pp. 1–22.
     [Google Scholar]
  15. Grove, R. , Roth, I. , and Hoekstra, R. A. (2016), ‘The motivation for special interests in individuals with autism and controls: Development and validation of the special interest motivation scale’, Autism Research, 9:6, pp. 677–88.
     [Google Scholar]
  16. Grove, R. , Hoekstra, R. A. , Wierda, M. , and Begeer, S. (2018), ‘Special interests and subjective wellbeing in autistic adults’, Autism Research, 11:5, pp. 766–75.
     [Google Scholar]
  17. Hill, R. L. (2016), Gender, Metal and the Media: Women Fans and the Gendered Experience of Music, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
     [Google Scholar]
  18. Hillier, A. , Greher, G. , Poto, N. , and Dougherty, M. (2011), ‘Positive outcomes following participation in a music intervention for adolescents and young adults on the autism spectrum’, Psychology of Music, 40:2, pp. 201–15.
     [Google Scholar]
  19. Hillier, A. , Kopec, J. , Poto, N. , Tivarus, M. , and Beversdorf, D. Q. (2016), ‘Increased physiological responsiveness to preferred music among young adults with autism spectrum disorders’, Psychology of Music, 44:3, pp. 481–92.
     [Google Scholar]
  20. Hoad, C. (2017), ‘Slashing through the boundaries: Heavy metal fandom, fan fiction and girl cultures’, Metal Music Studies, 3:1, pp. 5–22.
     [Google Scholar]
  21. Jones, S. C. and Harwood, V. (2009), ‘Representations of autism in Australian print media’, Disability & Society, 24:1, pp. 5–18.
     [Google Scholar]
  22. Kahn-Harris, K. (2007), Extreme Metal: Music and Culture on the Edge, Oxford: Berg.
     [Google Scholar]
  23. Kapp, S. K. , Steward, R. , Crane, L. , Elliott, D. , Elphick, C. , Pellicano, E. , and Russell, G. (2019), ‘“People should be allowed to do what they like”: Autistic adults’ views and experiences of stimming’, Autism, 23:7, pp. 1782–92.
     [Google Scholar]
  24. Khyzhna, O. and Shafranska, K. (2020), ‘Music therapy as an important element in shaping communication competences in children with autism spectrum disorder’, Journal of History Culture and Art Research, 9:3, pp. 106–14.125
     [Google Scholar]
  25. Kneer, J. (2016), ‘Are we evil? Yes we are – But at least not crazy! How to test implicit associations of fans and non-fans with metal music’, Metal Music Studies, 2:1, pp. 69–86.
     [Google Scholar]
  26. Krenske, L. and McKay, J. (2000), ‘“Hard and heavy”: Gender and power in a heavy metal music subculture’, Gender, Place and Culture: A Journal of Feminist Geography, 7:3, pp. 287–304.
     [Google Scholar]
  27. Lacourse, E. , Claes, M. , and Villeneuve, M. (2001), ‘Heavy metal music and adolescent suicidal risk’, Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 30:3, pp. 321–32.
     [Google Scholar]
  28. Lucas, O. R. (2018), ‘“So complete in beautiful deformity”: Unexpected beginnings and rotated riffs in Meshuggah’s obZen’, Society for Music Theory, 24: 3, http://doi.org/10.30535/to.24.3.4.
     [Google Scholar]
  29. McRobbie, A. and Garber, J. (2006), ‘Girls and subcultures’, in S. Hall and T. Jefferson (eds), Resistance Through Rituals: Youth Subcultures in Post-War Britain, London: Routledge, pp. 177–88.
     [Google Scholar]
  30. Overell, R. (2012), ‘“[I] hate girls and emo[tion]s”: Negotiating masculinity in grindcore music’, Popular Music History, 6:1, pp. 198–223.
     [Google Scholar]
  31. Prescott-Steed, D. (2013), ‘Frostbite on my feet: Representations of walking in black metal visual culture’, Helvete: A Journal of Black Metal Theory, 1:1, pp. 45–68.
     [Google Scholar]
  32. Riches, G. , Lashua, B. , and Spracklen, K. (2014), ‘Female, mosher, transgressor: A “moshography” of transgressive practices with the Leeds extreme metal scene’, Journal of the International Association for the Study of Popular Music, 4:1, pp. 87–100.
     [Google Scholar]
  33. Sarge, M. A. , Kim, H. , and Velez, J. A. (2020), ‘An auti-Sim intervention: The role of perspective taking in combating public stigma with virtual stimulations’, Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 23:1, pp. 41–51.
     [Google Scholar]
  34. Shadrack, J. H. (2021), Black Metal, Trauma, Subjectivity and Sound: Screaming the Abyss, Bingley: Emerald Publishing Limited.
     [Google Scholar]
  35. Shiloh, C. J. and Blythe Lagasse, A. (2014), ‘Sensory friendly concerts: A community music therapy initiative to promote Neurodiversity’, International Journal of Community Music, 7:1, pp. 113–28.
     [Google Scholar]
  36. Spiker, M. A. , Lin, C. E. , Dyke, M. V. , and Wood, J. J. (2012), ‘Restricted interests and anxiety in children with autism’, Autism, 16:3, pp. 309–20.
     [Google Scholar]
  37. superluigikill (2019), ‘Any autistic metalheads? [Online forum post]’, Reddit, https://www.reddit.com/r/autism/comments/alt8rv/any_autistic_metalheads/.
  38. Vasan, S. (2011), ‘The price of rebellion: Gender boundaries in the death metal scene’, Journal for Cultural Research, 15:3, pp. 333–49.
     [Google Scholar]
  39. Walker, N. (2012), ‘Throwing away the master’s tools: Liberating ourselves from the pathology paradigm’, in J. Bascom (ed.), Loud Hands: Autistic People, Speaking, Washington: The Autistic Press, pp. 225–37.
     [Google Scholar]
  40. Walker, N. (2014), What Is Autism? Neurocosmopolitanism: Dr Nick Walker’s Notes on Neurodiversity, Autism, & Self-Liberation, https://neurocosmopolitanism.com/what-is-autism/.
  41. Weinstein, D. (2000), Heavy Metal: The Music and Its Culture, Cambridge: DaCapo Press.
     [Google Scholar]

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