Female body dressing: Perceptions and investments in beauty | Intellect Skip to content
1981
  1. Home
  2. A-Z Publications
  3. Clothing Cultures
  4. Volume 8, Issue 2
  5. Article
Volume 8, Issue 2
  • ISSN: 2050-0742
  • E-ISSN: 2050-0750

Abstract

Clothing style and the extent of body revealing in public are cultural and social factors that can influence one’s beauty investments and assessments of attractiveness. To explore this further, we recruited 99 Polish women from Poland (perceived to represent a western approach to dress and body) and 100 Iranian women from Iran (perceived to represent a Muslim culture with a more modest approach to dress). We asked these women to respond to questionnaires to test whether cultural norms regarding one’s clothing are linked to investments in one’s beauty and self-perceived attractiveness. In line with our hypotheses, Polish women (who have more freedom to reveal their bodies publicly) spent more time caring for their bodies than Iranian women. Polish women also spent more time caring for their bodies than their faces. However, contrary to our predictions, Iranian women did not spend more time caring for their faces than their bodies. In fact, Iranian women did not spend more time caring for their faces than Polish women. Furthermore, we observed that older participants spent less time thinking about their attractiveness and owned fewer care products than younger participants. We further discuss our findings in the context of cultural norms regarding female body dressing and how it might relate to beauty investments.

Funding
This study was supported by the:
  • National Science Center (Award 2019/33/N/HS6/00054)
© 2021 Intellect Ltd
Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1386/cc_00053_1
2023-05-29
2024-04-29
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

References

  1. Akdemir, N.. ( 2018;), ‘ Visible expression of social identity: The clothing and fashion. ’, Gaziantep University Journal of Social Sciences, 17:4, pp. 1389–97, https://doi.org/10.21547/JSS.411181.
     [Google Scholar]
  2. Apostolou, M.,, Wang, Y., and Gavriilidou, A.. ( 2021;), ‘ How people become attractive to prospective mates: Strategies of self-promotion in the Greek cultural context. ’, Evolutionary Psychology, 19:4, pp. 1–12, https://doi.org/10.1177/14747049211045271.
     [Google Scholar]
  3. Baldi, G.. ( 2018;), ‘ Burkini, bikini and the female (un)dressed body. ’, Critical Legal Thinking, 22 June, https://criticallegalthinking.com/2018/06/22/law-critique-burkini-bikini-the-female-undressed-body/. Accessed 14 December 2021.
     [Google Scholar]
  4. Behling, D. U., and Williams, E. A.. ( 1991;), ‘ Influence of dress on perception of intelligence and expectations of scholastic achievement. ’, Clothing and Textiles Research Journal, 9:4, pp. 1–7, https://doi.org/10.1177/0887302X9100900401.
     [Google Scholar]
  5. Biesterbos, J. W. H.,, Dudzina, T.,, Delmaar, C. J. E.,, Bakker, M. I.,, Russel, F. G. M.,, von Götz, N.,, Scheepers, P. T. J., and Roeleveld, N.. ( 2013;), ‘ Usage patterns of personal care products: Important factors for exposure assessment. ’, Food and Chemical Toxicology, 55, pp. 8–17, https://doi.org/10.1016/J.FCT.2012.11.014.
     [Google Scholar]
  6. Blanco-Dávila, F.. ( 2000;), ‘ Beauty and the body: The origins of cosmetics. ’, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, 105:3, pp. 1196–204, https://doi.org/10.1097/00006534-200003000-00058.
     [Google Scholar]
  7. Buss, D. M.. ( 2015), Evolutionary Psychology: The New Science of the Mind, London:: Routledge;.
     [Google Scholar]
  8. Carey, R. N.,, Donaghue, N., and Broderick, P.. ( 2011;), ‘ “What you look like is such a big factor”: Girls’ own reflections about the appearance culture in an all-girls’ school. ’, Feminism and Psychology, 21:3, pp. 299–316, https://doi.org/10.1177/0959353510369893.
