Sissies and lost pardners: Issues of masculinity and male queerness in the early Western

References

1. Anon. (1912a), ‘Algie the Miner’, Motion Picture News, 17 February, p. 35.
   [Google Scholar]
2. Anon. (1912b), ‘Comments on the films’, Moving Picture World, 9 March, p. 867.
   [Google Scholar]
3. Anon. (1912c), ‘Independent film stories’, Moving Picture World, 24 February, p. 714.
   [Google Scholar]
4. Anon. (1916), ‘Stories of the films’, Moving Picture World, 1 April, p. 154.
   [Google Scholar]
5. Anon. (1920), ‘Popularity contest closes’, Motion Picture Magazine, December, p. 94.
   [Google Scholar]
6. Anon. (1922), ‘Sissy type of gentleman in not new, so why the worry?’, New Castle News, 14 April, p. 2.
   [Google Scholar]
7. Anon. (1929), Motion Picture News Booking Guide, New York: Motion Picture News.
   [Google Scholar]
8. Barrios, R. (2003), Screened Out: Playing Gay in Hollywood from Edison to Stonewall, London: Routledge.
   [Google Scholar]
9. Benshoff, H. M. and Griffin, S. (2009), America on Film: Representing Race, Class, Gender, and Sexuality at the Movies, e-book ed., Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.
   [Google Scholar]
10. Bronski, M. (2011), A Queer History of the United States, Boston, MA: Beacon Press.
    [Google Scholar]
11. Brown, S. (2016), Queer Sexualities in Early Film: Cinema and Male-Male Intimacy, London: I. B. Tauris.
    [Google Scholar]
12. Campbell, C. (1914), The Spoilers, USA: Selig Polyscope Company.
    [Google Scholar]
13. Cedar, R. (1923), The Soilers, USA: Hal Roach Studios.
    [Google Scholar]
14. Chauncey, G. (2019), Gay New York: Gender, Urban Culture, and the Making of the Gay Male World, 1890–1940, New York: Basic Books.
    [Google Scholar]
15. Clark, B. (1915), Sun and Saddle Leather, Boston, MA: Gorham Press.
    [Google Scholar]
16. Crosland, A. (1927), The Jazz Singer, USA: Warner Bros Pictures.
    [Google Scholar]
17. Cruze, J. (1923), The Covered Wagon, USA: Paramount Pictures.
    [Google Scholar]
18. DeMille, C. B. (1914), The Virginian, USA: Paramount Pictures.
    [Google Scholar]
19. Dickson, W. K. (1894), Annie Oakley, USA: Edison Manufacturing Company.
    [Google Scholar]
20. Dickson, W. S. (1894), Dickson Experimental Sound Film, USA: Edison Manufacturing. Company.
    [Google Scholar]
21. Epstein, R. and Friedman, J. (1995), The Celluloid Closet, USA: Sony Pictures Classics.
    [Google Scholar]
22. Evans, D. (1930), ‘Reviews of the best pictures’, Screenland, March, pp. 84–85.
    [Google Scholar]
23. Fenin, G. N. and Everson, W. K. (1977), The Western: From Silents to the Seventies, West Hanover, MA: Penguin.
    [Google Scholar]
24. Fleming, V. (1929), The Virginian, USA: Paramount Pictures.
    [Google Scholar]
25. Ford, J. (1917), Straight Shooting, USA: Universal Pictures.
    [Google Scholar]
26. Ford, J. (1918), Hell Bent, USA: Universal Pictures.
    [Google Scholar]
27. Ford, J. (1924), The Iron Horse, USA: Fox Film Productions.
    [Google Scholar]
28. Ford, J. (1926), 3 Bad Men, USA: Fox Film Productions.
    [Google Scholar]
29. Forman, T. (1923), The Virginian, USA: Preferred Pictures.
    [Google Scholar]
