Discursive construction of identities for older people in news: A critical discourse analysis of Malaysian newspapers | Intellect Skip to content
1981
Volume 45, Issue 2
  • ISSN: 0810-2686
  • E-ISSN: 2517-620X

Abstract

This article examines how Malaysian journalists discursively construct identities for older people through the manipulation of language, reporting styles and the prioritization of certain news actors and their voices over others. Based on a critical discourse analysis of newspaper articles published between 2011 and 2021, this study reveals the social, cultural, journalistic and economic forces that affect how the media construct ‘older’ people. We demonstrate that newspapers in Malaysia construct identities through familial discourses, which indicates that the dependence of older people on family plays a significant role in the way they are perceived and constructed by the media. Journalists construct and propagate narratives that place the responsibility for caring for elderly Malaysians on family members. These narratives appear to absolve the government of responsibility for this role.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1386/ajr_00130_1
2023-11-06
2024-05-02
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

References

  1. Amundsen, D. (2022), ‘A critical gerontological framing analysis of persistent ageism in NZ online news media: Don’t call us “elderly”!’, Journal of Aging Studies, 61:1, 101009, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaging.2022.101009.
    [Google Scholar]
  2. Anuar, M. K. (2005), ‘Politics and the media in Malaysia Kasarinlan’, Philippine Journal of Third World Studies, 20:1, pp. 2547.
    [Google Scholar]
  3. Anwar, I. (1995), ‘Media and society in Asia’, Media Asia, 22:1, pp. 4142.
    [Google Scholar]
  4. Bai, X. (2014), ‘Images of ageing in society: A literature review’, Journal of Population Ageing, 7:3, pp. 23153.
    [Google Scholar]
  5. Blieszner, R. and Hamon, R. R. (1992), ‘Filial responsibility: Attitudes, motivators, and behaviors’, in J. W. Dwyer and R. T. Coward (eds), Gender, Families, and Elder Care, Los Angeles, CA: Sage Publications, pp. 10519.
    [Google Scholar]
  6. Bristow, J. (2016), ‘The making of “Boomergeddon”: The construction of the Baby Boomer generation as a social problem in Britain’, The British Journal of Sociology, 67:4, pp. 57591.
    [Google Scholar]
  7. Clarke, J. (2005), ‘Portrayal of childhood cancer in English-language magazines in North America: 1970–2001’, Journal of Health Communication, 10:7, pp. 593607.
    [Google Scholar]
  8. Coupland, J. (2009), ‘Discourse, identity and change in mid-to-late life: Interdisciplinary perspectives on language and ageing’, Ageing & Society, 29:6, pp. 84961.
    [Google Scholar]
  9. Coupland, J., Coupland, N. and Grainger, K. (1991), ‘Intergenerational discourse: Contextual versions of ageing and elderliness’, Ageing & Society, 11:2, pp. 189208.
    [Google Scholar]
  10. Cruikshank, M. (2013), Learning to be Old: Gender, Culture, and Aging, Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
    [Google Scholar]
  11. Department of Statistics Malaysia (2021), ‘Current population estimates, Malaysia, 2021’, 15 July, https://www.dosm.gov.my/portal-main/release-content/current-population-estimates-malaysia-2021. Accessed 5 May 2022.
  12. Department of Social Welfare (2014), Aged Care in Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: Retirement Living & Senior Care SEA.
    [Google Scholar]
  13. Fairclough, N. (1992), ‘Intertextuality in critical discourse analysis’, Linguistics and Education, 4:1, pp. 26993.
    [Google Scholar]
  14. Fairclough, N. (1993), ‘Critical discourse analysis and the marketization of public discourse: The universities’, Discourse & Society, 4:2, pp. 13368.
    [Google Scholar]
  15. Fairclough, N. (1995a), Critical Discourse Analysis: The Critical Study of Language, London and New York: Routledge.
    [Google Scholar]
  16. Fairclough, N. (1995b), Media Discourse, London: Bloomsbury Academic.
    [Google Scholar]
  17. Fealy, G., Mcnamara, M., Treacy, M. P. and Lyons, I. (2012), ‘Constructing ageing and age identities: A case study of newspaper discourses, Ageing and Society, 32:1, pp. 85102.
    [Google Scholar]
  18. Fernandez, J. M. (2019), ‘Malaysia’s Anti-Fake News Act: A cog in an arsenal of anti-free speech laws and a bold promise of reforms’, Pacific Journalism Review, 25:1&2, pp. 17392.
