Feudal alliances in a hyper-capitalist world: Power and organization in EVE Online | Intellect Skip to content
1981
Volume 12, Issue 2
  • ISSN: 1757-191X
  • E-ISSN: 1757-1928

Abstract

is a massively multiplayer online game that has gained notoriety for player organizations boasting thousands of active members. The complexity of these groups presents substantial challenges, and leaders have explored multiple approaches to organization and governance. They often employ structures and language drawn from historical social systems, family or nationality to create social order. Here we examine the use of feudalism in – as a structure of power, an indicator of legitimacy and a mechanism of waging war. We demonstrate that even as leaders incorporate feudal language into their organizations, their application of these concepts is influenced by capitalism and individualism. We argue that the final social and economic system is neither truly feudal nor capitalist, but instead an accommodation between the two, shaped by player knowledge, experience and in-game needs. We conclude that such systems support legitimate structures of power, which encourage player participation and produce more sustainable player organizations.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1386/jgvw_00012_1
2020-06-01
2024-04-29
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

References

  1. Abrahamsson, B.. ( 1993), Why Organizations? How and Why People Organize, Newbury Park, CA:: Sage Publications;.
    [Google Scholar]
  2. Andrejevic, M.. ( 2013;), ‘ Estranged free labor. ’, in T. Scholz. (ed.), Digital Labor: The Internet as Playground and Factory, New York:: Routledge;.
    [Google Scholar]
  3. Anon. ( 2016;), ‘ Pap links are the best way to guage [sic] member participation. ’, Reddit, https://www.reddit.com/r/Eve/comments/49fwrf/pap_links_are_the_best_way_to_guage_member/. Accessed 15 April 2020.
    [Google Scholar]
  4. Bainbridge, W. S.. ( 2011), The Virtual Future, London:: Springer;.
    [Google Scholar]
  5. Barnett, R.. ( 1994;), ‘ Power, enlightenment, and quality evaluation. ’, European Journal of Education, 29:2, pp. 16579.
    [Google Scholar]
  6. BBC ( 2013;), ‘ Eve players stage giant online space battle. ’, BBC, 29 July, http://www.bbc.com/news/technology-23489293. Accessed 15 April 2020.
    [Google Scholar]
  7. Becker, H.. ( 1953;), ‘ Becoming a Marihuana user. ’, The American Journal of Sociology, 59:3, pp. 23542.
    [Google Scholar]
  8. Bloch, M.. ( [1939] 2014), Feudal Society, London:: Routledge;.
    [Google Scholar]
  9. Brown, E. A. R.. ( 1974;), ‘ The tyranny of a construct: Feudalism and historians of medieval Europe. ’, The American Historical Review, 79:4, pp. 106388.
    [Google Scholar]
  10. Carter, M.,, Bergstrom, K.,, Webber, N., and Milik, O.. ( 2016;), ‘ EVE is real: How conceptions of the “real” affect and reflect an online game community. ’, Well Played, 5:2, pp. 533.
    [Google Scholar]
  11. Castronova, E.. ( 2003;), ‘ On virtual economies. ’, Game Studies, 3:2, http://www.gamestudies.org/0302/castronova/. Accessed 15 April 2020.
    [Google Scholar]
  12. Cheyette, F. L.. ( 2010;), ‘ “Feudalism”: A memoir and an assessment. ’, in T. L. Billado. (ed.), Feud, Violence and Practice: Essays in Medieval Studies in Honor of Stephen D. White, London:: Routledge;, pp. 11933.
    [Google Scholar]
  13. Cominel, G. C.. ( 2000;), ‘ English Feudalism and the origins of capitalism. ’, The Journal of Peasant Studies, 27:4, pp. 153.
    [Google Scholar]
  14. EVE Online ( 2019;), ‘ Fanfest home: Fireside chat with CCP Hellmar and CCP Burger. ’, YouTube, 27 August, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CnedCMtTvcM&feature=youtu.be. Accessed 15 April 2020.
    [Google Scholar]
  15. Fiske, J., and Watts, J.. ( 1985;), ‘ Video games: Inverted pleasures. ’, Australian Journal of Cultural Studies, 3:1, https://wwwmcc.murdoch.edu.au/ReadingRoom/serial/AJCS/3.1/Fiske.html. Accessed 15 April 2020.
    [Google Scholar]
  16. Foucault, M.. ( 1995), Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison, , 2nd ed.., New York:: Penguin Random House;.