     [Google Scholar]
  9. Choudhury, R. A. K.,, Majumdar, P. K., and Datta, C.. ( 2011;), ‘ Factors affecting comfort: Human physiology and the role of clothing. ’, in Song, G.. (ed.), Improving Comfort in Clothing, Padstow:: Woodhead Publishing Limited;, pp. 3–60, https://doi.org/10.1533/9780857090645.1.3.
     [Google Scholar]
  10. Cundall, A., and Guo, K.. ( 2017;), ‘ Women gaze behaviour in assessing female bodies: The effects of clothing, body size, own body composition and body satisfaction. ’, Psychological Research, 81:1, pp. 1–12, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00426-015-0726-1.
     [Google Scholar]
  11. Dunkel, T. M.,, Davidson, D., and Qurashi, S.. ( 2010;), ‘ Body satisfaction and pressure to be thin in younger and older Muslim and non-Muslim women: The role of western and non-western dress preferences. ’, Body Image, 7:1, pp. 56–65, https://doi.org/10.1016/J.BODYIM.2009.10.003.
     [Google Scholar]
  12. Đurović, D.,, Tiosavljević, M., and Šabanović, H.. ( 2016;), ‘ Readiness to accept western standard of beauty and body satisfaction among Muslim girls with and without hijab. ’, Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 57:5, pp. 413–18, https://doi.org/10.1111/SJOP.12315.
     [Google Scholar]
  13. Fathzadeh, F.. ( 2022;), ‘ Swapping the veil for casual clothing: A study of Iranian immigrant women living in Norway. ’, Women’s Studies International Forum, 92: 102577, https://doi.org/10.1016/J.WSIF.2022.102577.
     [Google Scholar]
  14. Ficheux, A. S.,, Wesolek, N.,, Chevillotte, G., and Roudot, A. C.. ( 2015;), ‘ Consumption of cosmetic products by the French population: First part: Frequency data. ’, Food and Chemical Toxicology, 78, pp. 159–69, https://doi.org/10.1016/J.FCT.2015.01.016.
     [Google Scholar]
  15. Franzoi, S. L., and Herzog, M. E.. ( 1987;), ‘ Judging physical attractiveness. ’, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 13:1, pp. 19–33, https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167287131002.
     [Google Scholar]
  16. Glasse, C.. ( 2014), The New Encyclopedia of Islam, Choice Reviews Online, 51:8, New York:: Altamira Press;, https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.51-4175.
     [Google Scholar]
  17. Guy, A., and Banim, M.. ( 2000;), ‘ Personal collections: Women’s clothing use and identity. ’, Journal of Gender Studies, 9:3, pp. 313–27, https://doi.org/10.1080/713678000.
     [Google Scholar]
  18. Hebl, M. R.,, King, E. B., and Lin, J.. ( 2004;), ‘ The swimsuit becomes us all: Ethnicity, gender, and vulnerability to self-objectification. ’, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 30:10, pp. 1322–31, https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167204264052.
     [Google Scholar]
  19. Heiman, T., and Olenik-Shemesh, D.. ( 2019;), ‘ Perceived body appearance and eating habits: The voice of young and adult students attending higher education. ’, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16:3, p. 451, https://doi.org/10.3390/IJERPH16030451.
     [Google Scholar]
  20. Hennessy, N.,, Harrison, D. A., and Aitkenhead, A. R.. ( 1993;), ‘ The effect of the anaesthetist’s attire on patient attitudes. ’, Anaesthesia, 48:3, pp. 219–22, https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1365-2044.1993.TB06905.X.
     [Google Scholar]
  21. Howlett, N.,, Pine, K.,, Orakçioǧlu, I., and Fletcher, B.. ( 2013;), ‘ The influence of clothing on first impressions: Rapid and positive responses to minor changes in male attire. ’, Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management, 17:1, pp. 38–48, https://doi.org/10.1108/13612021311305128/FULL/PDF.
     [Google Scholar]
  22. Iddrisu, M. S.. ( 2019;), ‘ Unveiling veiled voices: Understanding the experiences of muslim women who wear the hijab in public spaces. ’, master’s thesis in Rhetoric and Writing Studies, El Paso, TX:: University of Texas;.
