Politics of phygital protests: Palestinian #GreatMarchofReturn discourse on Twitter

References

1. Abushbak, Ali M. and Majeed, Tawseef (2020), ‘The role of social media in mobilizing crowd protest: A case study of Palestinian anger against Israel’s military measures at Al-Aqsa Compound on Instagram’, Studies in Indian Place Names, 40:10, pp. 511–26, https://tpnsindia.org/index.php/sipn/article/view/5868. Accessed 21 March 2021.
   [Google Scholar]
2. Abushbak, Ali M., Majeed, Tawseef and Sinha, Atul (2023), ‘Instagram, censorship and civilian activism: The digital presence of the Israel–Palestine conflict narratives’, NIU International Journal of Human Rights, 10:1, pp. 162–71, https://niu.edu.in/niuijhr. Accessed 20 March 2023.
   [Google Scholar]
3. Alias, Norlidah, Sabdan, Muhammad Sayuti, Aziz, Khatimah Abdul, Mohammed, Mariani, Hamidon, Idaya Soraya and Jomhari, Nazean (2013), ‘Research trends and issues in the studies of Twitter: A content analysis of publications in selected journals (2007–2012)’, Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences, 103, pp. 773–80, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877042813038433. Accessed 11 September 2022.
   [Google Scholar]
4. Anden-Papadopoulos, Kari (2013), ‘Citizen camera-witnessing: Embodied political dissent in the age of mediated mass self-communication’, New Media & Society, 16:5, pp. 753–69, https://doi.org/10.1177/146144481348986.
   [Google Scholar]
5. Bae, Sujin (Christine), Sung, Eunyoung and Kwon, Ohbyung (2021), ‘Accounting for social media effects to improve the accuracy of infection Models: Combatting the COVID-19 pandemic and infodemic’, European Journal of Information Systems, 30:3, pp. 342–55, https://doi.org/10.1080/0960085X.2021.1890530.
   [Google Scholar]
6. Behrouzian, Golnoosh, Nisbet, Erik C., Dal, Aysenur and Çarkoğlu, Ali (2016), ‘Resisting censorship: How citizens navigate closed media environments’, International Journal of Communication, 10, pp. 4345–67, https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/4891. Accessed 23 October 2022.
   [Google Scholar]
7. Ben-David, A. (2014), ‘Israeli–Palestinian conflict’, in K. Harvey (ed.), Encyclopedia of Social Media and Politics, pp. 740–43, https://sk.sagepub.com/reference/encyclopedia-of-social-media-and-politics/n301.xml. Accessed 19 January 2021.
   [Google Scholar]
8. Bertel, M. Troels and Stald, Gitte (2013), ‘From SMS to SNS: The use of the internet on the mobile phone among young Danes’, in M. K. Cumiskey and L. Hjorth (eds), Mobile Media Practices, Presence and Politics: The Challenge of Being Seamlessly Mobile, London: Routledge, pp. 198–213.
   [Google Scholar]
9. Bruns, Axel (2007), ‘Produsage: Towards a broader framework for user-led content creation’, in Proceedings of 6th ACM SIGCHI Conference on Creativity and Cognition 2007, pp. 99–106, https://doi.org/10.1145/1254960.1254975.
   [Google Scholar]
10. Bruns, Axel, Highfield, Tim and Burgess, Jean (2013), ‘The Arab Spring and social media audiences’, American Behavioral Scientist, 57:7, pp. 871–98, https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764213479374.
    [Google Scholar]
11. Burum, Ivo (2016), Democratizing Journalism through Mobile Media: The Mojo Revolution, New York: Routledge.
    [Google Scholar]
12. Castells, Manuel (2015), Networks of Outrage and Hope: Social Movements in the Internet Age, Cambridge: Polity Press.
    [Google Scholar]
13. Chorev, Harel (2019), ‘Palestinian social media and lone-wolf attacks: Subculture, legitimization, and epidemic’, Terrorism and Political Violence, 31:6, pp. 1284–1306, https://doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2017.1341878.
    [Google Scholar]
14. Cottle, Simon (2011), ‘Media and the Arab uprisings of 2011: Research notes’, Journalism, 12:5, pp. 647–59, https://doi.org/10.1177/146488491141001.
    [Google Scholar]
15. Diamond, Larry (2010), ‘Liberation technology’, Journal of Democracy, 21:3, pp. 69–83, https://www.journalofdemocracy.org/articles/liberation-technology. Accessed 11 February 2022.
    [Google Scholar]
16. Fairclough, Norman (1995), Media Discourse, London: Hodder Arnold.
    [Google Scholar]
17. Fayyad, Huthifa (2019), ‘Gaza’s Great March of Return protests explained’, Al Jazeera, 30 March, https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/3/30/gazas-great-march-of-return-protests-explained. Accessed 12 April 2022.