    [Google Scholar]
  17. Gabriel, N.. ( 2014;), ‘ Comment: [Dev Bloge] LONG-DISTANCE TRAVEL CHANGES INBOUND. ’, Failheap Challenge, 12 October, http://failheap-challenge.com/showthread.php?17892-Dev-Bloge-LONG-DISTANCE-TRAVEL-CHANGES-INBOUND&p=1186345&viewfull=1#post1186345. Accessed 15 April 2020.
    [Google Scholar]
  18. Garfinkel, H.. ( 1967), Studies in Ethnomethodology, Englewood Cliffs, NJ:: Prentice Hall;.
    [Google Scholar]
  19. Geere, D.. ( 2010;), ‘ EVE Online fraud nets “Bad Bobby” £42,000. ’, Wired, 14 September, http://www.wired.co.uk/news/archive/2010-09/14/eve-online-heist. Accessed 15 April 2020.
    [Google Scholar]
  20. Giddings, S.. ( 2018;), ‘ Accursed play: The economic imaginary early game studies. ’, Games and Culture, 13:7, pp. 76583.
    [Google Scholar]
  21. Goodfellow, C.. ( 2016;), ‘ The Russians are coming! Stereotypes and perceptions of “Russianness” in EVE Online. ’, in M. Carter,, K. Bergstrom, and D. Woodford. (eds), Internet Spaceships are Serious Business: An EVE Online Reader, Minneapolis:: University of Minnesota Press;.
    [Google Scholar]
  22. Groen, A.. ( 2016), Empires of EVE: A History of the Great Wars of EVE Online, Chicago:: Lightburn Industries;.
    [Google Scholar]
  23. Hernandez, P.. ( 2019;), ‘ Fallout 76’s aristocrats are fighting against “peasants” without a subscription. ’, Polygon, 6 November, https://www.polygon.com/2019/11/6/20950122/fallout-76-apocalyptic-aristocracy-peasants-class-war-bethesda-subscription-1st. Accessed 15 April 2020.
    [Google Scholar]
  24. Hicks, M. A.. ( 1995), Bastard Feudalism, London:: Routledge;.
    [Google Scholar]
  25. Koken, S.. ( 2016;), ‘ Is it possible? More diversity from feudal forms of WH organization?. ’, EVE Forums, 5 June, https://forums-archive.eveonline.com/topic/483894/. Accessed 15 April 2020.
    [Google Scholar]
  26. Lehdonvirta, V., and Castronova, E.. ( 2014), Virtual Economies: Design and Analysis, Cambridge, MA:: MIT Press;.
    [Google Scholar]
  27. Mantou (Zhang Yuzhou) ( 2016;), ‘ The social system in EVE online. ’, in M. Carter,, K. Bergstrom, and D. Woodford. (eds), Internet Spaceships are Serious Business: An EVE Online Reader, Minneapolis, MN:: University of Minnesota Press;, pp. 16466.
    [Google Scholar]
  28. Messner, S.. ( 2018;), ‘ How one EVE Online player’s stubborn obsession turned him into a hero. ’, PC Gamer, 9 July, https://www.pcgamer.com/uk/how-one-eve-online-players-stubborn-obsession-turned-him-into-a-hero/. Accessed 15 April 2020.
    [Google Scholar]
  29. Milik, O.. ( 2015;), ‘ Virtual warlords: An ethnomethodological view of group identity and leadership in EVE Online. ’, Games and Culture, 12:7&8, pp. 76485.
    [Google Scholar]
  30. Milik, O.. ( 2016;), ‘ The digital grind: Time and labor as resources of war in EVE online. ’, in M. Carter,, K. Bergstrom, and D. Woodford. (eds), Internet Spaceships are Serious Business: An EVE Online Reader, Minneapolis, MN:: University of Minnesota Press;, pp. 5574.
    [Google Scholar]
  31. Milik, O.. ( 2018;), ‘ Class & role: Frameworks for (inter)action. ’, in J. Banks. (ed.), Avatar, Assembled: The Social and Technical Anatomy of Digital Bodies, New York:: Peter Lang;, pp. 18796.
    [Google Scholar]
  32. Møller, J.. ( 2015;), ‘ Mapping definitions of feudalism: A conceptual analysis. ’, in F. Muller-Rommel, and F. Casal Bértoa. (eds), Party Politics and Democracy in Europe: Essays in Honour of Peter Mair, London:: Routledge;, pp. 1933.
    [Google Scholar]
  33. Ólafsson, T. F.. ( 2013;), ‘ Can you help us find the true stories of the first decade?. ’, EVE Online Dev-Blogs, https://www.eveonline.com/article/true-stories-of-the-first-decade. Accessed 15 April 2020.
    [Google Scholar]
  34. Paul, C.. ( 2011;), ‘ Don’t play me: EVE online, new players, and rhetoric. ’, FDG '11 Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Foundations of Digital Games, Bordeaux, France, 29 June–1 July, pp. 26264, https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/2159365.2159406. Accessed 15 April 2020.