30. Gardner, B. (ed.) (2007), Up to the Line of Death: The War Poets 1914–1918: An Anthology, York: Methuen.
    [Google Scholar]
31. Hage, R. (1930), ‘Dude Wrangler rocked house with laughter’, Motion Picture News, 7 June, p. 2.
    [Google Scholar]
32. Hall, M. (1930), ‘The screen’, New York Times, 18 August, p. 24.
    [Google Scholar]
33. Hart, W. S. (1921), ‘The compleat cowboy’, The Picturegoer, September, pp. 12–13.
    [Google Scholar]
34. Heise, W. (1898), Parade of Buffalo Bill’s Wild West Show, USA: Edison Manufacturing Company.
    [Google Scholar]
35. Houlbrook, M. (2006), Queer London: Perils and Pleasures in the Metropolis, 1918–1957, Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
    [Google Scholar]
36. Jenkins, J. C. (1927), ‘Exhibitors classify films; tell which bring most cast’, Exhibitors Herald, 9 July, pp. 17 & 43.
    [Google Scholar]
37. McBride, J. (2011), Searching for John Ford, Jackson, MS: University of Mississippi Press.
    [Google Scholar]
38. McMahan, A. (2002), Alice Guy Blaché: Lost Visionary of the Cinema, New York: Continuum.
    [Google Scholar]
39. Mellen, J. (1977), Big Bad Wolves: Masculinity in the American Film, New York: Pantheon.
    [Google Scholar]
40. Milestone, L. (1927), Two Arabian Knights, USA: United Artists.
    [Google Scholar]
41. Milestone, L. (1930), All Quiet on the Western Front, USA: Universal Pictures.
    [Google Scholar]
42. Myll, L. (1915), Keep Movin’, USA: George Kleine Productions.
    [Google Scholar]
43. Niblo, F. (1930), Way Out West, USA: Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer.
    [Google Scholar]
44. Packard, C. (2005), Queer Cowboys and Other Erotic Male Friendships in Nineteenth-Century American Literature, New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
    [Google Scholar]
45. Porter, E. S. (1902), The Great Train Robbery, USA: Edison Manufacturing Company.
    [Google Scholar]
46. Roosevelt, T. (1905), ‘Remarks before the mothers’ congress’, The American Presidency Project, 13 March, https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/remarks-before-the-mothers-congress. Accessed 1 January 2023.
47. Rotundo, E. A. (1989), ‘Romantic friendship: Male intimacy and middle-class youth in the northern United States, 1800–1900’, Journal of Social History, 23:1, pp. 1–25.
    [Google Scholar]
48. Russo, V. (1987), The Celluloid Closet: Homosexuality in the Movies, New York: Harper.
    [Google Scholar]
49. Slide, A. (1999), ‘The silent closet’, Film Quarterly, 52:4, pp. 24–32.
    [Google Scholar]
50. Studlar, G. (1996), This Mad Masquerade: Stardom and Masculinity in the Jazz Age, New York: Columbia University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
51. Tamagne, F. (2006), A History of Homosexuality in Europe: Berlin, London, Paris 1919–1939, vols 1 & 2, New York: Algora.
    [Google Scholar]
52. Thorpe, R. (1930), The Dude Wrangler, USA: K. B. S. Productions.
    [Google Scholar]
53. Vicari, J. (2011), Male Sexuality in Current Cinema: Images of Growth, Rebellion and Survival, Jefferson, MO: McFarland & Co.
    [Google Scholar]
54. Vidor, K. (1925), The Big Parade, USA: Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer.
    [Google Scholar]
55. Warren, E. (1912), Algie, the Miner, USA: Solax Studios.
    [Google Scholar]
56. Wellman, W. (1927), Wings, USA: Paramount Pictures.
    [Google Scholar]
57. Williamson, R. and Zivelli, J. E. (1927), A Wanderer of the West, USA: Trem Carr Pictures.
    [Google Scholar]
58. Wister, O. (1902), The Virginian: A Horseman of the Plains, New York: Macmillan.
    [Google Scholar]
59. Wister, O. (1928), Hank’s Woman, New York: Macmillan.
    [Google Scholar]
60. Wyler, W. (1932), Tom Brown of Culver, USA: Universal Pictures.
    [Google Scholar]