18. Ferrara, Emilio and Yang, Zeyao (2015), ‘Measuring emotional contagion in social media’, PloS One, 10:11, pp. e0142390–14, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0142390.
    [Google Scholar]
19. Friedkin, E. Noah (2004), ‘Social cohesion’, Annual Review of Sociology, 30:1, pp. 409–25, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.soc.30.012703.110625.
    [Google Scholar]
20. Fuchs, Christian (2012), ‘Social media, riots, and revolutions’, Capital & Class, 36:3, pp. 383–91, https://doi.org/10.1177/030981681245361.
    [Google Scholar]
21. Galtung, Johan (1990), ‘Cultural violence’, Journal of Peace Research, 27:3, pp. 291–305, https://doi.org/10.1177/00223433900270030.
    [Google Scholar]
22. Gamlieli, Gilad (2016), Incitement on Social Media: The Fuel and Detonator of Palestinian Violence, Jerusalem: Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs, https://jcpa.org/the-knife-and-the-message-the-roots-of-the-new-palestinian-uprising/incitement-on-social-media-the-fuel-and-detonator-of-palestinian-violence. Accessed 21 July 2022.
    [Google Scholar]
23. Groves, Adam (2017), ‘“From Gaza to the streets of Britain”: British social media coverage of the 2014 Israel–Gaza conflict’, Jewish Culture and History, 18:3, pp. 331–49, https://doi.org/10.1080/1462169X.2017.1364051.
    [Google Scholar]
24. Hazboun, Ibrahim and Maoz, Ifat (2018), ‘Palestinian journalists turn to social media: Experiences and practices of covering the asymmetrical conflict in Jerusalem’, Conflict & Communication, 17:2, pp. 1–8, https://regener-online.de/journalcco/2018_2/pdf/hazboun-maoz2018.pdf. Accessed 29 December 2022.
    [Google Scholar]
25. Johansson, Anna and Vinthagen, Stellan (2015), ‘Dimensions of everyday resistance: The Palestinian Sumūd’, Journal of Political Power, 8:1, pp. 109–39, https://doi.org/10.1080/2158379X.2015.1010803.
    [Google Scholar]
26. Kanuka, Heather and Anderson, Terry (2003), E-Research: Methods, Strategies, and Issues, Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon.
    [Google Scholar]
27. Kuntsman, Adi and Stein, L. Rebecca (2015), Digital Militarism: Israel’s Occupation in the Social Media Age, Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
28. Ley, L. Barbara and Brewer, R. Paul (2018), ‘Social media, networked protest, and the March for Science’, Social Media+ Society, 4:3, https://doi.org/10.1177/205630511879340.
    [Google Scholar]
29. Majeed, Tawseef (2021), ‘Strategic journalism amid media repression in Kashmir’, Media Asia, 48:3, pp. 207–09, https://doi.org/10.1080/01296612.2021.1907948.
    [Google Scholar]
30. Majeed, Tawseef (2022), ‘Embedded authoritarianism: The politics of poor press freedom in Indian Kashmir’, Media, Culture & Society, 44:3, pp. 613–24, https://doi.org/10.1177/01634437211069973.
    [Google Scholar]
31. McDonald, A. David (2013), My Voice Is My Weapon: Music, Nationalism and the Poetics of Palestinian Resistance, Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
32. Meis, Mareike (2020), ‘The ambivalent aesthetics and perception of mobile phone videos: A (de-)escalating factor for the Syrian conflict’, in P. Budka and B. Bräuchler (eds), Theorising Media and Conflict, New York: Berghahn Books, pp. 76–95.
    [Google Scholar]
33. Mills, David, Gilbert, Mads and Wispelwey, Bram (2019), ‘Gaza’s Great March of Return: Humanitarian emergency and the silence of international health professionals’, BMJ Global Health, 4:3, pp. e001673–2, http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2019-001673.
    [Google Scholar]
34. Mollov, Ben (2006), ‘Managing conflict: Can religion succeed where politics has failed? An Israeli addresses a Global Peace Forum in Malaysia’, Jerusalem Viewpoints, 548, https://jcpa.org/article/managing-conflict-can-religion-succeed-where-politics-has-failed-an-israeli-addresses-a-global-peace-forum-in-malaysia. Accessed 24 January 2024.
    [Google Scholar]
35. Mor, Yifat, Ron, Yiftach and Maoz, Ifat (2016), ‘Likes for peace: Can Facebook promote dialogue in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict?’, Media and Communication, 3:4, pp. 15–26, https://doi.org/10.17645/mac.v4i1.298.