    [Google Scholar]
  19. Fowler, R. (1991), Language in the News: Discourse and Ideology in the Press, London: Routledge.
    [Google Scholar]
  20. Gee, E. and Gutman, G. (2000), The Overselling of Population Ageing: Apocalyptic Demography, Intergenerational Challenges, and Social Policy, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  21. George, C. (2006), Contentious Journalism and the Internet: Towards Democratic Discourse in Malaysia and Singapore, Singapore: Singapore University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  22. Hachten, W. (1993), The Growth of Media in the Third World: African Failures, Asian Successes, Ames, IA: Iowa State University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  23. Hall, S. (1974), ‘Media power: The double bind’, Journal of Communication, 24:4, pp. 1926.
    [Google Scholar]
  24. Hall, S. (ed.) (1996), Modernity: An Introduction to Modern Societies, Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.
    [Google Scholar]
  25. Hareven, T. K. (1995), ‘Changing images of aging and the social construction of the life course’, in M. Featherstone and A. Wernick (eds), Images of Aging: Cultural Representations of Later Life, London: Routledge, pp. 12944.
    [Google Scholar]
  26. Hasan, J. (2013), ‘The fate of elderly orphans in nursing homes’, The Borneo Post, 7 November, https://www.theborneopost.com/2013/11/07/the-fate-of-elderly-orphans-in-nursing-homes/#:~:text=No%20one%20visits%20most%20of,also%20suffer%20from%20emotional%20neglect. Accessed 3 October 2023.
    [Google Scholar]
  27. Hashim, I. (2012), ‘Decolonising development communication’, The Journal of Development Communication, 23:2, pp. 3050.
    [Google Scholar]
  28. Hashim, N. H. (2014), ‘Aged care in Malaysia’, Retirement Living & Senior Care SEA 2014, 18–19 June, Kuala Lumpur, http://www.livingwellcommunities.com.au/uploads/1/2/1/5/121514189/lowresfile.pdf. Accessed 17 April 2019.
    [Google Scholar]
  29. Ibrahim, F., Mustaffa, N., Kee, C. P. and Ahmad, F. (2011), ‘Images and issues of superpowers: An analysis of international news coverage by the government-owned news agency, BERNAMA in four national dailies in Malaysia’, The Innovation Journal: The Public Sector Innovation Journal, 16:3, pp. 115.
    [Google Scholar]
  30. Imran, M. A. (2021), ‘Media portrayal of ageing: A cross-cultural comparison of media discourses in Australia and Malaysia’, doctoral thesis, Adelaide: Adelaide University.
    [Google Scholar]
  31. Imran, M. A. (2022a), ‘Development journalism and revitalisation of familism in Malaysia’, Media International Australia, Article First, https://doi.org/10.1177/1329878X221122241.
    [Google Scholar]
  32. Imran, M. A. (2022b), ‘News values, older people and journalistic practices in Australia and Malaysia’, PLATFORM: Journal of Media & Communication, 9:2 pp. 5576.
    [Google Scholar]
  33. Imran, M. A. and Bowd, K. (2022), ‘Consumers and commodification: The marketization of aged care in the Australian press’, Australian Journalism Review, 44:1, pp. 11735.
    [Google Scholar]
  34. Imran, M. A. and Bowd, K. (2023), ‘Passivity and exclusion: Media power in the construction of the aged-care debate in Australia and Malaysia’, Communication Research and Practice, 9:2, pp. 12141.
    [Google Scholar]
  35. Indramalar, S. (2017), ‘Malaysia needs laws to protect rights of elderly’, The Star, 2 June, https://www.thestar.com.my/lifestyle/family/2017/06/02/malaysia-law-elderly-protection. Accessed 5 May 2022.
    [Google Scholar]
  36. Irene, C. (2013), ‘Not right to abandon ailing and elderly parents: Rohani’, The Borneo Post, 12 August, https://www.theborneopost.com/2013/08/12/not-right-to-abandon-ailing-and-elderly-parents-rohani/. Accessed 5 May 2022.
    [Google Scholar]
  37. Ishikawa, M. (2020), ‘Media portrayals of ageing baby boomers in Japan and Finland’, Publications of the Faculty of Social Sciences, doctoral thesis, Helsinki: University of Helsinki.
    [Google Scholar]
  38. Ismail, I. (2012), ‘Take care of your ageing parents, says Heng’, Malay Mail, 12 July, p. 2.
    [Google Scholar]
  39. Ismail, A. and Ismail, R. (2014), ‘Framing the media: Harmonious reporting on Malaysia-Singapore relationship’, International Conference on Education and Social Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey, 3–5 February.
    [Google Scholar]
  40. Iversen, S. M. and Wilinska, M. (2020), ‘Ageing, old age and media: Critical appraisal of knowledge practices in academic research’, International Journal of Ageing and Later Life, 14:1, pp. 12149.
