Teaching and learning during a pandemic: Implications for democratic citizenship education

The assumption that teaching and learning can only manifest with face-to-face encounters and that virtual teaching and learning only occurs through digitization and technology is perhaps indefensible. Teaching‒learning does not happen only through physical encounters, and virtual teaching‒learning does not need relevant forms of technology. Teaching‒learning is an autonomous pedagogical act before it even transcends into acts of deliberative engagement. Unless teachers and students internalize forms of self-directed teaching and learning – that is, they learn what it means to act autonomously, teaching–learning in itself would not become the transformative space many teachers and students perhaps expect it to be.