Against the devil’s metal: Christian public discursive strategies against metal concerts and festivals in Czechia and Slovakia | Intellect Skip to content
1981
  1. Home
  2. A-Z Publications
  3. Metal Music Studies
  4. Volume 8, Issue 2
  5. Article
Volume 8, Issue 2
  • ISSN: 2052-3998
  • E-ISSN: 2052-4005

Abstract

In the context of a process of return of religion to the public sphere, this article deals with Christian discursive strategies in public struggles against selected metal concerts and festivals since 2013 in highly secularized Czechia and in Slovakia with a close connection of religion (especially the Catholic Church) to the state. Membership categorization analysis identified three main categories used in the construction of metal as an enemy: ‘religious struggle’, ‘danger for society/state’ and ‘danger for morality and health of individuals’. Christian opponents of metal use in their discourse sets of rhetorical tactics with both religious (i.e. fight against Satan) and secular pieces (i.e. supposed extremism of some bands) to mobilize Christian community and also to attract politics and the public. In Czechia it was targeted mainly to the Christian minority and local politics, while in Slovakia religious actors were able to mobilize broader networks against metal concerts/festivals, including nation-wide politics.

Funding
This study was supported by the:
  • Return of Religion to the Public Space: Czecho-Slovak Comparison (Award GA17-02917S)
  • Institute of Sociology of the Czech Academy of Sciences
© 2022 Intellect Ltd
Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1386/mms_00077_1
2022-06-01
2024-05-02
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

References

  1. Anastasiya ( 2016;), ‘ BATUSHKA interview: “Everything that I wanted to tell is in the music, in the lyrics and in the cover art”. ’, HitKiller, 12 April, http://www.hitkiller.com/batushka-interview-everything-that-i-wanted-to-tell-is-in-the-music-in-the-lyrics-and-in-the-cover-art.html. Accessed 22 June 2020.
     [Google Scholar]
  2. Anastezia ( 2014;), ‘ Power of veto: Forbidden bands in Russia. ’, Noizr, 17 December, https://noizr.com/articles/power-of-veto-forbidden-bands-in-russia/:128/. Accessed 22 June 2020.
     [Google Scholar]
  3. Anon. ( 2014a;), ‘ Extrémna hudba. ’, Týždeň, 16 August, https://www.tyzden.sk/casopis/16118/extr-mna-hudba/. Accessed 20 March 2022.
     [Google Scholar]
  4. Anon. ( 2014b;), ‘ Organizátor metalového festivalu v Novej Bani: Toto už naozaj nepotrebujem. ’, Život, 20 August, https://zivot.pluska.sk/reportaze/organizator-metaloveho-festivalu-novej-bani-toto-naozaj-nepotrebujem. Accessed 31 March 2022.
     [Google Scholar]
  5. Anon. ( 2016a;), ‘ Orthodox Christian activists demanded to ban the concerts of a Polish band Batushka. ’, Orthodox Christians, 10 February, http://orthodoxrights.org/orthodox-christian-activists-demanded-to-ban-the-concerts-of-a-polish-band-batushka.html. Accessed 22 June 2020.
     [Google Scholar]
  6. Anon. ( 2016b;), ‘ Rehoľníci broja proti koncertu Iron Maiden: Zakážte ich, velebia satana!. ’, Plus jeden deň, 8 June, https://www1.pluska.sk/regiony/stredne-slovensko/reholnici-broja-proti-koncertu-iron-maiden-zakazte-ich-velebia-satana. Accessed 31 March 2022.
     [Google Scholar]
  7. Anon. ( 2017;), ‘ Satanisti ve Snině: Festival Rock pod Kameňom bojuje s církví. ’, Spark, 27 June, https://www.spark-rockmagazine.cz/satanisti-ve-snine-festival-rock-pod-kamenom-bojuje-s-cirkvi. Accessed 31 March 2022.
     [Google Scholar]
  8. Bourdieu, Pierre. ( 1984), Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgment of Taste, Cambridge, MA:: Harvard University Press;.
     [Google Scholar]
  9. Bourdieu, Pierre. ( 1986;), ‘ The forms of capital. ’, in J. G. Richardson. (ed.), Handbook of Theory and Research for the Sociology of Education, Westport, CT:: Greenwood;, pp. 241–58.
