Arctic childhood in data-driven culture: Wearable technology and children’s right to privacy in Finland

References

1. Åberg, E. and Huvila, J. (2019), ‘Hip children, good mothers: Children’s clothing as capital investment?’, Young Consumers, 20:3, pp. 153–66, http://dx.doi.org.ezproxy.jyu.fi/10.1108/YC-06-2018-00816.
   [Google Scholar]
2. Article 29 Data Protection Working Party (2018), ‘Guidelines on transparency under Regulation 2016/679’ (wp260 rev01), https://edpb.europa.eu/our-work-tools/our-documents/guidelines/transparency_en. Accessed 12 January 2023.
3. Attig, C. and Franke, T. (2020), ‘Abandonment of personal quantification: A review and empirical study investigating reasons for wearable activity tracking attrition’, Computers in Human Behavior, 102, pp. 223–37.
   [Google Scholar]
4. Buitelaar, J. C. (2018), ‘Child’s best interest and informational self-determination: What the GDPR can learn from children’s rights’, International Data Privacy Law, 8:4, pp. 293–308.
   [Google Scholar]
5. Collingwood, L. (2021), ‘Villain or guardian? “The smart toy is watching you now…”’, Information & Communications Technology Law, 30:1, pp. 75–86.
   [Google Scholar]
6. Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) (1989), https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/crc.pdf. Accessed 2 October 2023.
7. Cook, D. T. (2004), The Commodification of Childhood: The Children’s Clothing Industry and the Rise of the Child Consumer, Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
   [Google Scholar]
8. Correa, T. (2016), ‘Digital skills and social media use: How internet skills are related to different types of Facebook use among “digital natives”’, Information, Communication & Society, 19:8, pp. 1095–107.
   [Google Scholar]
9. Dardanou, M., Unstad, T., Brito, R., Dias, P., Fotakopoulou, O., Sakata, Y. and O’Connor, J. (2020), ‘Use of touchscreen technology by 0–3-year-old children: Parents’ practices and perspectives in Norway, Portugal and Japan’, Journal of Early Childhood Literacy, 20:3, pp. 551–73.
   [Google Scholar]
10. De Felice, D. (2017), ‘The right to security of online childhood’, International Journal of Children’s Rights, 25:3&4, pp. 573–98.
    [Google Scholar]
11. DNA koululaistutkimus (2021), Lasten puhelimien hankinta ja käyttö: Raportti 6.4.2021 (‘Purchase and use of children’s phones: Report 6 April 2021’), https://www.sttinfo.fi/data/attachments/00689/025c4ae0-6ec5-4e83-b9d6-0a7fdd6dcb8c.pdf. Accessed 25 February 2022.
12. Eerola, P., Paananen, M. and Repo, K. (2021), ‘“Ordinary” and “diverse” families: A case study of family discourses by Finnish early childhood education and care administrators’, Journal of Family Studies, 29:2, pp. 489–505, https://doi.org/10.1080/13229400.2021.1939100.
    [Google Scholar]
13. Eisenberg, M., Ananthanarayan, S. and Siek, K. (2015), ‘A strategy for teaching “real” computer science through wearables’, in H. Arabnia, A. Bahrami, L. Deligiannidis, G. Jandieri, A. M. G. Solo and F. G. Tinetti (eds), Proceedings of the International Conference on Frontiers in Education: Computer Science and Computer Engineering (FECS), Athens, GA: CSREA Press, pp. 37–43.
    [Google Scholar]
14. Fadhil, A. (2019), ‘Different stages of wearable health tracking adoption and abandonment: A survey study and analysis’, arXiv, https://arxiv.org/abs/1904.13226. Accessed 6 October 2023.
    [Google Scholar]
15. Freeman, E., Wilson, G., Brewster, S., Baud-Bovy, G., Magnusson, C. and Caltenco, H. (2017), ‘Audible beacons and wearables in schools: Helping young visually impaired children play and move independently’, in G. Mark (ed.), Proceedings of the 2017 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, Denver, CO, USA, 6–11 May, New York: Association for Computing Machinery, pp. 4146–57.
    [Google Scholar]
16. Garcia, B., Chu, S., Lynn, N. B. and Banigan, C. (2018), ‘Wearables for learning: Examining the smartwatch as a tool for situated science reflection’, in R. Mandryk (ed.), Proceedings of the 2018 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, Montreal, QC, Canada, 21–26 April, New York: Association for Computing Machinery, pp. 1–13.
    [Google Scholar]
17. Garg, R. and Moreno, C. (2019), ‘Understanding motivators, constraints, and practices of sharing internet of things’, Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies, 3:2, pp. 1–21.
    [Google Scholar]
18. General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) (2016), ‘Regulation (EU) 2016/679 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 April 2016 on the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data, and repealing Directive 95/46/EC’, Official Journal of the European Union, L 119, 4 May, pp. 1–88, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2016/679/oj. Accessed 1 January 2022.