    [Google Scholar]
  35. Paul, C.. ( 2016;), ‘ EVE online is hard and it matters. ’, in M. Carter,, K. Bergstrom, and D. Woodford. (eds), Internet Spaceships Are Serious Business: An EVE Online Reader, Minneapolis, MN:: University of Minnesota Press;, pp. 1730.
    [Google Scholar]
  36. Paul, C.. ( 2018), The Toxic Meritocracy of Video Games: Why Gaming Culture is the Worst, Minneapolis, MN:: University of Minnesota Press;.
    [Google Scholar]
  37. Pitcher, J.. ( 2014;), ‘ EVE Online’s bloodbath of B-R5RB cost up to $330,000. ’, Polygon, 30 January, https://www.polygon.com/2014/1/30/5360208/Eve-Onlines-Bloodbath. Accessed 30 March 2020.
    [Google Scholar]
  38. Raimo, T.. ( 2014;), ‘ A historical comparison. ’, Crossing Zebras, https://crossingzebras.com/a-historical-comparison/. Accessed 15 April 2020.
    [Google Scholar]
  39. Reynolds, S.. ( 1994), Fiefs and Vassals: The Medieval Evidence Reinterpreted, Oxford:: Oxford University Press;.
    [Google Scholar]
  40. rob117 ( 2014;), ‘ Why so much hate on renting?. ’, Reddit, https://www.reddit.com/r/Eve/comments/2cp12y/why_so_much_hate_on_renting/. Accessed 15 April 2020.
    [Google Scholar]
  41. Ross, J.. ( 2018;), ‘ The English aristocracy and Mesne feudalism in the late middle ages. ’, English Historical Review, 133:564, pp. 102759.
    [Google Scholar]
  42. Smith, Q.. ( 2011;), ‘ EVE Online: Audience with the king of space. ’, Rock Paper Shotgun, https://www.rockpapershotgun.com/2011/04/07/eve-online-audience-with-the-king-of-space/. Accessed 15 April 2020.
    [Google Scholar]
  43. Stanton, R.. ( 2014;), ‘ Money talks: An interview with EVE Online’s economist. ’, Rock Paper Shotgun, https://www.rockpapershotgun.com/2014/05/21/eve-economist-interview/. Accessed 15 April 2020.
    [Google Scholar]
  44. Taylor, N.,, Bergstrom, K.,, Jenson, J., and de Castell, S.. ( 2015;), ‘ Alienated playbour: Relations of production in EVE Online. ’, Games and Culture, 10:4, pp. 124.
    [Google Scholar]
  45. Terranova, T.. ( 2013;), ‘ Free labor. ’, in T. Scholz. (ed.), Digital Labor: The Internet as Playground and Factory, New York:: Routledge;, pp. 3349.
    [Google Scholar]
  46. Ward, J. O.. ( 1985;), ‘ Feudalism: Interpretative category or framework of life in the medieval west?. ’, Sydney Studies in Society and Culture, 2, pp. 4067.
    [Google Scholar]
  47. Webber, N.. ( 2017;), ‘ EVE Online’s war correspondents: Player journalism as history. ’, in M. Swalwell,, A. Ndalianis, and H. Stuckey. (eds), Fans and Videogames: History, Fandom, Archives, London:: Routledge;, pp. 93110.
    [Google Scholar]
  48. Webber, N., and Milik, O.. ( 2017;), ‘ Barbarians at the imperium gates: Organizational culture and change in EVE Online. ’, Journal for Virtual Worlds Research, 10:3, pp. 116.
    [Google Scholar]
  49. Weber, M.. ( [1922] 1958;), ‘ Die drei reinen Typen der legitimen Herrschaft. ’, Berkeley Publications in Society and Institutions (trans. H. Gerth), 4:1, pp. 111.
    [Google Scholar]
  50. Weick, K.. ( 1995), Sensemaking in Organizations, Thousand Oaks, CA:: Sage;.
    [Google Scholar]
  51. Zamoyski, A.. ( 2009), Poland: A History, London:: Harper Press;.
    [Google Scholar]
  52. Milik, Oskar, and Webber, Nick. ( 2020;), ‘ Feudal alliances in a hyper-capitalist world: Power and organization in EVE Online. ’, Journal of Gaming & Virtual Worlds, 12:2, pp. 165181, doi: https://doi.org/10.1386/jgvw_00012_1
    [Google Scholar]
http://instance.metastore.ingenta.com/content/journals/10.1386/jgvw_00012_1
Loading
This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a success
Invalid data
An error occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error