    [Google Scholar]
  41. Jeannot, A. and Khairul Anuar, R. (2012), ‘Measuring Malay values: An exploratory study’, Akademika, 82:1, pp. 11323.
    [Google Scholar]
  42. Jørgensen, M. W. and Phillips, L. (2002), Discourse Analysis as Theory and Method, London and Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
    [Google Scholar]
  43. Kang, S. and Marks, N. F. (2016), ‘Filial caregiving is associated with greater neuroendocrine dysfunction: Evidence from the 2005 National Survey of Midlife in the United States’, in C. L. Shehan (eds), The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Family Studies, Hoboken, NJ: JohnWiley & Sons, Inc, pp. 15.
    [Google Scholar]
  44. Kim, M. H. (2016), ‘The possibility of intimate public sphere: political familism of divided Koreans’, S/N Korean Humanities, 2:1, pp. 75101.
    [Google Scholar]
  45. Koskinen, S., Salminen, L. and Leino-Kilpi, H. (2014), ‘Media portrayal of older people as illustrated in Finnish newspapers’, International Journal of Qualitative Studies on Health and Well-Being, 9:1, pp. 111.
    [Google Scholar]
  46. Köttl, H., Tatzer, V. C. and Ayalon, L. (2022), ‘COVID-19 and everyday ICT use: The discursive construction of old age in German media’, The Gerontologist, 62:3, pp. 41324.
    [Google Scholar]
  47. Kusujiarti, S. (2011), ‘Pluralistic and informal welfare regime: the roles of Islamic institution in the Indonesian welfare regime’, in T. Keskin (ed.), The Sociology of Islam: Secularism, Economy, and Politics, Berkshire: Itacha Press, pp. 41952.
    [Google Scholar]
  48. Leng, O. T. S., Khan, S., Vergara, R. G. and Khan, N. (2016), ‘Policies and protections for ageing society in Malaysia’, Journal of Southeast Asian Research, pp. 18.
    [Google Scholar]
  49. Lestari, M. D., Stephens, C. and Morison, T. (2022), ‘Constructions of older people’s identities in Indonesian regional ageing policies: The impacts on micro and macro experiences of ageing’, Ageing & Society, 42:9, pp. 204666.
    [Google Scholar]
  50. Lippmann, W. (1992), Public Opinion, New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company.
    [Google Scholar]
  51. Löckenhoff, C. E., De Fruyt, F., Terracciano, A., McCrae, R. R., De Bolle, M., Costa, P. T. and Yik, M. (2009), ‘Perceptions of aging across 26 cultures and their culture-level associates’, Psychology and Aging, 24:4, https://doi.org/10.1037/a0016901.
    [Google Scholar]
  52. Manan, S. (2001), ‘Re-reading the media: A stylistic analysis of Malaysian media coverage of Anwar’, Asia Pacific Media Educator, 11:1, pp. 3454.
    [Google Scholar]
  53. Mathews, M. and Straughan, P. T. (2014), ‘Results from the perception and attitudes towards ageing and seniors survey (2013/2014)’, Institute of Policy Studies, October, https://lkyspp.nus.edu.sg/docs/default-source/ips/wp-22_results-from-the-perception-and-attitudes-towards-ageing-and-seniors-survey-(2013-2014).pdf. Accessed 2 October 2023.
    [Google Scholar]
  54. Meisner, B. A. (2021), ‘Are you OK, Boomer? Intensification of ageism and intergenerational tensions on social media amid COVID-19’, Leisure Sciences, 431:2, pp. 5661.
    [Google Scholar]
  55. Mokhtar. I. L. and Hafizuddin, A. (2012), ‘PM: Centres for the elderly soon’, New Straits Times, 18 October, https://www.nst.com.my/nation/general/pm-centres-for-the-elderly-soon-1.158666. Accessed 10 February 2019.
    [Google Scholar]
  56. Morgan, T., Wiles, J., Williams, L. and Gott, M. (2021), ‘COVID-19 and the portrayal of older people in New Zealand news media’, Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 51:1, pp. S127S142, https://doi.org/10.1080/03036758.2021.1884098.
    [Google Scholar]
  57. Nain, Z. (2017), ‘Reuters Institute Digital News Report 2017: Malaysia’, Oxford: Reuters Institute and Oxford University Press, https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/Digital%20News%20Report%202017%20web_0.pdf. Accessed 2 October 2023.
