K11 alternative diplomacies: Penetrating the global arts markets | Intellect Skip to content
1981
Volume 10, Issue 3
  • ISSN: 2051-7041
  • E-ISSN: 2051-705X

Abstract

This article explores structure, motivations and cross-cultural mechanics of operations of alternative cultural diplomacy in China, performed by K11. The K11 Art Mall franchise, opened in Hong Kong in 2008 by Chinese billionaire Adrian Cheng, has established its visible presence in the global arts markets by supporting contemporary Chinese artists and sponsoring major international arts residencies and large-scale events and exhibitions. Deconstructing and exploring the neo-liberal multilateral nature of K11 diplomacy, the research questions how K11 operates and navigates the international communication complexities within the global arts market. It analyses how this diplomacy is different from government-led bilateral cultural diplomacy of China and why it creates less frictions and contradictions on the international level. The article reveals that the rapid integration of K11 into the international art market is a combination of different factors. Beyond the economic power of K11 to sponsor major international events in collaboration with prestigious partners, it also possesses more flexibility and tolerance to navigate the normative environments of the ‘epistemic community’ of the global arts world, which do not always work well with national authoritative regime’s pressures. However, positioning itself as an apolitical player with a global vision, K11 is dominating a niche within the national art market, where it does not compete with state authorities. Moreover, it generates a high economic and cultural capital in China by nurturing contemporary Chinese arts and raising their prestige and value on the international level.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1386/jcca_00090_1
2023-12-08
2024-04-29
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

References

  1. Adler, Emanuel and Faubert, Michael (2022), Epistemic Communities of Practice, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009052504.003.
    [Google Scholar]
  2. Anon. (2021), ‘China says it will be a “museum power” by 2035’, Economist, 10 June, https://www.economist.com/china/2021/06/10/china-says-it-will-be-a-museum-power-by-2035. Accessed 19 August 2023.
    [Google Scholar]
  3. Archer, Anita (2022), Chinese Contemporary Art in the Global Auction Market, Leiden: Brill.
    [Google Scholar]
  4. Art Curator (AC) (2023), personal interview with Natalia Grincheva, 20 April.
  5. Artprice (2022), ‘The art market in 2022’, https://www.artprice.com/artprice-reports/the-art-market-in-2022/key-figures-for-2022/. Accessed 19 August 2023.
  6. Banerjee, Bobby Subhabrata (2014), ‘A critical perspective on corporate social responsibility’, Critical Perspectives on International Business, 10:1&2, pp. 8495, https://doi.org/10.1108/cpoib-06-2013-0021.
    [Google Scholar]
  7. Beck, Ulrich (2001), ‘Redefining power in the global age: Eight theses’, DISSENT, 3:1, pp. 8389.
    [Google Scholar]
  8. Beck, Ulrich (2006), The Cosmopolitan Vision, Cambridge: Polity Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  9. Becker, Howard (1982), Art Worlds, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  10. Broome, Andre, and Quirk, Jel (2015), ‘Governing the world at a distance: The practice of global benchmarking’, Review of International Studies, 41:5, pp. 81941, https://doi.org/10.1017/s0260210515000340.
    [Google Scholar]
  11. Cheng, Adrian (2018), e-mail interview with Natalia Grincheva, 3 October.
  12. Clover, Charles and Sherry, Fei Ju (2018), ‘China’s diplomacy budget doubles under Xi Jinping’, Financial Times, 6 March, https://www.ft.com/content/2c750f94-2123-11e8-a895-1ba1f72c2c11. Accessed 19 August 2023.
    [Google Scholar]
  13. Cold-Ravnkilde, Signe Marie, Engberg-Pedersen, Lars and Fejerskov, Adam Moe (2018), ‘Global norms and heterogeneous development organizations’, Progress in Development Studies, 18:2, pp. 7794, https://doi.org/10.1177/1464993417750289.
    [Google Scholar]
  14. Djelic, Marie-Laure and Sahlin-Andersson, Kerstin (2008), Transnational Governance: Institutional Dynamics of Regulation, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  15. Forbes, Alexander (2018), ‘The man building a new culture for Chinese Millennials: One art mall at a time’, Artsy, 22 March, https://www.artsy.net/article/artsy-editorial-adrian-cheng-building-new-culture-chinese-millennials-one-art-mall-time. Accessed 19 August 2023.
