Translating tai chi and transforming qigong in British media culture | Intellect Skip to content
1981
Chinese Popular Culture in Translation and Transmission
  • ISSN: 2051-7084
  • E-ISSN: 2051-7092

Abstract

There are a growing number of studies of the history and spread of taijiquan and qigong. However, there are few studies of taiji or qigong in the media. Based on a study of British media archives, this article traces the construction and representation of taijiquan (‘tai chi’) in British media. In doing so, it establishes and evaluates the meanings and values that have been imputed to the practice in British media discourse. It first examines key representations of tai chi before the COVID-19 pandemic of 2020, but proposes that the pandemic changed its status. It argues that popular understandings of COVID-19 as a infection led to an upsurge of interest in ‘breath-focused’ practices. In this context, taiji could have stood to gain in popularity. However, the article suggests that the difficulties of learning taiji – especially during a time of social isolation – meant that it was not taiji but the related and hitherto lesser-known practice of qigong that saw an increase in popularity. It concludes with a reflection on ‘authenticity’ and the status of some new translation-constructions of hybrid taiji-qigong practices.

Funding
This study was supported by the:
  • Office of Philosophy and Social Sciences of Hebei Province (Social Science Fund Project)
Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1386/eapc_00106_1
2023-09-25
2024-05-03
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