     [Google Scholar]
  23. ISAPS, I. S. of A. P. S. ( 2018), ISAPS International Survey on Aesthetic/Cosmetic Procedures, https://www.nygart.dk/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/ISAPS-Global-Survey-Results-2018-new.pdf. Accessed 14 December 2021.
     [Google Scholar]
  24. Jeffreys, Sheila. ( 2015), Beauty and Misogyny: Harmful Cultural Practices in the West, London:: Routledge;.
     [Google Scholar]
  25. Kalantar, M.,, Hosein, M.,, Ebrahimi, A.,, Shams, A., and Nejadsarvari, N.. ( 2016;), ‘ Health and social problems of rhinoplasty in Iran. ’, World Journal of Plastic Surgery, 5:1, pp. 75–76.
     [Google Scholar]
  26. Kertechian, S. K., and Swami, V.. ( 2016;), ‘ The hijab as a protective factor for body image and disordered eating: A replication in French Muslim women. ’, Mental Health, Religion and Culture, 19:10, pp. 1056–68, https://doi.org/10.1080/13674676.2017.1312322.
     [Google Scholar]
  27. Kowal, M., and Sorokowski, P.. ( 2022;), ‘ Sex differences in physical attractiveness investments: Overlooked side of masculinity. ’, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19:7, p. 3842, https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19073842.
     [Google Scholar]
  28. Kowal, M.,, Sorokowski, P.,, Pisanski, K.,, Valentova, J. V.,, Varella, M. A. C.,, Frederick, D. A.,, Al-Shawaf, L.,, García, F. E.,, Giammusso, I.,, Gjoneska, B.,, Kozma, L.,, Otterbring, T.,, Papadatou-Pastou, M.,, Pfuhl, G.,, Stöckli, S.,, Studzinska, A.,, Toplu-Demirtaş, E.,, Touloumakos, A. K.,, Bakos, B. E.,, Batres, C.,, Bonneterre, S.,, Czamanski-Cohen, J.,, Dacanay, J. C.,, Deschrijver, E.,, Fisher, M. L.,, Grano, C.,, Grigoryev, D.,, Kačmár, P.,, Kozlov, M. V.,, Manunta, E.,, Massar, K.,, Mcfall, J. P.,, Mebarak, M.,, Miccoli, M.,, Milfont, T. L.,, Prokop, P.,, Aavik, T.,, Arriaga, P.,, Baiocco, R.,, Čeněk, J.,, Çetinkaya, H.,, Duyar, I.,, Guemaz, F.,, Ishii, T.,, Kamburidis, J. A.,, Khun-Inkeeree, H.,, Lidborg, L. H.,, Manor, H.,, Nussinson, R.,, Omar-Fauzee, M. B.,, Pazhoohi, F.,, Ponnet, K.,, Santos, A. C.,, Senyk, O.,, Spasovski, O.,, Vintila, M.,, Wang, A. H.,, Yoo, G.,, Zerhouni, O.,, Amin, R.,, Aquino, S.,, Boğa, M.,, Boussena, M.,, Can, A. R.,, Can, S.,, Castro, R.,, Chirumbolo, A.,, Çoker, O.,, Cornec, C.,, Dural, S.,, Eder, S. J.,, Ghahraman Moharrampour, N.,, Grassini, S.,, Hristova, E.,, Ikizer, G.,, Kervyn, N.,, Koyuncu, M.,, Kunisato, Y.,, Lins, S.,, Mandzyk, T.,, Mari, S.,, Mattiassi, A. D.,, Memisoglu-Sanli, A.,, Morelli, M.,, Novaes, F. C.,, Parise, M.,, Pavela Banai, I.,, Perun, M.,, Plohl, N.,, Sahli, F.,, Šakan, D.,, Smojver-Azic, S.,, Solak, Ç.,, Söylemez, S.,, Toyama, A.,, Wlodarczyk, A.,, Yamada, Y.,, Abad-Villaverde, B.,, Afhami, R.,, Akello, G.,, Alami, N.H.,, Alma, L.,, Argyrides, M.,, Atamtürk, D.,, Burduli, N.,, Cardona, S.,, Carneiro, J.,, Castañeda, A.,, Chałatkiewicz, I.,, Chopik, W. J.,, Chubinidze, D.,, Conroy-Beam, D.,, Contreras-Garduño, J.,, Da