The influence of transphobia, homonationalism and anti-Asian prejudice: Anti-BL attitudes in English-speaking fandoms | Intellect Skip to content
1981
image of The influence of transphobia, homonationalism and anti-Asian prejudice: Anti-BL attitudes in English-speaking fandoms

Abstract

In recent years, hostility towards Asian boys love (BL) media and fans in western English-speaking fandoms has been growing. This has manifested in anti-BL and anti-fujoshi anti-fans, many of whom express the general notion that queer western media is morally good and queer Asian media is morally bad. This division has encouraged a dehumanizing environment and some of these anti-fans consider their prejudiced behaviour morally justified and necessary. Their proposed aim is to maintain the moral sanctity of LGBTQ+ representation in their western English-speaking fan spaces. This article explores what drives this division and how BL and fujoshi specifically came to be so vilified in parts of LGBTQ+ western English-speaking fandom. The origins of this growing desire for LGBTQ+ moral sanctity in western English-speaking fandom are critiqued and how anti-trans gender critical beliefs in online communities came to affect western English-speaking fans’ perceptions of BL and fujoshi is revealed.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1386/eapc_00119_1
2024-02-15
2024-04-29
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

References

  1. Aburime, Samantha (2022), ‘Hate narratives, conditioned language and networked harassment: A new breed of anti-shipper and anti-fan – “Antis”’, Journal of Fandom Studies, 10:2, pp. 135155, https://doi.org/10.1386/jfs_00060_1.
    [Google Scholar]
  2. Albertalli, Becky (2020),  ‘I know I’m late’, Medium, 31 August, https://medium.com/@rebecca.albertalli/i-know-im-late-9b31de339c62. Accessed 30 December 2022.
    [Google Scholar]
  3. andianne | #SAVEINSIDEJOB (@andianne_11) (2022), ‘people on twitter get brain cells and stop nitpicking what alice oseman said. no, she is not racist for stating a fact’, Twitter, 30 April, https://twitter.com/andianne_11/status/1520400634037645312. Accessed 24 March 2023.
  4. Annett, Sandra (2014), Anime Fan Communities: Transcultural Flows and Frictions, New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
    [Google Scholar]
  5. Anti-fan Archive (2023), ‘Anti-fan archive’, Fujoshi.Info, https://www.fujoshi.info/antifan-archive. Accessed 26 October 2023.
  6. Anti-fujoshi (2023), ‘Anti-fujoshi / anti-BL / anti-yaoi information archive’, Fujoshi.Info, https://www.fujoshi.info/anti-fujoshi. Accessed 26 October 2023.
  7. Aoki, Deb (2015), ‘TCAF 2015: Gengoroh Tagame talks gay manga, “Bara”, BL and scanlation’, Manga Comics Manga, 22 July, http://mangacomics.wpengine.com/tcaf-2015-gengoroh-tagame-talks-gay-manga-bara-bl-and-scanlation/. Accessed 23 March 2023.
  8. Aronson, Elliot, Wilson, Timothy, Akert, Robin and Sommers, Samuel (2018), Social Psychology, 9th ed., London: Pearson Education.
    [Google Scholar]
  9. Austin, Ashley, Craig, Shelley L., D’Souza, Sandra and McInroy, Lauren B. (2022), ‘Suicidality among transgender youth: Elucidating the role of interpersonal risk factors’, Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 37:5&6, https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260520915554.
    [Google Scholar]
  10. Blanchard, Ray (1991), ‘Clinical observations and systematic studies of autogynephilia’, Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy, 17:4, pp. 23551.
    [Google Scholar]
  11. blossomoranges (2019), ‘love when someone i’ve never seen reblogs my post and their description is’, Tumblr, 9 February, https://blossomoranges.tumblr.com/post/182688208375/love-when-someone-ive-never-seen-reblogs-my-post. Accessed 5 April 2022.
  12. Broderick, Timmy (2023), ‘Evidence undermines “rapid onset gender dysphoria” claims fears of “social contagion”, used to support anti-transgender legislation, are not supported by science’, Scientific American, 24 August, https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/evidence-undermines-rapid-onset-gender-dysphoria-claims/. Accessed 30 August 2023.
    [Google Scholar]
  13. Chaves, Roby (2023), ‘As LGBTQ book challenges rise, some Louisiana librarians are scared to go to work’, PBS News Hour, 23 February, https://www.pbs.org/newshour/nation/as-lgbtq-book-challenges-rise-some-louisiana-librarians-are-scared-to-go-to-work. Accessed 11 March 2023.