  16. Geenens, Raf and Tinnevelt, Ronald (2009), Does Truth Matter: Democracy and Public Space, New York: Springer.
    [Google Scholar]
  17. Goff, Patricia (2020), ‘Cultural diplomacy’, in N. Snow and N. Cull (eds), Routledge Handbook of Public Diplomacy, New York: Routledge, pp. 3037.
    [Google Scholar]
  18. Grincheva, Natalia (2019), Global Trends in Museum Diplomacy, London: Routledge.
    [Google Scholar]
  19. Grincheva, Natalia (2022), ‘The future of cultural diplomacy: From digital to algorithmic’, in Y. Jung, N. Vakharia and M. Vecco (eds), The Oxford Handbook of Arts and Cultural Management, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 115.
    [Google Scholar]
  20. Gu, Xin and O’Connor, Justin (2019), ‘(Un)design, commerce and artistic autonomy: Site-specific art in China’, in G. Coombs, A. Mcnamara and G. Sade (eds), Undesign: Critical Practices at the Intersection of Art and Design, London: Routledge, pp. 13749.
    [Google Scholar]
  21. Haas, Peter M. (1992), ‘Introduction: Epistemic communities and international policy coordination’, International Organization, 46:1, pp. 135, https://doi.org/10.1017/s0020818300001442.
    [Google Scholar]
  22. Habermas, Jurgen (2001), The Postnational Constellation, Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  23. Hoffman, Aaron (2006), Building Trust: Overcoming Suspicion in International Conflict, Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  24. Hory, Khai (2023), personal interview with Natalia Grincheva, 21 April.
  25. Hsieh, I-Yi (2021), ‘Art malls and popular collecting in post-socialist China’, in E. Lazzaro, N. Moureau and A. Turpin (eds), Researching Art Markets, New York: Routledge, pp. 5162.
    [Google Scholar]
  26. K11 (2023), ‘Kollection’, https://www.k11.com/corp/art/k11-kollection/. Accessed 19 August 2023.
  27. K11 Art Foundation (KAF) (2015), Art Diary, Hong Kong: K11.
    [Google Scholar]
  28. K11 Art Foundation (KAF) (2021), ‘Art diary’, https://www.k11artfoundation.org/uploads/files/Art%20Diary%202021.pdf. Accessed 19 August 2023.
  29. K11 Art Foundation (KAF) (2023), ‘Vision and mission’, https://www.k11artfoundation.org/en/about. Accessed 19 August 2023.
  30. Kharchenkova, Svetlana, Komarova, Natalya and Velthuis, Olav (2015), ‘Official art organizations in the emerging markets of China and Russia’, in O. Velthuis and S. B. Curioni (eds), Cosmopolitan Canvases: The Globalization of Markets for Contemporary Art, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 78101.
    [Google Scholar]
  31. Kharchenkova, Svetlana and Velthuis, Olav (2018), ‘How to become a judgment device: Valuation practices and the role of auctions in the emerging Chinese art market’, Socio-Economic Review, 16:3, pp. 45977.
    [Google Scholar]
  32. Kok, Jenevieve (2023), ‘City as Studio: A graffiti and street art exhibition by K11 MUSEA and K11 Art Foundation’, The Artling, 16 March, https://theartling.com/en/artzine/city-as-studio-a-graffiti-and-street-art-exhibition-by-k11-musea-and-k11-art-foundation/. Accessed 19 August 2023.
  33. Leo, Ross (2018), personal interview with Natalia Grincheva, 17 July.
  34. MacKay, Joseph (2022), ‘Art world fields and global hegemonies’, International Studies Quarterly, 66:3, pp. 112.
    [Google Scholar]
  35. Mathews, Jessica (1997), ‘Power shift’, Foreign Affairs, 76:1, pp. 5066.
    [Google Scholar]
  36. Melissen, Jan (2005), The New Public Diplomacy: Soft Power in International Relations, New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
    [Google Scholar]
  37. Morlino, Leonardo and Magen, Amichai (2009), ‘Methods of influence, layers of impact, cycles of change: A framework for analysis’, in A. Magen and L. Morlino (eds), International Actors, Democratization and the Rule of Law, London: Routledge, pp. 125.