Silva, D. R.,, Don, Y. B.,, Donato, S.,, Dubrov, D.,, Duračková, M.,, Dutt, S.,, Ebimgbo, S. O.,, Estevan, I.,, Etchezahar, E.,, Fedor, P.,, Fekih-Romdhane, F.,, Frackowiak, T.,, Galasinska, K.,, Gargula, Ł.,, Gelbart, B.,, Gomez Yepes, T.,, Hamdaoui, B.,, Hromatko, I.,, Itibi, S. N.,, Jaforte, L.,, Janssen, S. M. J.,, Jovic, M.,, Kertechian, K. S.,, Khan, F.,, Kobylarek, A.,, Koso-Drljevic, M.,, Krasnodębska, A.,, Križanić, V.,, Landa-Blanco, M.,, Lu, J. G.,, Mailhos, A.,, Marot, T.,, Martinac Dorcic, T.,, Martinez-Banfi, M.,, Yusof, M.,, Mayorga-Lascano, M.,, Mikuličiūtė, V.,, Mišetić, K.,, Musil, B.,, Najmussaqib, A.,, Nalla Muthu, K.,, Natividade, J. C.,, Ndukaihe, I. L. G.,, Nyhus, E. K.,, Oberzaucher, E.,, Omar, S. S.,, Ostaszewski, F.,, Pacquing, M. T.,, Pagani, A. F.,, Park, J.,, Pirtskhalava, E.,, Reips, U.,, Reyes, M. S.,, Röer, J. P.,, Şahin, A.,, Samekin, A.,, Sargautytė, R.,, Semenovskikh, T.,, Siepelmeyer, H.,, Singh, S.,, Sołtys, A.,, Sorokowska, A.,, Soto-lópez, R.,, Sultanova, L.,, Tamayo-Agudelo, W.,, Tan, C.,, Topanova, G. T.,, Topcu Bulut, M.,, Trémolière, B.,, Tulyakul, S.,, Türkan, B. N.,, Urbanek, A.,, Volkodav, T.,, Walter, K. V.,, Yaakob, M., and Zumárraga-Espinosa, M.. ( 2022;), ‘ Predictors of enhancing human physical attractiveness: Data from 93 countries. ’, Evolution and Human Behavior, 43:6, pp. 455–74, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2022.08.003.
     [Google Scholar]
  29. Lauzen, M. M., and Dozier, D. M.. ( 2005;), ‘ Maintaining the double standard: Portrayals of age and gender in popular films. ’, Sex Roles, 52, pp. 437–46, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-005-3710-1.
     [Google Scholar]
  30. Leal, G. V. da S.,, Philippi, S. T., and Alvarenga, M. dos S.. ( 2020;), ‘ Unhealthy weight control behaviors, disordered eating, and body image dissatisfaction in adolescents from São Paulo, Brazil. ’, Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry, 42:3, pp. 264–70, https://doi.org/10.1590/1516-4446-2019-0437.
     [Google Scholar]
  31. Mafra, A. L.,, Castro, F. N., and Lopes, F. de A.. ( 2016;), ‘ Investment in beauty, exercise, and self-esteem: Are they related to self-perception as a romantic partner?. ’, Evolutionary Psychological Science, 2:1, pp. 24–31, https://doi.org/10.1007/s40806-015-0032-6.
     [Google Scholar]
  32. Mafra, A. L.,, Varella, M. A. C.,, Defelipe, R. P.,, Anchieta, N. M.,, de Almeida, C. A. G., and Valentova, J. V.. ( 2020;), ‘ Makeup usage in women as a tactic to attract mates and compete with rivals. ’, Personality and Individual Differences, 163, p. 110042, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2020.110042.