  58. Omar, R. (2003), ‘Being old in Malaysia: Issues and challenges of older women’, Kroeber Anthropological Society Papers, 1:1, pp. 11631, https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Being-Old-in-Malaysia-%3A-Issues-and-Challenges-of-Omar/c70ed0fe80a515446d504e13e03329b4cf2fd336. Accessed 2 October 2023.
    [Google Scholar]
  59. Ong, S. W. (2021), ‘Smoke knows no boundaries: How Malaysian newspapers frame no-smoking policy’, Communication Research and Practice, 7:2, pp. 189201.
    [Google Scholar]
  60. Palansamy, Y. (2019), ‘DPM: Govt mulling new law in 2021 to protect elderly from abuse, neglect’, Malay Mail, 23 September, https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2019/09/23/dpm-govt-mulling-new-law-in-2021-to-protect-elderly-from-abuse-neglect/1793395. Accessed 3 October 2023.
    [Google Scholar]
  61. Petersen, N. (1992), ‘Asian news values: Changes and challenges’, Media Asia, 19:4, pp. 18389.
    [Google Scholar]
  62. Phelan, A. (2018), ‘Researching ageism through discourse’, in L. Ayalon and C. Tesch-Römer (eds), Contemporary Perspectives on Ageism, International Perspectives on Aging, Berlin: Springer Open, pp. 54964.
    [Google Scholar]
  63. Puteh-Behak, F., Massari, N., Harun, H. and Emilia, A. Y. (2015), ‘The influence of Malay social hierarchy in the implementation of a western-based Participatory Action Research Project in Malaysia’, in Islamic Perspectives Relating to Business, Arts, Culture, Singapore: Springer, pp. 18598.
    [Google Scholar]
  64. Rainey, L.D. (2010), Confucius and Confucianism: The Essentials, Oxford: John Wiley & Sons.
    [Google Scholar]
  65. Raman, P., Harwood, J., Weis, D., Anderson, J. L. and Miller, G. (2008), ‘Portrayals of older adults in US and Indian magazine advertisements: A cross-cultural comparison’, The Howard Journal of Communications, 19:3, pp. 22140.
    [Google Scholar]
  66. Ramanathan, R. and Tan, B. H. (2015), ‘Application of critical discourse analysis in media discourse studies’, 3L: Language, Linguistics, Literature, 21:3, pp. 5768.
    [Google Scholar]
  67. Reporters Without Borders (2023), ‘World Press Freedom Index’, https://rsf.org/en/country/malaysia. Accessed 10 May 2023.
  68. Richardson, J. E. (2017), Analysing Newspapers: An Approach from Critical Discourse Analysis, London: Bloomsbury Publishing.
    [Google Scholar]
  69. Robison, R. (1996), ‘The politics of “Asian values”’, The Pacific Review, 9:3, pp. 30927.
    [Google Scholar]
  70. Romano, A. (2005), ‘Asian journalism news, development and the tides of liberalisation and technology’, in A. Romano and M. Bromley (eds), Journalism and Democracy in Asia, Abingdon: Routledge, pp. 114.
    [Google Scholar]
  71. Rozanova, J. (2006), ‘Newspaper portrayals of health and illness among Canadian seniors: Who ages healthily and at what cost?’, International Journal of Ageing and Later Life, 1:2, pp. 11139.
    [Google Scholar]
  72. Sani, M. A. M. (2009), The Public Sphere and Media Politics in Malaysia, Cambridge: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
    [Google Scholar]
  73. Spedale, S., Coupland, C. and Tempest, S. (2014), ‘Gendered ageism and organizational routines at work: The case of day-parting in television broadcasting’, Organization Studies, 35:11, pp. 1585604.
    [Google Scholar]
  74. Sztompka, P. (2004), ‘The trauma of social change’, in J. C. Alexander, R. Eyerman, B. Giesen, N. J. Smelser and P. Sztompka (eds), Cultural Trauma and Collective Identity, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, pp. 15595.
    [Google Scholar]
  75. Tamam, E., Raj, S. J. and Govindasamy, M. (2020), ‘Malaysian journalists’, in D. H. Weaver and L. Willnat (eds), The Global Journalist in the 21st Century, London: Routledge, pp. 7890.
    [Google Scholar]
  76. Tan, J. K. and Goh, J. W. (2006), ‘Why do they not talk? Towards an understanding of students’ cross-cultural encounters from an Individualism/Collectivism perspective’, International Education Journal, 7:5, pp. 65167.
    [Google Scholar]
  77. Tey, N. P., Siraj, S. B., Kamaruzzaman, S. B. B., Chin, A. V., Tan, M. P., Sinnappan, G. S. and Müller, A. M. (2016), ‘Aging in multi-ethnic Malaysia’, The Gerontologist, 56:4, pp. 60309.