    [Google Scholar]
  38. Nye, Joseph (2021), ‘Soft power: The evolution of a concept’, Journal of Political Power, 14:1, pp. 113.
    [Google Scholar]
  39. Payne, Anthony (2000), ‘Globalization and modes of regionalist governance’, in J. Pierre (ed.), Debating Governance: Authority, Steering and Democracy, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 20118.
    [Google Scholar]
  40. Peters, Fabienne (2004), ‘Choice, consent, and the legitimacy of market transactions’, Economics and Philosophy, 20:1, pp. 118.
    [Google Scholar]
  41. Pollack, Barbara (2019), ‘Pace Gallery closes Beijing branch: Arne Glimcher: “It’s impossible to do business in mainland China right now”’, ARTnews, 8 July, https://www.artnews.com/art-news/market/pace-gallery-closes-beijing-branch-12935/. Accessed 19 August 2023.
    [Google Scholar]
  42. Preece, Chloe (2014), ‘The branding of contemporary Chinese art and its politics’, Arts Marketing: An International Journal, 4:1&2, pp. 2544.
    [Google Scholar]
  43. Pugh, Jonathan (2009), ‘The spaces of democracy and the democracy of space: A new network exploring the disciplinary effects of the spatial turn’, Space and Polity, 13:2, pp. 15964.
    [Google Scholar]
  44. Quemin, Alain (2013), ‘International contemporary art fairs in a “globalized” art market’, European Societies, 15:2, pp. 16277.
    [Google Scholar]
  45. Risse, Thomas (2000), ‘“Let’s argue!”: Communicative action in world politics’, International Organization, 54:1, pp. 139, https://doi.org/10.1162/002081800551109.
    [Google Scholar]
  46. Rosenau, James and Czempiel, Ernst (1992), Governance Without Government: Order and Change in World Politics, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  47. Scherer, Andreas Georg and Palazzo, Guido (2011), ‘The new political role of business in a globalized world: A review of a new perspective on CSR and its implications for the firm, governance, and democracy’, Journal of Management Studies, 48:4, pp. 899931.
    [Google Scholar]
  48. Sevin, Efe (2017), ‘A multi-layered approach to public diplomacy evaluation: Pathways of connection’, Politics and Policy, 45:5, pp. 879901.
    [Google Scholar]
  49. Silverman, Erica (2023), ‘City as Studio at K11 Musea in Hong Kong is a love letter to street art’, Whitewall Art, 22 March, https://whitewall.art/art/city-as-studio-at-k11-musea-in-hong-kong-is-a-love-letter-to-street-art. Accessed 19 August 2023.
    [Google Scholar]
  50. Velthuis, Olav and Brandellero, Amanda (2018), ‘Introduction to Special Issue on global art markets’, Poetics, 71:1, pp. 16.
    [Google Scholar]
  51. Velthuis, Olav and Curioni, Stefano Baia (2015), Cosmopolitan Canvases, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  52. Villanueva, Cesar (2010), ‘Cosmopolitan constructivism: Mapping a road to the future of cultural diplomacy’, Public Diplomacy Magazine, 4:1, pp. 4556.
    [Google Scholar]
  53. Wang, Yingyao (2016), ‘Homology and isomorphism: Bourdieu in conversation with new institutionalism’, The British Journal of Sociology, 67:2, pp. 34870.
    [Google Scholar]
  54. Wolf, Klaus Dieter (2008), ‘Emerging patterns of global governance: The new interplay between the state, business and civil society’, in A. G. Scherer and G. Palazzo (eds), Handbook of Research on Global Corporate Citizenship, Sheffield: Edward Elgar, pp. 22548.
    [Google Scholar]
  55. Zhang, Lin and Frazier, Taj (2015), ‘“Playing the Chinese Card”: Globalization and the aesthetic strategies of Chinese contemporary artists’, International Journal of Cultural Studies, 20:6, pp. 56784, https://doi.org/10.1177/1367877915600554.
    [Google Scholar]
http://instance.metastore.ingenta.com/content/journals/10.1386/jcca_00090_1
Loading
This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a success
Invalid data
An error occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error