     [Google Scholar]
  10. Casanova, José. ( 1994), Public Religions in the Modern World, Chicago, IL:: University of Chicago Press;.
     [Google Scholar]
  11. Český statistický úřad ( 2022;), ‘ Náboženská víra. ’, 31 March, https://www.czso.cz/csu/scitani2021/nabozenska-vira. Accessed 31 March 2022.
  12. Christe, Ian. ( 2005), Ďáblův hlas: Heavy Metal – Kompletní historie pro znalce, Prague:: BB/art;.
     [Google Scholar]
  13. Čop, Ján,, Vološin, Peter. and poslanci MsZ ( 2017;), ‘ Dištancovanie sa od festivalu. , Rock pod Kameňom’, Snina, 29 June, https://www.snina.sk/e_download.php?file=data%2Furedni_deska%2Fobsah372_50.pdf&original=57. Accessed 22 June 2020.
     [Google Scholar]
  14. Fiala, Petr. ( 2007), Laboratoř sekularizace: Náboženství a politika v ne-náboženské společnosti: český případ, Brno:: Centrum pro studium demokracie a kultury;.
     [Google Scholar]
  15. Fiss, Joelle. ( 2016), Anti-Blasphemy Offensives in the Digital Age: When Hardliners Take Over, Washington, DC:: The Brookings;.
     [Google Scholar]
  16. Forgáč, Peter,, Gáborík, Pavol,, Kožuch, Branislav,, Beňa, Vlastimil,, Poloha, Slavomír,, Slovák, Július,, Strežo, Pavol,, Strojný, Peter,, Šefranko, Martin, and Filo, Eduard. ( 2014;), ‘ Otvorený list ministrovi kultúry Slovenskej republiky a prezidentovi Policajného zboru Slovenskej republiky ohľadne plánovaného festivalu Gothoom Open Air Fest 2014 v Novej Bani. ’, Peticie, 22 July, https://www.peticie.com/gothoom_2014_otvoreny_list_ministrovi_kultury_prezidentovi_pz. Accessed 22 June 2020.
     [Google Scholar]
  17. Foucault, Michel. ( 2002), The Archaeology of Knowledge, London and New York:: Routledge;.
     [Google Scholar]
  18. Gee, James P.. ( 2001), An Introduction to Discourse Analysis: Theory and Method, London and New York:: Routledge;.
     [Google Scholar]
  19. Gorski, Philip S.,, Kim, David K.,, Torpey, John, and VanAntwerpen, Jonathan. ( 2012;), ‘ The post-secular in question. ’, in P. S. Gorski,, D. K. Kim,, J. Torpey, and J. VanAntwerpen. (eds), The Post-Secular in Question: Religion in Contemporary Society, London and New York:: Social Science Research Council and New York University;, pp. 1–22.
     [Google Scholar]
  20. Guibert, Gérôme, and Sklower, Jedediah. ( 2011;), ‘ Hellfest: The thing that should not be? Local perceptions and Catholic discourses on metal culture in France. ’, Popular Music History, 6:1&2, pp. 100–15.
     [Google Scholar]
  21. Habermas, Jürgen. ( 1991;), ‘ The public sphere. ’, in C. Mukerji, and M. Schudson. (eds), Rethinking Popular Culture: Contemporary Perspectives in Cultural Studies, Berkeley, CA, Los Angeles, CA and London:: University of California Press;, pp. 398–404.
     [Google Scholar]
  22. Hamplová, Dana. ( 2013), Náboženství v české společnosti na prahu 3. tisíciletí, Prague:: Karolinum;.
     [Google Scholar]
  23. Hann, Miachael. ( 2021;), ‘ Nergal: The extreme metal musician fighting Poland’s blasphemy laws. ’, The Guardian, 18 March, https://www.theguardian.com/music/2021/mar/18/nergal-the-extreme-metal-musician-fighting-poland-blasphemy-laws. Accessed 31 March 2022.
     [Google Scholar]
  24. Havlena, David. ( 2017;), ‘ Arch Enemy: S ďáblem se nepřátelíme. ’, Fakker, 4:4, pp. 16–20.
     [Google Scholar]
  25. Havlíček, Tomáš. ( 2020;), ‘ Obecné rámce postsekularismu. ’, in T. Havlíček,, K. Klingorová,, A. Beláňová,, P. Dostál,, Z. R. Nešpor, and Z. Vojtíšek., Postsekularismus v Česku: Trendy a regionální souvislosti, Prague:: P3K;, pp. 15–27.