    [Google Scholar]
36. Morozov, Evgeny (2011), The Net Delusion: How Not to Liberate the World, New York: Public Affairs.
    [Google Scholar]
37. Mualla, S. Abu (2017), ‘Palestinian–Israeli cyber conflict: An analytical study of the Israeli propaganda on Facebook – Adraei’s page as an example’, Journal of the Arab American University, 3:2, pp. 52–75, https://digitalcommons.aaru.edu.jo/aaup/vol3/iss2/4. Accessed 13 June 2022.
    [Google Scholar]
38. Nachmani, Amikam (2001), ‘The Palestinian Intifada 1987–1993: The dynamics of symbols and symbolic realities, the role of symbols, rituals and myths in national struggles’, Civil Wars, 4:1, pp. 49–103, doi: 10.1080/13698240108402463.
    [Google Scholar]
39. Papacharissi, Zizi (2009), ‘The virtual sphere 2.0: The internet, the public sphere, and beyond’, in A. Chadwick and P. N. Howard (eds), Routledge Handbook of Internet Politics, London: Routledge, pp. 230–45.
    [Google Scholar]
40. Parmelee, H. John and Bichard, L. Shannon (2012), Politics and the Twitter Revolution: How Tweets Influence the Relationship Between Political Leaders and the Public, Lanham, MD: Lexington Books.
    [Google Scholar]
41. Patrikarakos, David (2017), War in 140 Characters: How Social Media is Reshaping Conflict in the Twenty-First Century, New York: Basic Books.
    [Google Scholar]
42. Segerberg, Alexandra and Bennett, W. Lance (2011), ‘Social media and the organization of collective action: Using Twitter to explore the ecologies of two climate change protests’, The Communication Review, 14:3, pp. 197–215, https://doi.org/10.1080/10714421.2011.597250.
    [Google Scholar]
43. Seo, Hyunjin (2014), ‘Visual propaganda in the age of social media: An empirical analysis of Twitter images during the 2012 Israeli–Hamas conflict’, Visual Communication Quarterly, 21:3, pp. 150–61, https://doi.org/10.1080/15551393.2014.955501.
    [Google Scholar]
44. Seo, Hyunjin and Ebrahim, Husain (2016), ‘Visual propaganda on Facebook: A comparative analysis of Syrian conflicts’, Media, War & Conflict, 9:3, pp. 227–51, https://doi.org/10.1177/1750635216661648.
    [Google Scholar]
45. Shirky, Clay (2011), ‘The political power of social media: Technology, the public sphere, and political change’, Foreign Affairs, 90:1, pp. 28–41, https://www.jstor.org/stable/25800379. Accessed 30 August 2022.
    [Google Scholar]
46. Singer, Peter Warren and Brooking, T. Emerson (2018), Likewar: The Weaponization of Social Media, New York: Eamon Dolan Books.
    [Google Scholar]
47. Skare, Erik (2016), Digital Jihad: Palestinian Resistance in the Digital Era, London: Zed Books.
    [Google Scholar]
48. Stone, Tobias (2017), ‘You thought you knew about social networks’, Medium, 13 October, https://medium.com/s/social-network-theory/you-thought-you-knew-about-social-networks-50f2937fdc1a. Accessed 14 August 2022.
49. Stromer-Galley, Jennifer (2004), ‘Interactivity-as-product and interactivity-as-process’, The Information Society, 20:5, pp. 391–94, https://doi.org/10.1080/01972240490508081.
    [Google Scholar]
50. Trice, Michael and Jones, John (2020), ‘The challenge of networked democracy’, in M. Trice and J. Jones (eds), Platforms, Protests, and the Challenge of Networked Democracy, Cham: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 1–13.
    [Google Scholar]
51. Tufekci, Zeynep (2017), Twitter and Tear Gas: The Power and Fragility of Networked Protest, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
52. Yarchi, Moran and Ayalon, Ami (2020), ‘Fighting over the image: The Israeli−Palestinian conflict in the Gaza Strip 2018−19’, Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 46:2, pp. 123–36, https://doi.org/10.1080/1057610X.2020.1751461.
    [Google Scholar]
53. Zein, Hatem and Abusalem, Ali (2015), ‘Social media and war on Gaza: A battle on virtual space to galvanise support and falsify Israel story’, Athens Journal of Mass Media and Communications, 1:2, pp. 109–20, https://doi.org/10.30958/ajmmc.1-2-2.
    [Google Scholar]
54. Zeitzoff, Thomas (2018), ‘Does social media influence conflict? Evidence from the 2012 Gaza conflict’, Journal of Conflict Resolution, 62:1, pp. 29–63, https://doi.org/10.1177/0022002716650925.
    [Google Scholar]
55. Zuckerman, Ethan (2020), ‘What is digital public infrastructure?’, Center for Journalism and Liberty November, 17 November, https://www.journalismliberty.org/publications/what-is-digital-public-infrastructure. Accessed 30 August 2022.