  14. Dooley, Ben (2020), ‘Suspect is charged with murder over Japan animation studio fire’, New York Times, 16 December, https://www.nytimes.com/2020/12/16/world/asia/japan-kyoto-animation-studio-fire.html. Accessed 30 November 2022.
    [Google Scholar]
  15. Fanasca, Marta (2019), ‘Crossdressing Dansō: Negotiating between stereotypical femininity and self-expression in patriarchal Japan’, Girlhood Studies, 12:1, pp. 3348, https://doi.org/10.3167/ghs.2019.120105.
    [Google Scholar]
  16. Galbraith, Patrick (2011), ‘Fujoshi: Fantasy play and transgressive intimacy among “rotten girls” in contemporary Japan’, Signs, 37:1, pp. 21132, https://doi.org/10.1086/660182.
    [Google Scholar]
  17. Galbraith, Patrick (2021), The Ethics of Affect: Lines and Life in a Tokyo Neighborhood, Stockholm: Stockholm University Press, https://library.oapen.org/handle/20.500.12657/50996. Accessed 23 March 2023.
    [Google Scholar]
  18. GC Academia (2022), GC Academia Network, https://www.gcacademianetwork.org. Accessed 19 March 2023.
  19. GenderCritical (2020), ‘Gender critical feminism’, Reddit, 29 June, http://web.archive.org/web/20200629162639/https://www.reddit.com/r/GenderCritical/. Accessed 4 April 2022.
  20. @heartstopper_jp (2021), ‘This is the official account for the best-selling youth BL comic from the UK, “HEARTSTOPPER”’, Twitter, 7 June, https://twitter.com/heartstopper_jp. Accessed 3 March 2023.
  21. Hemmann, Kathryn (2020), ‘Queering the media mix: The female gaze in Japanese fancomics’, in Y. Kuwahara and J. A. Lent (eds), Manga Cultures and the Female Gaze, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 77101.
    [Google Scholar]
  22. Hester, Jeffry T. (2015), ‘Fujoshi emergent: Shifting popular representations of Yaoi/BL fandom in Japan’, in M. McLelland, N. Kazumi, S. Katsuhiko and J. Welker (eds), Boys Love Manga and Beyond: History, Culture, and Community in Japan, Jackson, MS: University Press of Mississippi, pp. 16988.
    [Google Scholar]
  23. Hoskin, Rhea A. (2019), ‘Femmephobia: The role of anti-femininity and gender policing in LGBTQ+ people’s experiences of discrimination’, Sex Roles, 81:11&12, pp. 686703, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-019-01021-3.
    [Google Scholar]
  24. Ishida, Kimi and Okabe, Daisuke (2012), ‘Making Fujoshi identity invisible’, in M. Ito, D. Okabe and I. Tsuji (eds), Fandom Unbound: Otaku Culture in a Connected World, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, pp. 20724.
    [Google Scholar]
  25. Jones, Christopher R., Olson, Michael A. and Fazio, Russell H. (2010), ‘Evaluative conditioning: The “how” question’, Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 43, pp. 20555, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2601(10)43005-1.
    [Google Scholar]
  26. Kirichanskaya, Michele (2020), ‘Interview with author Alice Oseman’, Geeks OUT, 23 December, https://www.geeksout.org/2020/12/23/interview-with-author-alice-oseman/. Accessed 13 March 2023.
  27. @maromi_ika (2023), ‘The meaning of the Western otaku slang word “Proship” and the concept of “Proshipper” that Japanese otakus should know’, Twitter, 19 February, https://twitter.com/maromi_ika/status/1627281520343015424. Accessed 20 February 2023.
  28. McLelland, Mark, Nagaike, Kazumi, Suganuma, Katsuhiko and Welker, James (eds) (2015), Boys Love Manga and Beyond: History, Culture, and Community in Japan, Jackson, MS: University Press of Mississippi.
    [Google Scholar]
  29. Mephrum (2019), ‘controversial soapbox here, but “anti fujoshi” is just the…’, Tumblr, 10 August, https://web.archive.org/web/20200814032504/https://mephrum.tumblr.com/post/186913574350/legsdemandias-vulgarweed. Accessed 28 February 2023.
  30. MissMenses (2022), ‘For those who are crypto in TRA social circles, what’s it like?’, Ovarit, 22 February, https://ovarit.com/o/GenderCritical/64684/for-those-who-are-crypto-in-tra-social-circles-what-s-it-like. Accessed 22 June 2022.
  31. Mizoguchi, Akiko (2008), ‘Reading and living yaoi: Male–male fantasy narratives as women’s sexual subculture in Japan’, Doctoral dissertation, Rochester, NY: University of Rochester, http://hdl.handle.net/1802/6281. Accessed 6 April 2022.