     [Google Scholar]
  26. Hjelm, Titus,, Kahn-Harris, Keith, and LeVine, Mark. ( 2011;), ‘ Heavy metal as controversy and counterculture. ’, Popular Music History, 6:1&2, pp. 5–18.
     [Google Scholar]
  27. Jarabica, Matej R.,, Jarabica, Bernard M.,, Chlebek, Michal M., and Mazúr, Charbel P.. ( 2016;), ‘ Listy proti satanskému koncertu Iron Maiden v Žiline. ’, Spoločnosť svätého Bazila Veľkého, 8 April, http://www.spolocnostsbm.com/clanky/listy/listy-proti-satanskemu-koncertu-iron-maiden-v-ziline.html. Accessed 31 March 2019.
     [Google Scholar]
  28. Juergensmeyer, Mark. ( 2001), Terror in the Mind of God: The Global Rise of Religious Violence, Berkeley, CA, Los Angeles, CA and London:: University of California Press;.
     [Google Scholar]
  29. Kahn-Harris, Keith. ( 2007), Extreme Metal: Music and Culture on the Edge, Oxford and New York:: Berg;.
     [Google Scholar]
  30. Kainová, Marcela. ( 2016;), ‘ Za zrušením koncertu stojí také faráři. Klobouky plní internet. ’, Zlínský deník, 17 November, https://zlinsky.denik.cz/zpravy_region/za-zrusenim-koncertu-stoji-take-farari-klobouky-plni-internet-20161117.html. Accessed 15 June 2019.
     [Google Scholar]
  31. Krovatin, Chris. ( 2019;), ‘ 74 lashes: What it’s like to be a metal band In Iran. ’, Kerrang, 5 September, https://www.kerrang.com/features/74-lashes-what-its-like-to-be-a-metal-band-in-iran/. Accessed 19 June 2020.
     [Google Scholar]
  32. Lata, Vlastimil. ( 2020;), ‘ Co stojí za zrušením koncertu root ve vizovicích?. ’, Orbis Metallum, 16 September, https://www.metallum.cz/novinky/co-stoji-za-zrusenim-koncertu-root-ve-vizovicich/. Accessed 31 March 2022.
     [Google Scholar]
  33. LeVine, Mark. ( 2008), Heavy Metal Islam: Rock, Resistance, and the Struggle for the Soul of Islam, New York:: Broadway Books;.
     [Google Scholar]
  34. Lukášová, Eva. ( 2016;), ‘ Fanoušci sepisují petici, chtějí zrušit koncert křesťanské kapely. ’, Zlínský deník, 21 November, https://zlinsky.denik.cz/kultura_region/fanousci-sepisuji-petici-chteji-zrusit-koncert-krestanske-kapely-20161121.html. Accessed 31 March 2022.
     [Google Scholar]
  35. Martikainen, Jari. ( 2020;), ‘ Membership categorization analysis as means of studying person perception. ’, Qualitative Research in Psychology, 19:3, pp. 703–21, https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14780887.2020.1794089. Accessed 31 March 2022.
     [Google Scholar]
  36. Mercer-Taylor, Peter. ( 2014;), ‘ Between hymn and horror film: How do we listen to Cradle of Filth?. ’, in C. H. Partridge, and E. S. Christianson. (eds), The Lure of the Dark Side: Satan and Western Demonology in Popular Culture, London and New York:: Routledge;, pp. 39–59.
     [Google Scholar]
  37. Miklaras ( 2017;), ‘ Zakázaná účast Root v Prešově. ’, Obscuro, 25 March, https://obscuro.cz/zakazana-ucast-root-v-presove/. Accessed 30 March 2022.
     [Google Scholar]
  38. Moberg, Marcus. ( 2009;), ‘ Popular culture and the “darker side” of alternative spirituality: The case of metal music. ’, Scripta Instituti Donneriani Aboensis, 21, pp. 110–28.
     [Google Scholar]
  39. Moberg, Marcus. ( 2012;), ‘ Religion in popular music or popular music as religion? A critical review of scholarly writing on the place of religion in metal music and culture. ’, Popular Music and Society, 35:1, pp. 113–30.