    [Google Scholar]
19. Gherasim, L. R., Brumariu, L. E. and Alim, C. L. (2017), ‘Parenting style and children’s life satisfaction and depressive symptoms: Preliminary findings from Romania, France, and Russia’, Journal of Happiness Studies, 18:4, pp. 1013–28.
    [Google Scholar]
20. Ghosh, A. K., Badillo-Urquiola, K., Guha, S., LaViola Jr, J. J. and Wisniewski, P. J. (2018), ‘Safety vs. surveillance: What children have to say about mobile apps for parental control’, in R. Mandryk (ed.), Proceedings of the 2018 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, Montreal, QC, Canada, 21–26 April, New York: Association for Computing Machinery, pp. 1–14.
    [Google Scholar]
21. Gianclaudio, M. and Jedrzej, N. (2020), ‘Vulnerable data subjects’, Computer Law and Security Review, 37, pp. 1–16, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clsr.2020.105415.
    [Google Scholar]
22. Gutman, M. and Coninck-Smith, N. de (eds) (2008), Designing Modern Childhoods: History, Space, and the Material Culture of Children, New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
23. Härkönen, H., Hokka, J., Parviainen, H., Vänskä, A. and Alvesalo-Kuusi, A. (2022), ‘Puettava teknologia ja yksityisyydensuoja työelämässä’, Defensor Legis, 2, pp. 503–24.
    [Google Scholar]
24. Hiniker, A., Schoenebeck, S. Y. and Kientz, J. A. (2016), ‘Not at the dinner table: Parents’ and children’s perspectives on family technology rules’, in ACM Special Interest Group on Computer-Human Interaction (ed.), Proceedings of the 19th ACM Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work & Social Computing, San Francisco, CA, USA, 27 February–2 March, New York: Association for Computing Machinery, pp. 1376–89.
    [Google Scholar]
25. Hohti, R., Paakkari, A. and Stenberg, K. (2019), ‘Leaping and dancing with digitality: Exploring human-smartphone-entanglements in classrooms’, in P. Rautio and E. Stenvall (eds), Social, Material and Political Constructs of Arctic Childhoods: An Everyday Life Perspective, Singapore: Springer, pp. 85–102.
    [Google Scholar]
26. Honig, M.-S. (2009), ‘How is the child constituted in childhood studies?’, in J. Qvortrup, W. A. Corsaro and M.-S. Honig (eds), The Palgrave Handbook of Childhood Studies, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 62–77.
    [Google Scholar]
27. Jasmontaite, L. and De Hert, P. (2015), ‘The EU, children under 13 years, and parental consent: A human rights analysis of a new, age-based bright-line for the protection of children on the internet’, International Data Privacy Law, 5:1, pp. 20–33.
    [Google Scholar]
28. Jenks, C. (1996), Childhood, London and New York: Routledge.
    [Google Scholar]
29. Kautiainen, S. (2005), ‘Trends in adolescent overweight and obesity in the Nordic countries’, Scandinavian Journal of Nutrition, 49:1, pp. 4–14, https://doi.org/10.1080/11026480510011352.
    [Google Scholar]
30. Kokko, S. and Martin, L. (eds) (2019), Lasten ja nuorten liikuntakäyttäytyminen Suomessa: LIITU-tutkimuksen tuloksia 2018 (‘Sports behaviour of children and young people in Finland: LIITU survey results 2018’), Valtion Liikuntaneuvoston julkaisuja, Valtioneuvosto: Opetus- ja kulttuuriministeriö, https://bit.ly/3mkMAPl. Accessed 3 October 2021.
    [Google Scholar]
31. Koro-Ljungberg, M., Löytönen, T. and Tesar, M. (2017), Disrupting Data in Qualitative Inquiry: Entanglements with the Post-Critical, and Post-Anthropocentric, Berlin: Peter Lang.
    [Google Scholar]
32. Koski, S. (2016), ’Lasten henkilötietojen suojan tehokkuus ja riittävyys Euroopan unionissa: erityisesti esineiden internetin sovelluksissa’ (‘The effectiveness and adequacy of children’s data protection in the European Union: Especially in applications of internet of things’), Viestintäoikeuden vuosikirja, 2016, pp. 33–67.
    [Google Scholar]
33. Mann, S. (1996), ‘Smart clothing: The shift to wearable computing’, Communications of the ACM, 39:8, pp. 23–24.
    [Google Scholar]
34. Miettinen, S. (2012), ‘Service design, radical innovations and Arctic wellbeing’, in P. Tahkokallio (ed.), Arctic Design: Opening the Discussion, Vaasa: University of Lapland, pp. 28–33.