References

  1. Alter, Joseph S. (2011), ‘Yoga, modernity, and the middle class: Locating the body in a world of desire’, in I. Clark-Decès (ed.), A Companion to the Anthropology of India, Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell, pp. 15468, https://www.doi.org/10.1002/9781444390599.ch8/summary. Accessed 29 January 2016.
    [Google Scholar]
  2. Arjana, Sophia R. (2020), Buying Buddha, Selling Rumi: Orientalism and the Mystical Marketplace, London: Oneworld Academic.
    [Google Scholar]
  3. Barthes, Roland (1957), Mythologies, Paris: Les Lettres nouvelles.
    [Google Scholar]
  4. Baudrillard, Jean (1994), Simulacra and Simulation, Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  5. Benjamin, Walter (1968), Illuminations (trans. H. Zohn), New York: Pimlico.
    [Google Scholar]
  6. Bowman, Paul (2010), Theorizing Bruce Lee: Film-Fantasy-Fighting-Philosophy, Amsterdam and New York: Rodopi.
    [Google Scholar]
  7. Bowman, Paul (2013), Beyond Bruce Lee: Chasing the Dragon through Film, Philosophy, and Popular Culture, New York and Chichester: Columbia University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  8. Bowman, Paul (2015), Martial Arts Studies: Disrupting Disciplinary Boundaries, London: Rowman & Littlefield International.
    [Google Scholar]
  9. Bowman, Paul (2016), ‘Making martial arts history matter’, The International Journal of the History of Sport, 33:9, pp. 91533, https://doi.org/10.1080/09523367.2016.1212842.
    [Google Scholar]
  10. Bowman, Paul (2017), Mythologies of Martial Arts, London: Rowman & Littlefield International.
    [Google Scholar]
  11. Bowman, Paul (2019), ‘Fighting talk: Martial arts discourse in mainstream films’, JOMEC Journal, 13, pp. 3050, https://doi.org/10.18573/jomec.186.
    [Google Scholar]
  12. Bowman, Paul (2020a), ‘From chop suey to chop-socky: The construction of Chineseness in British television adverts’, JOMEC Journal, 15, pp. 129, https://doi.org/10.18573/jomec.198.
    [Google Scholar]
  13. Bowman, Paul (2020b), ‘Metamorphoses of martial arts: Meditations on motivations and motive forces during the COVID-19 pandemic’, Martial Arts Studies, 10, pp. 12840, https://doi.org/10.18573/mas.119.
    [Google Scholar]
  14. Bowman, Paul (2021), The Invention of Martial Arts: Popular Culture between Asia and America, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  15. Chow, Rey (1995), Primitive Passions: Visuality, Sexuality, Ethnography, and Contemporary Chinese Cinema, New York: Columbia University Press and Film and Culture.
    [Google Scholar]
  16. Debord, Guy (1998), Comments on the Society of the Spectacle, London: Verso.
    [Google Scholar]
  17. Deleuze, Gilles and Guattari, Felix (1984), Anti-Oedipus: Capitalism or Schizophrenia, London: Athlone.
    [Google Scholar]
  18. Donner, Richard (dir.) (1987), Lethal Weapon, USA: Warner Bros.
    [Google Scholar]
  19. Doran, Peter (2018), ‘Mindfulness is just Buddhism sold to you by neoliberals’, The Independent, 25 February, https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/health-and-families/healthy-living/mindfulness-sells-buddhist-meditation-teachings-neoliberalism-attention-economy-a8225676.html. Accessed 9 February 2021.
    [Google Scholar]
  20. Eperjesi, John R. (2004), ‘Crouching tiger, hidden dragon: Kung fu diplomacy and the dream of cultural China’, Asian Studies Review, 28:1, pp. 2539, https://doi.org/10.1080/1035782042000194509.
    [Google Scholar]
  21. Fabian, Johannes (1983), Time and the Other: How Anthropology Makes Its Object, New York: Columbia University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  22. Frank, Adam (2006), Taijiquan and the Search for the Little Old Chinese Man: Understanding Identity through Martial Arts, New York and Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
    [Google Scholar]
  23. Freud, Sigmund (1976), The Interpretation of Dreams (trans. J. Strachey), Harmondsworth: Penguin.
    [Google Scholar]
  24. Goto-Jones, Chris (2015), ‘Playing with being in digital Asia: Gamic orientalism and the virtual dōjō’, Asiascape: Digital Asia, 2:1&2, pp. 2056, https://doi.org/10.1163/22142312-12340019.
    [Google Scholar]
  25. Goto-Jones, Chris (2016), Conjuring Asia: Magic, Orientalism, and the Making of the Modern World, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  26. Hall, Stuart (1992), ‘Cultural studies and its theoretical legacies’, in C. Nelson and L. Grossberg (eds), Cultural Studies, New York and London: Routledge, pp. 27794.
    [Google Scholar]
  27. Harrison, Tracey (1999), ‘The New English’, Daily Mirror, 29 July, p. 20.
    [Google Scholar]
  28. Hayo’uFit (2021a), ‘Hayo’uFit FAQ’, https://hayoufit.com/about/faq/. Accessed 17 March 2021.
  29. Hayo’uFit (2021b), ‘Hayo’uFit homepage’, https://hayoufit.com/. Accessed 18 March 2021.
  30. Hayo’uFit (2021c), ‘Meet our founder: Hayo’uFit’, https://hayoufit.com/meet-our-founder/. Accessed 18 March 2021.
  31. Hayo’uFit (2021d), ‘What is qigong?’, https://hayoufit.com/about/what-is-qigong/. Accessed 18 March 2021.
  32. Hayo’uFit (2021e), ‘Which online qigong course should I choose? = Hayo’uFit blog’, https://hayoufit.com/find-the-perfect-hayoufit-course-for-you/. Accessed 18 March 2021.
  33. Heath, Joseph and Potter, Andrew (2006), The Rebel Sell: How the Counterculture Became Consumer Culture, Chichester: Capstone.
    [Google Scholar]
