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- Volume 13, Issue 3, 2022
Journal of Digital Media & Policy - Volume 13, Issue 3, 2022
Volume 13, Issue 3, 2022
- Editorial
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Editorial
More LessThis editorial is an overview of the six articles in this issue representing Africa, Asia, Europe and Oceania. Ahmed Omar Bali, Sherko Jabar, Hazhar Jalal and Mahdi Sofi-Karim look at post-Saddam Iraq and the rise of digital media entrepreneurialism. Veronique Wavre examines policy diffusion from the European Union to Jordan and Morocco. Diah Yuniarti and Sri Ariyanti analyse Singapore, Japan and Malaysia’s engagement with different integrated broadcast-broadband (IBB) technologies. Eylem Yanardağoğlu examines news consumption behaviour of youth in Greece and Turkey. Brighton Nyagadza’s systematic literature review generates themes around social media and search engine marketing (SEM) trends in Africa and around the world. Claire Henry investigates to what extent and in what ways media literacy affects regulation in New Zealand as an intended policy outcome.
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- Articles
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Iraqi media entrepreneurs across social media: Factors and challenges
Authors: Ahmed Omar Bali, Sherko Jabar, Hazhar Jalal and Mahdi Sofi-KarimInfluenced by digital technologies, the cost of media production has considerably decreased, and the traditional media is faced with new agile, flexible and low-cost media entrepreneurs. This article examines the dynamics of the Iraqi media market transformation with an emphasis on factors that help to merge media entrepreneurs and digital media firms that target an audience on social media. A qualitative method was adopted in this study using open, in-depth interviews with nineteen media entrepreneurs and three managers of media firms. The study revealed that relative freedom and advanced communication technologies have encouraged media entrepreneurs to drive the new media on producing short videos and broadcast them on social media, which has become popular among media consumers. This new era in Iraqi media entrepreneurship has created an abstract space in which media entrepreneurs get involved in the media market, collaborate with international media and deliver values through the use of user-generated content and flexible journalism. This opportunity is shaped by three key interrelated factors: first, the relative freedom of journalism that resulted from the political environment, current regulations and advanced communication technologies that provide more space of freedom; second, the development of communication technologies that allow journalists and media entrepreneurs to employ the media market effectively; third, the emergence of media entrepreneurs themselves who are convinced to seize the opportunities presented by the two previous factors.
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The rise of the policy-takers: Universal service policy adoption in Jordan and Morocco
More LessIn the late 1990s, Jordan and Morocco revised their telecommunications regulation drastically. Though these regulations were first largely inspired by the European Union policy models, each country gradually developed more autonomy, individually tailoring their regulatory frameworks overtime. The case of Universal Service Obligation (USO) policies show that while Jordan remained aligned with the European Union, Moroccan policy-makers diverged from the European Union by adopting alternative policies, inspired by the Latin American reverse-auction models. Research focusing on Euro-Mediterranean regulatory contexts commonly expect neighbouring countries to converge with EU regulatory models. Yet, borrowing on policy diffusion literature and specifically the mechanisms of learning and imitation, this article shows that policy-takers intentionally decided on the (non)adoption of USO policies. Thus, research needs to take the role of policy-takers seriously and acknowledge avenues for bidirectional convergence.
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Towards Indonesia’s integrated broadcast-broadband implementation policy: A comparative analysis of Singapore, Japan and Malaysia
Authors: Diah Yuniarti and Sri AriyantiThis study aims to provide recommendations to the government on regulating licence, content and data privacy and protection for integrated broadcast-broadband (IBB) operations in Indonesia, by referencing Singapore, Japan and Malaysia as case studies, considering the need for umbrella regulations for IBB implementation. Singapore and Japan were chosen as countries that have deployed IBB since they have been using hybrid broadcast broadband television (HbbTV) and Hybridcast standards, respectively. Malaysia was chosen because it is a neighbouring country that has conducted trials of the IBB service, bundled with its digital terrestrial television (DTT) service. The qualitative data are analysed using a comparative method. The results show that Indonesia needs to immediately revise its existing Broadcasting Law to accommodate DTT implementation, which is the basis for IBB and the expansion of the broadcaster’s TV business. Learning from Singapore, Indonesia could include over-the-top (OTT) content in its ‘Broadcast Behaviour Guidelines’ and ‘Broadcast Programme Standards’. Data privacy and protection requirements for each entity involved in the IBB ecosystem are necessary due to the vulnerability of IBB service user data leakage. In light of this, the ratification of the personal data protection law, as a legal umbrella, needs to be accelerated.