    [Google Scholar]
35. Morozova, D. (2021), Practice Theory Approach to Wearable Technology: Implications for Sustainability, Aalborg: Aalborg University Repository, https://vbn.aau.dk/ws/portalfiles/portal/478414012/phd_DM_e_pdf.pdf. Accessed 12 September 2023.
    [Google Scholar]
36. Müller, J., Hoch, M.-M., Zoller, V. and Oberhoffer, R. (2018), ‘Feasibility of physical activity assessment with wearable devices in children aged 4–10 years: A pilot study’, Frontiers in Paediatrics, 6:5, pp. 1–5, doi: https://doi.org/10.3389/fped.2018.00005.
    [Google Scholar]
37. Nedelec, R., Miettunen, J., Männikkö, M. and Järvelin, M.-R. (2021), ‘Maternal and infant prediction of the child BMI trajectories; studies across two generations of Northern Finland birth cohorts’, International Journal of Obesity, 45, pp. 404–14, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41366-020-00695-0.
    [Google Scholar]
38. Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) (2021), Committee on the Rights of the Child, General Comment No. 25 (2021) on Children’s Rights in Relation to Digital Environment, CRC/C/GC/25, 2 March, https://www.ohchr.org/en/documents/general-comments-and-recommendations/general-comment-no-25-2021-childrens-rights-relation. Accessed 21 September 2023.
    [Google Scholar]
39. Oksanen, E. (2021), ’Suorat sanat lasten pukeutumisesta: “Välitunnilla seisovat pihalla”’ (‘Home truth about children’s clothing: “They stand in the yard during recess”’), Iltalehti, 3 October, https://bit.ly/3oq0fr2. Accessed 3 October 2021.
    [Google Scholar]
40. Opetus- ja kulttuuriministeriö (2021), Liikkumissuositus 7–17-vuotiaille lapsille ja nuorille, Opetus- ja kulttuuriministeriön julkaisuja 2021:19 (‘Physical activity recommendation for children and young people aged 7–17, publications of the Ministry of Education and Culture 2021:19’), Helsinki: Opetus- ja kulttuuriministeriö, https://julkaisut.valtioneuvosto.fi/handle/10024/162984. Accessed 19 January 2023.
    [Google Scholar]
41. Oygür, I., Epstein, D. A. and Yunan, C. (2020), ‘Raising the responsible child: Collaborative work in the use of activity trackers for children’, Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction, 4:2, pp. 1–23, https://doi.org/10.1145/3415228.
    [Google Scholar]
42. Oygür, I., Su, Z., Epstein, D. A. and Chen, Y. (2021), ‘The lived experience of child-owned wearables: Comparing children’s and parents’ perspectives on activity tracking’, in Y. Kitamura (ed.), Proceedings of the 2021 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, Yokohama, Japan, 8–13 May, New York: Association for Computing Machinery, pp. 1–12, https://doi.org/10.1145/3411764.3445376.
    [Google Scholar]
43. Pantzar, M. and Ruckenstein, M. (2015), ‘The heart of everyday analytics: Emotional, material and practical extensions in self-tracking market’, Consumption Markets & Culture, 18:1, pp. 92–109.
    [Google Scholar]
44. Penttala, P. and Pakarinen, R. (2021), Suomen Supernanny osa I, Helsinki: Into kustannus.
    [Google Scholar]
45. Piasecki, S. and Chen, J. (2022), ‘Complying with the GDPR when vulnerable people use smart devices’, International Data Privacy Law, 12:2, pp. 113–31.
    [Google Scholar]
46. Pina, L. R., Gonzalez, C., Nieto, C., Roldan, W., Onofre, E. and Yip, J. C. (2018), ‘How Latino children in the US engage in collaborative online information problem solving with their families’, Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction, 2, pp. 1–26, https://doi.org/10.1145/3274409.
    [Google Scholar]
47. Postman, N. (1982), The Disappearance of Childhood, New York: Laurel.
    [Google Scholar]
48. Qvortrup, J. (2009), ‘Childhood as a structural form’, in J. Qvorturp, W. A. Corsaro and M.-S. Honig (eds), The Palgrave Handbook of Childhood Studies, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 21–33.
    [Google Scholar]
49. Rautio, P. and Stenvall, E. (eds) (2019), ‘Introduction’, Social, Material and Political Constructs of Arctic Childhoods: An Everyday Life Perspective, Singapore: Springer, pp. vii–xii.
    [Google Scholar]
50. Reima (2019), ‘Appy days!: How Reima’s apps get kids moving’, Reima, 29 July, https://bit.ly/3uCoeED. Accessed 3 October 2021.
51. Reima (n.d.), ’Privacy policy for ReimaGO service’, https://www.reima.com/int/reimago/privacy. Accessed 8 January 2023.
52. Roivainen, P. (2016), Puettu lapsuus: Löytöretkiä lastenvaatteiden saarille (‘Dressed childhood: Journeys to the childrenswear islands’), Helsinki: Suomen muinaismuistoyhdistys.