     [Google Scholar]
  33. Mahalanobis, P. C.. ( 1960;), ‘ A method of fractile graphical analysis. ’, Econometrica, 28:2, p. 325, https://doi.org/10.2307/1907724.
     [Google Scholar]
  34. Martins, Y.,, Tiggemann, M., and Kirkbride, A.. ( 2007;), ‘ Those speedos become them: The role of self-objectification in gay and heterosexual men’s body image. ’, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 33:5, pp. 634–47, https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167206297403.
     [Google Scholar]
  35. Monteath, S. A., and McCabe, M. P.. ( 1997;), ‘ The influence of societal factors on female body image. ’, Journal of Social Psychology, 137:6, pp. 708–27, https://doi.org/10.1080/00224549709595493.
     [Google Scholar]
  36. Morris, P. H.,, White, J.,, Morrison, E. R., and Fisher, K.. ( 2013;), ‘ High heels as supernormal stimuli: How wearing high heels affects judgements of female attractiveness. ’, Evolution and Human Behavior, 34:3, pp. 176–81, https://doi.org/10.1016/J.EVOLHUMBEHAV.2012.11.006.
     [Google Scholar]
  37. Mortazavi, S., and Poelker, K. E.. ( 2017;), ‘ Women in Iran. ’, Women’s Evolving Lives: Global and Psychosocial Perspectives, pp. 73–90, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-58008-1_5.
     [Google Scholar]
  38. Murnen, S. K., and Seabrook, R.. ( 2012;), ‘ Feminist perspectives on body image and physical appearance. ’, Encyclopedia of Body Image and Human Appearance, 1, pp. 438–43, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-384925-0.00070-5.
     [Google Scholar]
  39. Pazda, A. D.,, Prokop, P., and Elliot, A. J.. ( 2014;), ‘ Red and romantic rivalry: Viewing another woman in red increases perceptions of sexual receptivity, derogation, and intentions to mate-guard. ’, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 40:10, pp. 1260–69, https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167214539709.
     [Google Scholar]
  40. Penny, K. I.. ( 1996;), ‘ Appropriate critical values when testing for a single multivariate outlier by using the Mahalanobis distance. ’, Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series C (Applied Statistics), 45:1, pp. 73–81, https://doi.org/10.2307/2986224.
     [Google Scholar]
  41. Peters, M.,, Rhodes, G., and Simmons, L. W.. ( 2007;), ‘ Contributions of the face and body to overall attractiveness. ’, Animal Behaviour, 73:6, pp. 937–42, https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ANBEHAV.2006.07.012.
     [Google Scholar]
  42. Pfeiffer, E., and Davis, G. C.. ( 1971;), ‘ The use of leisure time in middle life. ’, The Gerontologist, 11:3, Part 1, pp. 187–95, https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/11.3_Part_1.187.
     [Google Scholar]
  43. Rastmanesh, R.,, Gluck, M. E., and Shadman, Z.. ( 2009;), ‘ Comparison of body dissatisfaction and cosmetic rhinoplasty with levels of veil practicing in Islamic women. ’, International Journal of Eating Disorders, 42:4, pp. 339–45, https://doi.org/10.1002/EAT.20613.
     [Google Scholar]
  44. Reece, D.. ( 1996;), ‘ Covering and communication: The symbolism of dress among muslim women. ’, Howard Journal of Communications, 7:1, pp. 35–52, https://doi.org/10.1080/10646179609361712.
     [Google Scholar]
  45. Reid, A.,, Lancuba, V., and Morrow, B.. ( 1997;), ‘ Clothing style and formation of first impressions. ’, Perceptual and Motor Skills, 84:1, pp. 237–38, https://doi.org/10.2466/pms.1997.84.1.237.
     [Google Scholar]
  46. Roberts, S. C.,, Owen, R. C., and Havlicek, J.. ( 2010;), ‘ Distinguishing between perceiver and wearer effects in clothing color-associated attributions. ’, Evolutionary Psychology, 8:3, pp. 350–64, https://doi.org/10.1177/147470491000800304.