     [Google Scholar]
  40. Moberg, Marcus. ( 2015), Christian Metal: History, Ideology, Scene, London, New Delhi, New York and Sydney:: Bloomsbury;.
     [Google Scholar]
  41. Moberg, Marcus. ( 2022), Religion, Discourse, and Society: Towards a Discursive Sociology of Religion, Abingdon and New York:: Routledge;.
     [Google Scholar]
  42. Motyka, Michal. ( 2014;), ‘ KDH: Kresťansko demokratické hnutie. ’, TinyPic, 6 June, http://i62.tinypic.com/263eww1.jpg. Accessed 15 June 2019.
     [Google Scholar]
  43. Nekvapil, Jiří. ( 2006;), ‘ Úvodem k monotematikému číslu “Analýza promluv a textů, analýza diskurzu”. ’, Sociologiký časopis: Czech Sociological Review, 42:2, pp. 263–67.
     [Google Scholar]
  44. Nekvapil, Jiří, and Leudar, Ivan. ( 2006;), ‘ Prezentace událostí 21. 9. 2001: Bush, bin Ládin a jiní v interakci. ’, Sociologiký časopis: Czech Sociological Review, 42:2, pp. 353–77.
     [Google Scholar]
  45. Nešpor, Zdeněk R.. ( 2004;), ‘ Religious processes in contemporary Czech society. ’, Sociologický časopis: Czech Sociological Review, 40:3, pp. 277–95.
     [Google Scholar]
  46. Nešpor, Zdeněk R.. ( 2010), Příliš slábi ve víře: Česká ne/religiozita v evropském kontextu, Prague:: Kalich;.
     [Google Scholar]
  47. Nešpor, Zdeněk R.. ( 2020), Česká a slovenská religiozita po rozpadu společného státu: Náboženství Dioskúrů, Prague:: Karolinum;.
     [Google Scholar]
  48. Nová Baňa ( 2014;), ‘ Zápisnica zo zasadnutia Mestského zastupiteľstva v Novej Bani. ’, 6 August, https://www.novabana.sk/files/filelist/159/nbdoku_2014_20069-1.pdf. Accessed 20 June 2020.
  49. Novy Cas, ee ( 2017;), ‘ Organizátor festivalu v Snine reaguje na varovanie pred démonickým zamorením: Krok, ktorý od neho nik nečakal!. ’, Nový čas, 30 June, https://www.cas.sk/clanok/566915/organizator-festivalu-v-snine-reaguje-na-varovanie-pred-demonickym-zamorenim-krok-ktory-od-neho-nik-necakal/. Accessed 31 March 2022.
     [Google Scholar]
  50. Oliver ( 2015;), ‘ Prosba o zapojení se do duchovního boje proti uskutečnění festivalu “HELL FAST ATTACK” v Brně. ’, Farnost Šitbořice – Internetové Stránky římskokatolické farnosti Šitbořice, 25 June, https://www.farnostsitborice.cz/2015/06/25/prosba-o-zapojeni-se-do-duchovniho-boje-proti-uskutecneni-festivalu-hell-fast-attack-v-brne/. Accessed 31 March 2019.
     [Google Scholar]
  51. Otriová, Jana. ( 2017;), ‘ Dvaja sninskí poslanci varujú pred satanizmom na rockovom festivale. ’, Korzár Horný Zemplín, 26 June, https://hornyzemplin.korzar.sme.sk/c/20568704/dvaja-sninski-poslanci-varuju-pred-satanizmom-na-rockovom-festivale.html#axzz4lE1rtv7D. Accessed 31 March 2022.
     [Google Scholar]
  52. Otterbeck, Jonas,, Mattsson, Douglas, and Pastene, Orlando. ( 2018;), ‘ “I am Satan!” Black metal, Islam and blasphemy in Turkey and Saudi Arabia. ’, Contemporary Islam, 12:3, pp. 267–86.
     [Google Scholar]
  53. Partridge, Christopher H.. ( 2005), The Re-Enchantment of the West: Volume 2: Alternative Spiritualities, Sacralization, Popular Culture, and Occulture, London and New York:: T&T Clark International;.