    [Google Scholar]
  32. Mizoguchi, Akiko (2022), ‘The Japan foundation: “[EP14] Boys’ love: The history and transformation of BL in Asia”’, YouTube, 12 May, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JFPIMjr-w8g. Accessed 30 July 2022.
  33. Mogul, Joey, Ritchie, Andrea and Whitlock, Kay (2011), Queer (In)justice: The Criminalization of LGBT People in the United States, Boston, MA: Beacon.
    [Google Scholar]
  34. Mondegreen, Eliza (2023), ‘Seeking refuge in idiosyncratic sexual identities (and yaoi)’, Genspect, 20 February, https://genspect.org/seeking-refuge-in-idiosyncratic-sexual-identities-and-yaoi/. Accessed 12 March 2023.
  35. Nagaike, Kazumi (2019), ‘Fudanshi (“rotten boys”) in Asia: A cross-cultural analysis of male readings of BL and concepts of masculinity’, in F. Ogi, R. Suter, K. Nagaike and J. Lent (eds), Women’s Manga in Asia and Beyond: Uniting Different Cultures and Identities, London: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 6984.
    [Google Scholar]
  36. NewMa (2021), ‘The fandom-to-trans/yaoi-to-trans pipeline’, Ovarit, 18 March, https://ovarit.com/o/Women/23681/the-fandom-to-trans-yaoi-to-trans-pipeline. Accessed 19 April 2022.
  37. Novitskaya, Alexandra (2019), ‘Otaku sexualities in Japan’, in H. Chiang, A. Arondekar, M. Epprecht, J. Evans, R. Forman, H. Al-Samman, E. Skidmore and Z. Tortorici (eds), The Global Encyclopedia of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer (LGBTQ) History, Farmington Hills, MI: Charles Scribner’s Sons, pp. 117780.
    [Google Scholar]
  38. Ovarit (2020), ‘Gender critical’, Ovarit, 20 July, https://ovarit.com/o/GenderCritical/hot. Accessed 2 April 2022.
  39. Paasonen, Susanna, Attwood, Feona, McKee, Alan, Mercer, John and Smith, Clarissa (2020), Objectification: On the Difference Between Sex and Sexism, New York: Routledge.
    [Google Scholar]
  40. PITT (2022), ‘It’s strategy people!’, Parents with Inconvenient Truths about Trans (PITT), 1 February, https://pitt.substack.com/p/its-strategy-people?s=r. Accessed 1 August 2022.
  41. ‘porn sick’ (2018), Urban Dictionary, 2 November, https://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=Porn%20Sick. Accessed 10 November 2021.
  42. Puar, Jasbir K. (2007), Terrorist Assemblages: Homonationalism in Queer Times, London: Duke University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  43. Puar, Jasbir K. (2013), ‘Rethinking homonationalism’, in International Journal of Middle East Studies, 45:2, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 33639, https://doi.org/10.1017/s002074381300007x.
    [Google Scholar]
  44. Rainy Studios – Patron Saint of Fujin (@Samaburime) (2022), ‘“cishet women fetishize mlm media” u know a lot of those “cishet” women are trans mlm & nblm’, Twitter, 1 May, https://twitter.com/SamAburime/status/1520880472464756738. Accessed 31 July 2022.
  45. Raymond, Janice ([1979] 1994), The Transsexual Empire: The Making of the She-Male, Boston, MA and New York: Beacon Press and Teachers College Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  46. Reddit Statistic (2022), ‘Banned subreddits with > 10 daily users’, 29 June, https://www.redditstatic.com/banned-subreddits-june-2020.txt. Accessed 18 April 2022.
  47. RottenBoysClub (2018), ‘If you’re a fujoshi, I hope you’, Tumblr, 16 June, https://rottenboysclub.tumblr.com/post/174942895324/if-youre-a-fujoshi-i-hope-you. Accessed 21 August 2021.
  48. Saunders, Emma (2022), ‘Heartstopper’s Kit Connor says he was “forced” to come out as bisexual’, BBC Entertainment & Arts, 1 November, https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-63469444. Accessed 30 December 2022.
  49. Scarlet-void (2015), ‘The unspoken link between trans-men and fetish’, Tumblr, 9 July, https://scarlet-void.tumblr.com/post/123671641599/the-unspoken-link-between-trans-men-and-fetish. Accessed 19 April 2022.
  50. Scheetz, Cameron (2022), ‘Heartstopper’s got nothing on Thailand’s “boy love” TV shows’, Queerty, 4 August, https://www.queerty.com/heartstoppers-got-nothing-thailands-boy-love-tv-shows-20220804. Accessed 21 January 2023.