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‘I stopped reading newspapers because of the internet!’: News consumption behaviour of youth in Greece and Turkey
More LessDigitalization of news organizations and other traditional media presents an ongoing struggle. Although there is a general decline in news consumption in all ages, youth in particular seems to be ‘tuning out’ of news globally. The Reuters Institute Digital News Report published in 2016 by the Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism, announced that news accessed via social media sites increased in Europe (average 46 per cent) where Greece and Turkey were high adoption countries with 74 and 73 per cent usage rates, respectively. These numbers dropped in the 2018 report to 66 per cent in Turkey and 71 per cent in Greece. This research explores the factors that influence college students’ news consumption behaviour in Greece and Turkey through an interpretative approach. Data collection was done in 2017 in Athens and Istanbul with voluntary participation of 40 college students who study in public and private universities.
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Search engine marketing and social media marketing predictive trends
More LessThe research purpose of this article was to analyse the search engine marketing and social media marketing predictive trends that are occurring both regionally in Africa and on a global scale. The motivation for the study was to offer pragmatic advice to business practitioners in crafting digital marketing strategies by leveraging search engine marketing and social media marketing trends. In terms of research methodology, a systematic literature survey method and an inductive research approach were applied. Social media concepts were critically analysed and evaluated to determine their link to the current research focus area. The main literature findings showed that the main trends include the use of Accelerated Mobile Pages, micro-vlogging, voice search, blogging and social messaging. In the continuous dynamic digital landscape, marketers need to embrace the art of doing business by adopting new search engine marketing and social media marketing techniques. With this in mind, it is important for corporations to utilize social media for the development of marketing strategies. The viral power of social media makes it more attractive to businesses promoting their products to target markets. The article also provides an intuitive apprehension of the predictive trends in digital marketing, which are vital for developing an agile stance to outwit rivals in blue oceans.
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Institutional narratives of the shift to media literacy: Interviewing New Zealand’s Office of Film and Literature Classification
By Claire HenryThis article presents a case study of media literacy deployment in contemporary media regulation through interviews with New Zealand’s Chief Censor and other key staff members in the Office of Film and Literature Classification. The interviews offer an account of how media literacy came to be adopted as a prominent strategy within their policy remit. This article explores how the institutional narrative reconciles their media literacy approaches and core classification work, finding four key discursive and practical strategies: integrating, expanding, reconceptualizing and reasserting relevance. The analysis also reveals how the standpoint of media as a site of potential harm shapes the meaning of media literacy in this institutional context. This case study provides insight into the utility of media literacy for contemporary media regulation, examining how a classification agency navigates change and continuity in the face of a challenging and rapidly evolving media landscape.
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- Book Reviews
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Profit over Privacy: How Surveillance Advertising Conquered the Internet, Matthew Crain (2021)
More LessReview of: Profit over Privacy: How Surveillance Advertising Conquered the Internet, Matthew Crain (2021)
Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 216 pp.,
ISBN 978-1-51790-505-7, p/bk, USD 25.00
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Digital Media Distribution: Portals, Platforms, Pipelines, Paul McDonald, Courtney Brannon Donoghue and Timothy Havens (eds) (2021)
More LessReview of: Digital Media Distribution: Portals, Platforms, Pipelines, Paul McDonald, Courtney Brannon Donoghue and Timothy Havens (eds) (2021)
New York: New York University Press, 392 pp.,
ISBN 978-1-47980-678-2, p/bk, USD 35.00
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