     [Google Scholar]
  47. Ruby, T. F.. ( 2006;), ‘ Listening to the voices of hijab. ’, Women’s Studies International Forum, 29:1, pp. 54–66, https://doi.org/10.1016/J.WSIF.2005.10.006.
     [Google Scholar]
  48. Scott, J. W.. ( 2007), The Politics of the Veil, Princeton, NJ:: Princeton University Press;, https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400827893.
     [Google Scholar]
  49. Skałacka, K., and Pajestka, G.. ( 2021;), ‘ “No matter how old I am, I don’t like what my stomach looks like”: Lifespan perspective on the changes in self-assessment of attractiveness and life satisfaction in women. ’, Journal of Women and Aging, 33:6, pp. 683–91, https://doi.org/10.1080/08952841.2020.1781509.
     [Google Scholar]
  50. Stephens, D. L.,, Hill, R. P., and Hanson, C.. ( 1994;), ‘ The beauty myth and female consumers: The controversial role of advertising. ’, Journal of Consumer Affairs, 28:1, pp. 137–53, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6606.1994.tb00819.x.
     [Google Scholar]
  51. Stice, E.,, Spangler, D., and Agras, W. S.. ( 2001;), ‘ Exposure to media-portrayed thin-ideal images adversely affects vulnerable girls: A longitudinal experiment. ’, Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 20:3, pp. 270–88, https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.20.3.270.22309.
     [Google Scholar]
  52. Swami, V.,, Miah, J.,, Noorani, N., and Taylor, D.. ( 2014;), ‘ Is the hijab protective? An investigation of body image and related constructs among British Muslim women. ’, British Journal of Psychology, 105:3, pp. 352–63, https://doi.org/10.1111/BJOP.12045.
     [Google Scholar]
  53. Taylor, L. C.. ( 1968;), ‘ Personality correlates of dress conformity. ’, Journal of Home Economics, 60:8, pp. 653–56.
     [Google Scholar]
  54. Tiggemann, M., and Anderberg, I.. ( 2020;), ‘ Social media is not real: The effect of “Instagram vs reality” images on women’s social comparison and body image. ’, New Media and Society, 22:12, pp. 2183–99, https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444819888720.
     [Google Scholar]
  55. Tort-Nasarre, G.,, Pocallet, M. P., and Artigues-Barberà, E.. ( 2021;), ‘ The meaning and factors that influence the concept of body image: Systematic review and meta-ethnography from the perspectives of adolescents. ’, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18:3, pp. 1–16, https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18031140.
     [Google Scholar]
  56. Wade, T. J.,, Burch, R.,, Fisher, M. L., and Casper, H.. ( 2022;), ‘ On a pedestal: High heels and the perceived attractiveness and evolutionary fitness of women. ’, Personality and Individual Differences, 188, p. 111456, https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PAID.2021.111456.