    [Google Scholar]
53. Rosales, A., Sayago, S. and Blat, J. (2015), ‘Beeping socks and chirping arm bands: Wearables that foster free play’, Computer, 48:6, pp. 41–48.
    [Google Scholar]
54. Ruckenstein, M. (2010), ‘Toying with the world: Children, virtual pets and the value of mobility’, Childhood, 17:4, pp. 500–13, https://doi.org/10.1177/0907568209352812.
    [Google Scholar]
55. Rutanen, N., Raittila, R. and Vuorisalo, M. (2019), ‘Clothes’, in P. Rautio and E. Stenvall (eds), Social, Material and Political Constructs of Arctic Childhoods: An Everyday Life Perspective, Children: Global Posthumanist Perspectives and Materialist Theories, Singapore: Springer, pp. 65–84.
    [Google Scholar]
56. Saksono, H., Castaneda-Sceppa, C., Hoffman, J., Morris, V., Seif El-Nasr, M. and Parker, A. G. (2020), ‘Storywell: Designing for family fitness app motivation by using social rewards and reflection’, in R. Bernhaupt, F. Mueller, J. McGrenere and A. Cockburn (eds), Proceedings of the 2020 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, Honolulu, HI, USA, 25–30 April, New York: Association for Computing Machinery, pp. 1–13, https://doi.org/10.1145/3313831.3376686.
    [Google Scholar]
57. Schulz, L., de Vries, S., Ton, A. A. M. and de Vries, S. S. A. (2020), ‘Changing behavior of kids with obesity with gamified wearables’, in N. Wickramasinghe and F. Bodendorf (eds), Delivering Superior Health and Wellness Management with IoT and Analytics: Healthcare Delivery in the Information Age, Cham: Springer, pp. 145–69.
    [Google Scholar]
58. Sikiö, R., Siekkinen, M., Holopainen, L., Silinskas, G., Lerkkanen, M.-K. and Nurmi, J.-E. (2018), ‘Maternal parenting styles, homework help, and children’s literacy development in language minority and Finnish-speaking families’, European Journal of Psychology of Education, 33:2, pp. 235–50.
    [Google Scholar]
59. Stoilova, M., Livingstone, S. and Nandagiri, R. (2020), ‘Digital by default: Children’s capacity to understand and manage online data and privacy’, Media and Communication, 8:4, pp. 197–207, https://doi.org/10.17645/mac.v8i4.3407.
    [Google Scholar]
60. Supreme Court (2018), Precedent KKO: 2018:81, https://korkeinoikeus.fi/fi/index/ennakkopaatokset/1543835034428.html. Accessed 31 January 2022.
    [Google Scholar]
61. Tarnanen, K., Komulainen, J. and Kukkonen-Harjula, K. (2020), ‘Lihavuus lapsilla ja nuorilla’ (‘Obesity in children and young people’), Käypä hoito, Aikakauskirja Duodecim, Helsinki: Duodecim, https://www.kaypahoito.fi/khp00051. Accessed 19 January 2023.
    [Google Scholar]
62. Thomsen, T. U. and Sørensen, E. B. (2006), ‘The first four-wheeled status symbol: Pram consumption as a vehicle for the construction of motherhood identity’, Journal of Marketing Management, 22:9&10, pp. 907–27.
    [Google Scholar]
63. United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) (n.d.), UN Convention on the Rights of the Child in Child Friendly Language, https://sites.unicef.org/rightsite/files/uncrcchilldfriendlylanguage.pdf. Accessed 10 January 2023.
64. Valtonen, A. (2007), Redefining Industrial Design: Changes in the Design Practice in Finland, Helsinki: University of Art and Design Helsinki.
    [Google Scholar]
65. Vänskä, A. (2017), Fashionable Childhood: Children in Advertising, London: Bloomsbury.
    [Google Scholar]
66. Vänskä, A., Hokka, J. and Särmäkari, N. (2023), Intimacy: Embodied Knowledge, Creative Work and Digitalization in Contemporary Finnish Fashion, Espoo: Aalto Arts Books.
    [Google Scholar]
67. Varadan, S. (2019), ‘The principle of evolving capacities under the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child’, International Journal of Children’s Rights, 27:2, pp. 306–38, https://doi.org/10.1163/15718182-02702006.
    [Google Scholar]
68. Wisniewski, P. (2018), ‘The privacy paradox of adolescent online safety: A matter of risk prevention or risk resilience?’, IEEE Security & Privacy, 16:2, pp. 86–90.
    [Google Scholar]
69. Wissinger, E. (2017), ‘Wearable tech, bodies, and gender’, Sociology Compass, 11:11, p. E12514, https://doi.org/10.1111/soc4.12514.
    [Google Scholar]