  34. Iwamura, Jane N. (2005), ‘The oriental monk in American popular culture’, in B. D. F. Forbes and J. Mahan (eds), Religion and Popular Culture in America, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, pp. 2543.
    [Google Scholar]
  35. Iwamura, Jane N. (2011), Virtual Orientalism: Asian Religions and American Popular Culture, New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  36. Jiang, Emilia (2020a), ‘Chinese medic in hazmat suit teaches coronavirus patients martial arts to keep them active during quarantine’, 14 February, Daily Mail, https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-8003703/Doctor-hazmat-suit-teaches-coronavirus-patients-Tai-Chi-help-exercise-quarantine.html. Accessed 30 August 2023.
    [Google Scholar]
  37. Jiang, Emilia (2020b), ‘Self-proclaimed Tai Chi master who vows to “defend traditional Kung Fu’s reputation” gets knocked out by a kickboxer within 30 seconds in a duel’, 21 May, Daily Mail, https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-8339761/Self-proclaimed-Tai-Chi-master-69-gets-knocked-kickboxing-coach-50.html. Accessed 30 August 2023.
  38. Judkins, Ben (2021), ‘David Palmer on writing better martial arts history and understanding the sources of “qi cultivation” in modern Chinese popular culture’, Kung Fu Tea, 25 February, https://chinesemartialstudies.com/2021/02/25/david-palmer-on-writing-better-martial-arts-history-and-understanding-the-sources-of-qi-cultivation-in-modern-chinese-popular-culture-2/. Accessed 9 March 2021.
    [Google Scholar]
  39. Krug, Gary J. (2001), ‘At the feet of the master: Three stages in the appropriation of okinawan karate into Anglo-American culture’, Cultural Studies: Critical Methodologies, 1:4, pp. 395410, https://doi.org/10.1177/153270860100100401.
    [Google Scholar]
  40. Lau, Kimberly J. (2000), New Age Capitalism: Making Money East of Eden, Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, https://doi.org/10.9783/9781512820010. Accessed 11 February 2022.
    [Google Scholar]
  41. Molasky, Michael (2018), ‘The phone book project: Tracing the diffusion of Asian martial arts in America through the Yellow Pages’, in P. Bowman (ed.), The Martial Arts Studies Reader, London: Rowman & Littlefield International, pp. 5772.
    [Google Scholar]
  42. Murray, Jan (1977), ‘The “new” dance is a real breath of fresh air’, The Stage And Television Today, 11 August, p. 10.
    [Google Scholar]
  43. Nestor, James (2020), Breath: The New Science of a Lost Art, New York: Riverhead Books.
    [Google Scholar]
  44. Nulty, Timothy J. (2017), ‘Gong and fa in Chinese martial arts’, Martial Arts Studies, 3, pp. 5063, https://doi.org/10.18573/j.2017.10098.
    [Google Scholar]
  45. OED (n.d.), ‘Frequency’, https://www.oed.com/information/understanding-entries/frequency. Accessed 18 July 2023.
  46. Palmer, David A. (2007), Qigong Fever: Body, Science and Utopia in China, London: Hurst & Co. in association with the Centre d’Etudes et de Recherches Internationales.
    [Google Scholar]
  47. Palmer, David A. and Siegler, Elijah (2017), Dream Trippers: Global Daoism and the Predicament of Modern Spirituality, Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  48. Park, Jane C. H. (2010), Yellow Future: Oriental Style in Hollywood Cinema, Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  49. Reid, Howard and Croucher, Michael (1984), The Way of the Warrior: The Paradox of the Martial Arts, London: Ebury.
    [Google Scholar]
  50. Said, Edward W. (1978), Orientalism: Western Conceptions of the Orient, London: Penguin.
    [Google Scholar]
  51. Schneider, Florian and Goto-Jones, Chris (2015), ‘Where is digital Asia?’, Asiascape: Digital Asia, 2:1&2, pp. 510, https://doi.org/10.1163/22142312-12340017.
    [Google Scholar]
  52. Singleton, Mark (2010), Yoga Body: The Origins of Modern Posture Practice, New York: Oxford University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  53. Songster, Elena E. (2018), Panda Nation: The Construction and Conservation of China’s Modern Icon, New York: Oxford University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  54. Spatz, Benjamin (2015), What a Body Can Do: Technique As Knowledge, Practice As Research, London and New York: Routledge.
    [Google Scholar]
  55. Stacey, Sarah (2018), ‘HEALTH: Shake up your circulation’, Mail Online, 7 January, http://www.dailymail.co.uk/home/you/article-5218295/HEALTH-Shake-circulation.html. Accessed 18 March 2021.
    [Google Scholar]
  56. Stanley, Steven (2014), Handbook of Ethical Foundations of Mindfulness, Cham: Springer, https://orca.cardiff.ac.uk/id/eprint/123945. Accessed 29 January 2019.
    [Google Scholar]
  57. Strugatz, Barry (2016), The Professor: Tai Chi’s Journey West, n.p.: Barry Strugatz.
    [Google Scholar]
  58. Taylor, Mark L. (2011), ‘Oriental monk as popular icon: On the power of U.S. orientalism’, Journal of the American Academy of Religion, 79:3, pp. 73546, https://doi.org/10.1093/jaarel/lfr014.
    [Google Scholar]
  59. Twigger, Robert (2000), Angry White Pyjamas: A Scrawny Oxford Poet Takes Lessons from the Tokyo Riot Police, New York: Quill, https://archive.org/details/angrywhitepyjama00robe. Accessed 8 February 2022.
    [Google Scholar]
  60. Williams, Raymond (1977), Marxism and Literature, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
http://instance.metastore.ingenta.com/content/journals/10.1386/eapc_00106_1
Loading
This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a success
Invalid data
An error occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error