     [Google Scholar]
  54. Petersen, Jesper A.. ( 2005;), ‘ Modern Satanism: Dark doctrines and black flames. ’, in J. R. Lewis, and J. A. Petersen. (eds), Controversial New Religions, Oxford and New York:: Oxford University Press;, pp. 423–57.
     [Google Scholar]
  55. Phillipov, Michelle. ( 2011;), ‘ Extreme music for extreme people? Norwegian black metal and transcendent violence. ’, Popular Music History, 6:1&2, pp. 150–63.
     [Google Scholar]
  56. Rapčanová, Slavomíra. ( 2017;), ‘ Kontroverzia a verejná diskusia okolo slovenského metalového festivalu Gothoom. ’, Sacra, 15:2, pp. 33–49.
     [Google Scholar]
  57. ROOT Official ( 2017;), ‘ Zakázané vystoupení ROOT v Prešově!. ’, 24 March, https://www.facebook.com/396971113678944/posts/1444583342251044/. Accessed 31 March 2022.
  58. Skácel, Petr. ( 2020;), ‘ Metalové kapele zrušili na Zlínsku další koncert, prý je extremistická. ’, Idnes, 25 September, https://www.idnes.cz/zlin/zpravy/root-torr-metal-satanismus-koncert-vizovice-zruseni.A200925_572976_zlin-zpravy_ras. Accessed 31 March 2022.
     [Google Scholar]
  59. Škarda, Petr. ( 2008;), ‘ BigBoss: Kdo je úspěšný, je satanista. ’, Brněnský deník, 28 April, https://brnensky.denik.cz/serialy/bigboss-kdo-je-uspesny-je-satanista20080428.html. Accessed 31 March 2022.
     [Google Scholar]
  60. Slezáková, Magdalena. ( 2017;), ‘ “Démonické zamoření”, bijí slovenští radní na poplach kvůli metalovému festivalu. Povolali exorcistu. ’, Irozhlas, 29 June, https://www.irozhlas.cz/kultura/hudba/slovensko-rock-pod-kamenom-metal-festival-exorcista_1706292115_mls. Accessed 31 March 2022.
     [Google Scholar]
  61. Společenství nadačního fondu Creda ( 2015;), ‘ Prosba o zapojení se do duchovního boje proti uskutečnění festivalu s názvem “HELL FAST ATTACK” v Brně. ’, Fatym, 18 June, https://www.fatym.com/view.php?cisloclanku=2015060121. Accessed 30 March 2022.
     [Google Scholar]
  62. Spoločenstvo svätého Jozefa ( 2013;), ‘ Iron Maiden, nie ste tu vítaní!. ’, Peticie, 4 June, https://www.peticie.com/iron_maiden_nie_ste_tu_vitani. Accessed 31 March 2022.
     [Google Scholar]
  63. Spoločenstvo svätého Jozefa – Kresťanská iniciatíva z Považia ( 2016;), ‘ Za slovensko bez Iron Maiden 2016. ’, https://ssvj.webnode.sk/za-slovensko-bez-iron-maiden-2016/. Accessed 30 March 2022.
  64. Spravce ( 2015;), ‘ Akce: Nebezpečný festival – modlete se za zrušení – “HELL FASTATTACK” = Peklo útočí rychle. ’, 7den, 25 June, http://www.7den.cz/akce-nebezpecny-festival-modlete-se-za-zruseni-hell-fastattack-peklo-utoci-rychle/. Accessed 30 March 2022.
     [Google Scholar]
  65. Štatistický úrad SR ( 2022;), ‘ Náboženské vyznanie. ’, Sčítanie obyvateľov, domov a bytov 2021, https://www.scitanie.sk/k-rimskokatolickemu-vyznaniu-sa-prihlasilo-56-obyvateov. Accessed 30 March 2022.
     [Google Scholar]
  66. TASR ( 2014;), ‘ Europoslankyňa KDH podporila petíciu kresťansky orientovaných obyvateľov Novej Bane, ktorí žiadajú zákaz augustového festivalu Gothoom Fest 2014. ’, Teraz, 25 July, http://www.teraz.sk/slovensko/zaborska-gothoom-metal-nova-bana/92618-clanok.html. Accessed 29 March 2022.