     [Google Scholar]
  57. Walter, K. V.,, Conroy-Beam, D.,, Buss, D. M.,, Asao, K.,, Sorokowska, A.,, Sorokowski, P.,, Aavik, T.,, Akello, G.,, Alhabahba, M. M.,, Alm, C.,, Amjad, N.,, Anjum, A.,, Atama, C. S.,, Duyar, D. A.,, Ayebare, R.,, Batres, C.,, Bendixen, M.,, Bensafia, A.,, Bizumic, B.,, Boussena, M.,, Butovskaya, M.,, Can, S.,, Cantarero, K.,, Carrier, A.,, Cetinkaya, H.,, Croy, I.,, Cueto, R. M.,, Czub, M.,, Dronova, D.,, Dural, S.,, Duyar, I.,, Ertugrul, B.,, Espinosa, A.,, Estevan, I.,, Esteves, C. S.,, Fang, L.,, Frackowiak, T.,, Contreras Garduño, J.,, Ugalde González, K.,, Guemaz, F.,, Gyuris, P.,, Halamová, M.,, Herak, I.,, Horvat, M.,, Hromatko, I.,, Hui, C.,, Jaafar, J. L.,, Jiang, F.,, Kafetsios, K.,, Kavčič, T.,, Kennair, L. E. O.,, Kervyn, N.,, Ha, T. T. K.,, Khilji, I. A.,, Köbis, N. C.,, Lan, H. M.,, Láng, A.,, Lennard, G. R.,, León, E.,, Lindholm, T.,, Linh, T. T. K.,, Lopez, G.,, Luot, N. V.,, Mailhos, A.,, Manesi, Z.,, Martinez, R.,, McKerchar, S. L.,, Meskó, N.,, Misra, G.,, Monaghan, C.,, Mora, E.C.,, Moya-Garófano, A.,, Musil, B.,, Natividade, J. C.,, Niemczyk, A.,, Nizharadze, G.,, Oberzaucher, E.,, Oleszkiewicz, A.,, Omar-Fauzee, M. S.,, Onyishi, I. E.,, Özener, B.,, Pagani, A. F.,, Pakalniskiene, V.,, Parise, M.,, Pazhoohi, F.,, Pisanski, A.,, Pisanski, K.,, Ponciano, E.,, Popa, C.,, Prokop, P.,, Rizwan, M.,, Sainz, M.,, Salkičevic´, S.,, Sargautyte, R.,, Sarmány-Schuller, I.,, Schmehl, S.,, Sharad, S.,, Siddiqui, R. S.,, Simonetti, F.,, Stoyanova, S. Y.,, Tadinac, M.,, Varella, M. A. C.,, Vauclair, C. M.,, Vega, L. D.,, Widarini, D. A.,, Yoo, G.,, Zat’ková, M., and Zupančič, M.. ( 2020;), ‘ Sex differences in mate preferences across 45 countries: A large-scale replication. ’, Psychological Science, 31:4, pp. 408–23, https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797620904154.
     [Google Scholar]
  58. Wilhelm, L.,, Hartmann, A. S.,, Becker, J. C.,, Kisi, M.,, Waldorf, M., and Vocks, S.. ( 2019;), ‘ Thin media images decrease women’s body satisfaction: Comparisons between veiled Muslim women, Christian women and atheist women regarding trait and state body image. ’, Frontiers in Psychology, 10, May, p. 1074, https://doi.org/10.3389/FPSYG.2019.01074/BIBTEX.
     [Google Scholar]
  59. Winterich, J. A.. ( 2007;), ‘ Aging, femininity, and the body: What appearance changes mean to women with age. ’, Gender Issues, 24:3, pp. 51–69, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12147-007-9045-1.
     [Google Scholar]
  60. Xu, X.,, Mellor, D.,, Kiehne, M.,, Ricciardelli, L. A.,, McCabe, M. P., and Xu, Y.. ( 2010;), ‘ Body dissatisfaction, engagement in body change behaviors and sociocultural influences on body image among Chinese adolescents. ’, Body Image, 7:2, pp. 156–64, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2009.11.003.
     [Google Scholar]
  61. Kowal, Marta,, Naseri, Samaneh,, Sabiniewicz, Agnieszka,, Sorokowski, Piotr,, Oleszkiewicz, Anna, and Sorokowska, Agnieszka. ( 2021;), ‘ Female body dressing: Perceptions and investments in beauty. ’, Clothing Cultures, 8:2, pp. 197–218, https://doi.org/10.1386/cc_00053_1
     [Google Scholar]
http://instance.metastore.ingenta.com/content/journals/10.1386/cc_00053_1
Loading
Female body dressing: Perceptions and investments in beauty
Clothing Cultures 8, 197 (2021); https://doi.org/10.1386/cc_00053_1
/content/journals/10.1386/cc_00053_1
/content/journals/10.1386/cc_00053_1
Loading

Data & Media loading...

  • Article Type: Article
Keyword(s): body care; body revealing; dress style; hijab; Iran; physical attractiveness

Most Cited Most Cited RSS feed

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a success
Invalid data
An error occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error