  51. Schevers, Ky (2021), ‘Confessions of a former “Crypto-TERF”’, Medium, 17 January, https://kyschevers.medium.com/confessions-of-a-former-crypto-terf-e4ed59d4ec82. Accessed 16 November 2022.
  52. Shey (@Nalusfire) (2019), ‘for the last fucking time. its not about the word, or where the word came from, or what the fuck ever’, Twitter, 10 August, https://twitter.com/nalusfire/status/1160292290025459718. Accessed 30 November 2022.
  53. Shibuichi, Daiki (2015), ‘Zaitokukai and the problem with hate groups in Japan’, Asian Survey, 55:4, pp. 71538, https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/as.2015.55.4.715. Accessed 5 May 2023.
    [Google Scholar]
  54. St. James, Emily (2021), ‘How Twitter can ruin a life’, Vox, 30 June, https://www.vox.com/the-highlight/22543858/isabel-fall-attack-helicopter. Accessed 30 December 2022.
  55. Stryker, Susan ([2008] 2017), Transgender History: The Roots of Today’s Revolution, 2nd ed., New York: Seal Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  56. Suzuki, Midori (2013), ‘The possibilities of research on fujoshi in Japan, transnational boys’ love fan studies’, Transformative Works and Cultures, 12, https://doi.org/10.3983/twc.2013.0462.
    [Google Scholar]
  57. Tassi, Paul (2022), ‘Netflix’s Heartstopper is its highest scoring critic and audience hit in ages’, Forbes, 28 April, https://www.forbes.com/sites/paultassi/2022/04/28/netflixs-heartstopper-is-its-highest-scoring-critic-and-audience-hit-in-ages/?sh=1f2cee5933b6. Accessed 10 January 2023.
    [Google Scholar]
  58. Transgender Trend (2022), ‘About us’, https://www.transgendertrend.com/about_us/. Accessed 5 April 2022.
  59. @twovirginspb (2021), ‘The world-famous youth BL comic “HEARTSTOPPER”’, Twitter, 3 June, https://twitter.com/twovirginspb/status/1400630832419663875. Accessed 3 March 2023.
  60. US Department of Justice (2020), ‘Citizen’s guide to US federal law on child pornography’, 28 May, https://www.justice.gov/criminal-ceos/citizens-guide-us-federal-law-child-pornography. Accessed 26 December 2022.
  61. VICE News (2022), ‘Inside the Pedophilic Manga Industry in Japan’, YouTube, 21 November, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ky3HqvT3M8E. Accessed 27 July 2023.
  62. Weiss, Jillian Todd (2004), ‘GL vs. BT: The archaeology of biphobia and transphobia within the U.S. gay and lesbian community’, Journal of Bisexuality, 3:3&4, pp. 2555, https://doi.org/10.1300/J159v03n03_02.
    [Google Scholar]
  63. Welker, James (2006), ‘Beautiful, borrowed, and bent: “Boys’ love” as girls’ love in Shôjo manga’, Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 31:3, pp. 84170, https://doi.org/10.1086/498987.
    [Google Scholar]
  64. Wickman, Kase (2022), ‘Why has everyone fallen in love with Netflix’s Heartstopper?’, Vanity Fair, 6 May, https://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2022/05/heartstopper-netflix-alice-oseman-interview. Accessed 21 January 2023.
    [Google Scholar]
  65. Williams, K-Ci (2022), ‘Heartstopper fans find parallels in Thai BL drama Bad Buddy’, Teen Vogue, 26 April, https://www.teenvogue.com/story/heartstopper-fans-find-parallels-in-thai-bl-drama-bad-buddy. Accessed 21 January 2023.
    [Google Scholar]
  66. Zhang, Albee (2018), ‘Writer of erotic novels in China is jailed for producing gay pornography’, New York Times China, 20 November, https://cn.nytimes.com/china/20181120/tianyi-china-erotic-novels-prison/dual/. Accessed 30 July 2022.
    [Google Scholar]
  67. Ziv, Amalia (2015), Explicit Utopias: Rewriting the Sexual in Women’s Pornography, Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
    [Google Scholar]
http://instance.metastore.ingenta.com/content/journals/10.1386/eapc_00119_1
Loading
/content/journals/10.1386/eapc_00119_1
Loading

Data & Media loading...

  • Article Type: Article
Keywords: boys love ; hate speech ; racism ; anti-fan ; gender critical ; yaoi ; radfem ; fujoshi
This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a success
Invalid data
An error occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error