     [Google Scholar]
  67. Thornton, Sarah. ( 1997;), ‘ The social logic of subcultural capital. ’, in K. Gelder, and S. Thornton. (eds), The Subcultures Reader, London:: Routledge;, pp. 200–09.
     [Google Scholar]
  68. Tížik, Miroslav. ( 2011), Náboženstvo vo verejnom životě na Slovensku: Zápas o ideový charakter štátu a spoločnosti, Bratislava:: Sociologický ústav SAV;.
     [Google Scholar]
  69. Tížik, Miroslav. ( 2017;), ‘ Slovakia: Secularization of public life and desecularization of the state. ’, in J. Nelis,, C. Sägesser, and J. Schreiber. (eds), Religion and Secularism in the European Union: State of Affairs and Current Debates, Brussels, Bern, Berlin, Frankfurt am Main, New York, Oxford and Vienna:: P.I.E Peter Lang;, pp. 161–67.
     [Google Scholar]
  70. Václavík, David. ( 2010), Náboženství a moderní česká společnost, Prague:: Grada;.
     [Google Scholar]
  71. Vido, Roman. ( 2017;), ‘ The Czech Republic: New challenges for churches in highly secularized society. ’, in J. Nelis,, C. Sägesser, and J. Schreiber. (eds), Religion and Secularism in the European Union: State of Affairs and Current Debates, Brussels, Bern, Berlin, Frankfurt am Main, New York, Oxford and Vienna:: P.I.E Peter Lang;, pp. 45–50.
     [Google Scholar]
  72. Vilček, Ivan. ( 2013;), ‘ Slovenští kněží brojí proti Iron Maiden. ’, Novinky, 15 June, https://www.novinky.cz/kultura/clanek/slovensti-knezi-broji-proti-iron-maiden-194120. Accessed 30 March 2022.
     [Google Scholar]
  73. Vrzal, Miroslav. ( 2015;), ‘ Okultní aspekty v metalové hudbě: Od hororového stylu k temné spiritualitě. ’, Sacra, 13:2, pp. 7–29.
     [Google Scholar]
  74. Vrzal, Miroslav. ( 2017a;), ‘ Pagan terror: The role of Pagan ideology in church burnings and the 1990s Norwegian black metal subculture. ’, Pomegranate: The International Journal of Pagan Studies, 19:2, pp. 173–204.
     [Google Scholar]
  75. Vrzal, Miroslav. ( 2017b;), ‘ Metal a akademické studium náboženství aneb proč by se religionistika měla o metal zajímat, se zaměřením na téma metal a satanismus. ’, Sacra, 15:2, pp. 7–32.
     [Google Scholar]
  76. Walser, Robert. ( 1993), Running with the Devil: Power, Gender, and Madness in Heavy Metal Music, Hanover, NH:: Wesleyan University Press;.
     [Google Scholar]
  77. Zachar-Podolinská, Tatiana. ( 2008;), ‘ Religiozita v dobe neskorej modernity: Prípad Slovensko. ’, Sociální studia, 5:3&4, pp. 53–86.
     [Google Scholar]
  78. Zoznam ( 2017;), ‘ Exorcista varuje pred démonickým zamorením v Snine: Slovákov bude pokúšať satan. ’, Topky, 27 June, https://www.topky.sk/cl/10/1638959/Exorcista-varuje-pred-demonickym-zamorenim-v-Snine--Slovakov-bude-pokusat-satan. Accessed 31 March 2022.
     [Google Scholar]
  79. ‘Zrušení koncertů kapel Törr a Root’ ( 2016), Očima Josefa Klímy, TV Prima, 13 December, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yFJzbPZWR28. Accessed 31 March 2019.
     [Google Scholar]
  80. Vrzal, Miroslav. ( 2022;), ‘ Against the devil’s metal: Christian public discursive strategies against metal concerts and festivals in Czechia and Slovakia. ’, Metal Music Studies, 8:2, pp. 245–68, https://doi.org/10.1386/mms_00077_1
     [Google Scholar]
http://instance.metastore.ingenta.com/content/journals/10.1386/mms_00077_1
Loading
  • Article Type: Article
Keyword(s): Christian opponents of metal; creation of enemy; Czechia; metal; public struggles and debates; religion; Slovakia

Most Cited Most Cited RSS feed

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a success
Invalid data
An error occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error