    [Google Scholar]
  78. The Borneo Post (2016), ‘Voon: Have ways to tackle domestic violence involving elderly folk’, 25 August, https://www.theborneopost.com/2016/08/25/voon-have-ways-to-tackle-domestic-violence-involving-elderly-folk/?amp. Accessed 5 May 2020.
  79. The World Bank (2020), ‘A silver lining: Productive and inclusive aging for Malaysia’, 24 November, https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documentsreports/documentdetail/287981606116408851/a-silver-lining-productive-and-inclusiveaging-for-malaysia. Accessed 10 December 2021.
  80. Thomson, T. J., Miller, E., Holland-Batt, S., Seevinck, J. and Regi, S. (2022), ‘Visibility and invisibility in the aged care sector: Visual representation in Australian news from 2018–2021’, Media International Australia, April, pp. 119, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/360135853_Visibility_and_invisibility_in_the_aged_care_sector_Visual_representation_in_Australian_news_from_2018-2021. Accessed 3 October 2023.
    [Google Scholar]
  81. Torben-Nielsen, K. and Russ-Mohl, S. (2012) ‘Old is not sexy: How media do (not) report about older people, and how older Swiss journalists started their own newspapers online’, Romanian Journal of Journalism & Communication, 7:1, pp. 5968.
    [Google Scholar]
  82. United Nations (2020), World Population Ageing 2019, ST/ESA/SER.A/444, New York: United Nations, https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/publications/pdf/ageing/WorldPopulationAgeing2019-Report.pdf. Accessed 10 December 2021.
    [Google Scholar]
  83. van Dijk, T. A. (2013), News Analysis: Case Studies of International and National News in the Press, New York: Routledge.
    [Google Scholar]
  84. Waisbord, S. (2009), ‘Rethinking “development” journalism’, in S. Allan (ed.), The Routledge Companion to News and Journalism, London: Routledge, pp. 192202.
    [Google Scholar]
  85. Weicht, B. (2013), ‘The making of “the elderly”: Constructing the subject of care’, Journal of Aging Studies, 27:2, pp. 18897, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaging.2013.03.001.
    [Google Scholar]
  86. Wen, L. W. and Meikeng, Y. (2011), ‘NSTP “youngsters” bring new year joy to old folk’, New Straits Times, 30 January.
    [Google Scholar]
  87. Wen, L. W. and Meikeng, Y. (2012), ‘Old and forsaken’, The Star, 8 October, p. 1.
    [Google Scholar]
  88. Wilińska, M. (2013) ‘Welfare spaces of (non)ageing-A discourse perspective’, Contributions to Humanities, 12:1, pp. 2539.
    [Google Scholar]
  89. Wilińska, M. and Cedersund, E. (2010), ‘“Classic ageism” or “brutal economy”? Old age and older people in the Polish media’, Journal of Aging Studies, 24:4, pp. 33543.
    [Google Scholar]
  90. Wodak, R. and Meyer, M. (2009), ‘Critical discourse analysis: History, agenda, theory and methodology’, Methods of Critical Discourse Analysis, 2:1, pp. 133.
    [Google Scholar]
  91. Wong, K. (2004), ‘Asian-based development journalism and political elections: Press coverage of the 1999 general elections in Malaysia’, Gazette (Leiden, Netherlands), 66:1, pp. 2540.
    [Google Scholar]
  92. Wong, K. (2017), ‘Whither objective journalism in digital age: Malaysia’s mainstream versus alternative media’, Media Watch, 8:1, pp. 3043.
    [Google Scholar]
  93. Ylanne, V. (2021), ‘UK magazine advertising portrayals of older adults: A longitudinal, content analytical, and a social semiotic lens’, International Journal of Aging and Later Life, 15:1, pp. 132, https://doi.org/10.3384/ijal.1652-8670.1700.
    [Google Scholar]
  94. Zaharom, N. (2013), Rhetoric and Realities: Critical Reflections on Malaysian Politics, Culture and Education, Selangor: Strategic Information and Research Development Centre.
    [Google Scholar]
  95. Zawawi, R. B. H. (2013), ‘Active Ageing in Malaysia’, International Cooperation on Active Ageing, 19 July, https://www.mhlw.go.jp/stf/shingi/2r98520000036yla-att/2r98520000036yqa_1.pdf. Accessed 15 December 2019.
    [Google Scholar]
http://instance.metastore.ingenta.com/content/journals/10.1386/ajr_00130_1
Loading
/content/journals/10.1386/ajr_00130_1
Loading

Data & Media loading...

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a success
Invalid data
An error occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error